TONGKING  ,I a See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Indo-See also:

• CHINA

China, and See also:

• PROTECTORATE

protectorate of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, situated between 200 and 231° N. and mo2° and Io81° E., and bounded N. by the See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese provinces of Kwang-Tung, Kwang-Si and Yun-nan, W. by See also:

• LAOS

Laos, S. by See also:

• ANNAM, or ANAM

Annam, and E. by the Gulf of Tongking . See also:

• AREA

Area, about 46,000 sq. m . The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population is estimated at 6,000,000, including 33,000 Chinese and about 4000 Europeans . Geographically, Tongking comprises three regions: (I) the See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

delta of the See also:

• SONG

Song-Koi (Red See also:

• RIVER

river), which, beginning at Son-See also:

• TAY
• TAY, LOCH

Tay and coalescing with the delta of the Thai-Binh, widens out into the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low-lying and fertile See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain within which are situated the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal cities . (2) Two mountainous tracts, to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of the delta, See also:

• RUNNING

running approximately from north-west to See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, one separating the basins of the Song-Koi and the See also:

• CANTON
• CANTON (borrowed from the Ital. cantone, a corner or angle)
• CANTON (more correctly KWANG-CHOW Fu)
• CANTON, JOHN (1718-1772)

Canton river, the other those of the Song-Koi and the See also:

• MEKONG, or ME NAM KONG (pronounced Kawng)

Mekong . (3) A region of plateaus and low hills forming a transition between the delta and the mountains . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical feature in the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country is the Song-Koi, which, taking its rise near Tali Fu, in Yun-nan, enters Tongking at Lao-See also:

• KAY, JOHN (1742-1826)
• KAY, JOSEPH (1821-1878)

Kay (the Lao boundary), and flows thence in a south-easterly direction to the Gulf of Tongking . It was this river which mainly, in the first instance, attracted the French to Tongking, as it was believed by the explorers that, forming the shortest route by See also:

• WATER

water to the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich province of Yun-nan, it would prove also to be the most convenient and expeditious means of transporting the See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin, See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper, See also:

• SILVER

silver and See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold which are known to abound there . This belief, however, has proved fallacious . The upper course of the stream is constantly impeded by rapids, the lowest being about See also:

• THIRTY

thirty See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles above Hung-Hoa . Beyond Lao-Kay See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation is impracticable during the dry See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season, and at all other times of the See also:

• YEAR

year goods have to be there transferred into See also:

• LIGHT

light junks . Below Lao-Kay larger junks, and in the summer months See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam launches of shallow See also:

• DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught use the river .

Within the limits of Yun-nan the navigation is still more difficult . Near Son-Tay the Song-Koi receives the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of the Song-Bo (See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black river) and the Song-Ka (Clear river), parallel affluents rising in Yun-nan, and from that point divides into a network of waterways which empty themselves by countless outlets into the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . The Song-Cau rises in north-eastern Tongking and below the See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• SEPT

Sept Pagodes, where it is joined by the Song-Thuong to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the Thai-Binh, divides into numerous branches, communicating with the Song-Koi by the See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

Canal See also:

• DES

des Rapides and the Canal des Bambous . The See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast See also:

• LINE

line of Tongking from Mon-Kay on the Chinese frontier to Thanh-Hoa, near,.that of Annam, has a length of 375 M . From Mon-Kay as far as the See also:

• ESTUARY (from the Lat. aestuarium, a place reached by aestus, the tide)

estuary of the Song-Koi it is broken, rugged and fringed with islands and rocky islets . The See also:

• BAY

bay of Tien-Hien, to the south of which lies the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of Ke-Bao, and the picturesque bay of Along, are the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief indentations . Beyond the island of Cac-Ba, south of the Bay of Along, the coast is low, See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat and marshy, and tends to advance as the alluvial deposits of the delta accumulate . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of Tongking is less trying to Europeans than that of the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of French Indo-China . During See also:

• JUNE

June, See also:

• JULY

July and See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August, the temperature ranges between 82° and moo° F., but from See also:

• OCTOBER

October to May the See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather is cool . The country is subject to typhoons in August and See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September . In the wooded regions of the mountains the See also:

• TIGER
• TIGER (Felis tigris)

tiger, See also:

• ELEPHANT

elephant and See also:

• PANTHER

panther are found, and See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• BUFFALO

buffalo, See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer and monkeys are See also:

• COMMON

common . The delta is the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of ducks and many other varieties of aquatic birds .

See also:

• TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

Tea, See also:

• CARDAMOM

cardamom, and mulberry grow wild, and in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general the See also:

• FLORA

flora approximate to that of See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern China . The Annamese (see ANNAM), who form the bulk of the population of Tongking, are of a somewhat better physique than those of the I See also INDO-CHINA, FRENCH, and ANNAM . rest of Indo-China . See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

Savage tribes inhabit the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern districts—the Muongs the mountains bordering the Black river, the Th6s the regions bordering the Clear river and the Thai-Binh . The Muongs are bigger and stronger than the Annamese . They have square foreheads, large faces and prominent cheek-bones, and their eyes are,' often almost straight . See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

Rice, which in some places furnishes two crops annually, is incomparably the most important product of the delta . Elsewhere there are plantations of See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, See also:

• RAMIE (RHEA, CHINA-GRASS)

ramie, See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper-See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree (See also:

• DAPHNE

Daphne odora), See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, jute, See also:

• SUGAR

sugar-See also:

• CANE

cane, See also:

• PEPPER
• PEPPER, WILLIAM (1843–1898)

pepper and mulberry . The cultivation of silkworms is of growing Importance . Gold, copper, tin, See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead and other metals are found in the higher regions of Tongking, but only gold and tin are exploited, and these only to a very limited extent . There is a large output of See also:

• COAL

coal of inferior quality from Hon-See also:

• GAY, JOHN (1685-1732)
• GAY, MARIE FRANCOISE SOPHIE (1776-1852)
• GAY, WALTER (1856– )

Gay on the bay of Along and there are coal-workings on the island of Ke-Bao . See also:

• HANOI

Hanoi, See also:

• HAI (939-1038)

Hai-phong and Nam-Dinh carry on cotton-See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning, and Hanoi and Nam-Dinh are well known for the manufacture of carved and inlaid See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture .

The natives are skilful at enamelling and the See also:

• CHASING, or ENCHASING

chasing and ornamentation of gold and other metals . The manufacture of paper from the fibrous bark of the paper-tree is a wide-spread See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry and there are numerous distilleries of rice-spirit . The imports of Tongking, which in 1905 reached a value of £3,501,422, comprise railway material, cereals, See also:

• FLOUR

flour, liquors, See also:

• WOVEN

woven goods, See also:

• PETROLEUM (Lat. Petra, rock, and oleuin, oil)

petroleum, glassware, paper, prepared skins, clocks and watches, arms and See also:

• AMMUNITION

ammunition, &c . Exports (valued at £I,393,674 in 1905) comprise rice, See also:

• RUBBER, INDIARUBBER

rubber, See also:

• MANILA

manila See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp, ramie, See also:

• LACQUER, or LACICER

lacquer and badian See also:

• OILS (adopted from the Fr. oile, mod. huile, Lat. oleum, olive oil)

oils, raw skins, See also:

• SILK

silk-See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste, coal, Chinese drugs, rattan, mats, See also:

• GAMBOGE (from Camboja, a name of the district whence it is obtained)

gamboge . The transit See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade via Tongking between Hong-See also:

• KONG

Kong and the province of Yun-nan in southern China is of considerable importance, reaching in 1905 a value of £5,146,000 . This trade is entirely in the hands of Chinese houses, the tin of the Yun-nan mines and cotton yarns from Hong-Kong constituting its most important elements . Goods in transit enjoy a See also:

• REBATE (Fr. rabat, from rabattre, to beat back)

rebate of 8o% of the customs duties . Goods are carried on the Song-Koi to Lao-Kay or See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man-Hao, thence on mules . The waterways of the delta are lined with embankments, the causeways along which form the chief means of See also:

• LAND

land communication of the region . (For See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways, see INDO-CHINA, FRENCH.) The protectorate of Tongking approaches nearer to See also:

• DIRECT

direct See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration than that of Annam, where the conditions of the See also:

• PROTECTOR

protector-See also:

• ATE

ate are more closely observed . Till 1897 the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor of Annam was represented in Tongking by a See also:

• VICEROY (from O. Fr. viceroy, mod. viceroi, i.e. Lat. vice, in place of, and roy or roi, king)

viceroy (kinh-luoc), but now the native officials are appointed by and are directly under the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the See also:

• RESIDENT

resident-See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior, who resides at Hanoi, presides over ,the protectorate See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council, and is the chief territorial representative of France . Tongking is divided into nineteen provinces, in each of which there is a resident or a See also:

• VICE

vice-resident, and four military territories, the latter administered by commandants .

In each province there is a council of native " notables," elected by natives and occupied with the discussion of the provincial See also:

• BUDGET (originally from a Gallic word meaning sack, latinized as bulga, leather wallet or bag, thence in O. Fr. bougette, from which the Eng. form is derived)

budget and public See also:

• WORKS

works . There is also a deliberative council of natives (instituted 1907) for the whole of Tongking . The provincial administration, See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government and educational See also:

• SYSTEM

system are analogous to those of Annam (q.v.) . Two See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers of the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• APPEAL

appeal of Indo-China and a criminal court sit at Hanoi; there are tribunals of first instance and tribunals of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce at Hanoi and Hai-Phong . When both parties to a suit are Annamese, it comes within the See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction of the An-Sat or native See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge of the province . The following is a See also:

• SUMMARY

summary of the budgets of 1899 and 1904: Receipts . See also:

• EXPENDITURE

Expenditure . 1899 461,235 427,993 1904 756,648 494,034 The chief source of See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue is the direct taxes (including especially the See also:

• POLL

poll-tax and land-tax), which amounted in 1904 to £417,723, while the chief items of expenditure are the cost of the residencies and general See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff, public works and the See also:

• CIVIL

civil guard . For the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• HISTORY

history of Tongking, see ANNAM and INDO-CHINA, FRENCH . Tongking was loosely See also:

• UNITED

united to Annam until 18ot, when Gia-See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Annam, brought it definitely under his sway . Having, by the treaty of 1862 and the See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation of See also:

• COCHIN
• COCHIN, DENYS MARIE PIERRE AUGUSTIN (1851L'Evolution de la vie (1895); Le Monde exterieur (1845); Contre les barbares (1899)

Cochin China, firmly established themselves in Annamese territory, the French began to turn their See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to Tongking, attracted by the reported richness of its See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• WEALTH

wealth . They found a pretext for interfering in its affairs in the disturbances arising from the invasion of its northern provinces by the disbanded followers of the Taiping rebels .

The Franco-See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War of 1870-71 put an end to the project for a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, but the return of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe was the See also:

• SIGNAL

signal for the renewal of hostilities in the East . The See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of See also:

• GARNIER, CLEMENT JOSEPH (1813–1881)
• GARNIER, GERMAIN, MARQUIS (1754-1821)
• GARNIER, JEAN LOUIS CHARLES (1825-1898)
• GARNIER, MARIE JOSEPH FRANCOIS [FRANCIS] (1839–1873)
• GARNIER, ROBERT (c. 1545–c.1600)

Garnier's See also:

• WORK

work on his expedition up the Mekong again aroused an See also:

• INTEREST

interest in Tongking, and the reported wealth of the country added the powerful See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive of self-interest to the yearnings of patriotism . Already See also:

• JEAN

Jean See also:

• DUPUIS, CHARLES FRANCOIS (1742-1809)

Dupuis, a trader who in the pursuit of his calling had penetrated into Yun-nan, was attempting to negotiate for the passage up the Song-Koi of himself and a See also:

• CARGO (Span. for " loading," from Lat. carries, car)

cargo of military stores for the Chinese authorities in Yun-nan . Meanwhile See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain Senez appeared from See also:

• SAIGON

Saigon, having received instructions to open the route to French commerce . But to neither the trader nor the See also:

• NAVAL

naval officer would the Tongkingese lend a favourable See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear, and in See also:

• DEFAULT (Fr. defaut, from defailler, to fail, Lat. fallere)

default of See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official permission Dupuis determined to force his way up the river . This he succeeded in doing, but arrived too See also:

• LATE

late, for he found the Taiping See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion crushed and the stores no longer wanted . On the return of Dupuis to Hanoi, the Tongkingese general at that See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place wrote to the king of Annam, begging him to induce the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of Cochin-China to remove the intruder . An See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order was thereupon issued calling upon Dupuis to leave the country . This he declined to do, and, after some negotiations, See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis Gamier with a detachment was sent to Hanoi to do the best he could in the difficult circumstances . Gamier threw himself See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart and soul into Dupuis's projects, and, when the Tongkingese authorities refused to treat with him except on the subject of Dupuis's See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion, he attacked the citadel in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November, 1873, and carried it by See also:

• ASSAULT (from Lat. ad, to or on, and saltare, to leap)

assault . Having thus secured his position, he sent to Saigon for reinforcements, and meanwhile sent small detachments against the five other important fortresses in the delta (Hung-yen, Phu-Ly, Hai-Duong, Ninh-Binh and Nam-Dinh), and captured them all . The Tongkingese now called in the help of Lu-Vinh-Phuoc, the See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the " Black Flags," 1 who at once marched with a large force to the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of See also:

• ACTION

action .

Within a few days he recaptured several villages near Hanoi, and so threatening did his attitude appear that Gamier, who had hurried back after capturing Nam-Dinh, made a sortie from the citadel . The See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement proved a disastrous one, and resulted in the See also:

• DEATH

death of Gamier and of his second in command, Balny d'Avricourt . Meanwhile the See also:

• NEWS

news of Garnier's hostilities had alarmed the governor of Saigon, who, having no See also:

• DESIRE

desire to be plunged into a war, sent Philastre, an inspector of native affairs, to offer apologies to the king of Annam . When, however, on arriving in Tongking Philastre heard of Garnier's death, he took command of the French forces, and at once ordered the evacuation of Nam-Dinh, Ninh-Binh and Hai-Duong—a measure which, however advantageous it may have been to the French at the moment, was most disastrous to the native See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian population, the withdrawal of the French being the signal for a general See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre of the converts . In pursuance of the same policy Philastre made a See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention with the authorities (See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March, 1874) by which he See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound his countrymen to withdraw from the occupation of the country, retaining only the right to trade on the Song-Koi and at Hanoi and Hai-Phong, and agreed to put an end to Dupuis's aggressive action . For a time affairs remained in statu quo, but in 1882 Le Myre de Villers, the governor of Cochin-China, sent See also:

• HENRI

Henri See also:

• RIVIERE, BRITON (1840- )

Riviere with a small force to open up the route to Yun-nan by the Song-Koi . With a curious similarity the events of Gamier s See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign were repeated . Finding the authorities intractable, Riviere stormed and carried the citadel of Hanoi, and then, with very slight loss, he captured Nam-Dinh, Hai-Duong, and other towns in the delta . And once again these victories brought the Black Flags into the neighbourhood of Hanoi . As Gamier had done, so Riviere hurried back from Nam-Dinh on news of the threatened danger . Like Gamier also he headed a sortie against his enemies, and like Gamier he See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell a victim to his own impetuosity (May, 1883) . In the meantime the Annamese court had been seeking to enlist the help of the Chinese in their contest with the French .

The tie which bound the tributary nation to the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state had been for many generations slackened or See also:

• DRAWN

drawn closer as circumstances determined, but it had never been entirely dissevered, and from the Annamese point of view this was one , Bands of Chinese rebels who infested the mountainous region of Tongking.of the occasions when it was of See also:

• PARAMOUNT (Anglo-Fr. paramont, up above, par el mont, up or on top of the mountain)

paramount importance that it should be acknowledged and acted upon . With much more than usual regularity, therefore, the king despatched presents and letters to the court of See also:

• PEKING, or PEKIN

Peking, and in r88o he sent a See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy, loaded with unusually costly offerings, and bearing a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter in which his position of a tributary was emphatically asserted . Far from ignoring the responsibility thrust upon him, the emperor of China ordered the publication of the letter in the Peking See also:

• GAZETTE

Gazette . The death of Riviere and the defeat of his troops had placed the French in a position of extreme difficulty . M . Jules See also:

• FERRY (from the same root as that of the verb " to fare," to journey or travel, common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. fahren; it is connected with the root of Gr. 7ropos, way, and Lat. portage, to carry)
• FERRY, JULES FRANCOIS CAMILLE (1832—1893)

Ferry, who had become premier of France in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1883, determined on a vigorous forward policy . But for the moment the outlying garrisons, except those of Nam-Dinh and Hai-Phong, had to be withdrawn and Hanoi itself was besieged by the Black Flags . Reinforcements brought by See also:

• ADMIRAL

Admiral See also:

• COURBET, GUSTAVE (1819-1877)

Courbet and General Bouet were insufficient to do more than keep them at bay . So continued was the pressure on the See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison that Bouet determined to make an advance upon Son-Tay to relieve the See also:

• BLOCKADE
• BLOCKADE (Fr. blocus, Ger. Blokade)

blockade . He attacked Vong, a fortified See also:

• VILLAGE

village, but he met with such resistance that, after suffering considerable loss, he was obliged to See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat to Hanoi . In the See also:

• LOWER

lower delta See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune sided with the French, and almost without a casualty Hai-Duong and Phu-Binh fell into their hands . Meanwhile, in order to put more effective pressure upon the court of See also:

• HUE

Hue, Dr Harmand, See also:

• COMMISSARY (from Med. Lat. commissaries, one to whom a charge or trust is committed)

commissary-general, supported by Courbet, proceeded with a naval force to the Hue river .

They found that, though King Tu Duc was dead, his policy of resistance was maintained, and therefore stormed the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . After a feeble See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence it was taken, and Harmand concluded a treaty with the king (August 1883) in which the French protectorate was fully recognized, the king further binding himself to recall the Annamese troops serving in Tong-king, and to construct a road from Saigon to Hanoi . Though this treaty was exacted from Annam under pressure, the French lost no time in carrying out that See also:

• PART

part of it which gave them the authority to protect Tongking, and Bouet again advanced in the direction of Son-Tay . But again the resistance he met with compelled him to retreat, after capturing the fortified See also:

• POST

post of Palan . Meanwhile, on the determination to attack Son-Tay becoming known in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, the Chinese See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador warned the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry that, since Chinese troops formed part of the garrison, he should consider it as tantamount to a See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of war . But his protest met with no See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration . On the arrival of reinforcements an advance was again made; and on the 16th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1883, after some desperate fighting, Son-Tay fell . During 1884 the French made themselves masters of the lower delta . Throughout the campaign Chinese regulars fought against the French, who thus found themselves involved in war with China . While hostilities were in progress M . See also:

• FOURNIER
• FOURNIER, PIERRE SIMON (1712-1768)

Fournier, the French See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul at See also:

• TIENTSIN

Tientsin, had been negotiating for peace, so far as China was concerned, with Li Hung-chang, and in May 1884 had signed and sealed a memorandum by which the Chinese plenipotentiary agreed that the Chinese troops should evacuate the northern provinces of Tongking " immediatement." In the following See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month anothertreaty, signed at Hue, confirmed the French protectorate over Annam and Tongking . It was not, however, followed by a cessation of military operations .

A misunderstanding arose between the French and the Chinese as to the exact date for the evacuation of their posts by the Chinese, and in June General Millot, then See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-chief of the French forces, dispatched See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel Dugenne at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of a strong force to occupy See also:

• LANG, ANDREW (1844— )
• LANG, KARL HEINRICH, RITTER VON (1764-1835)

Lang-Son . The expedition was badly arranged; the baggage See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train was far too unwieldy; and the See also:

• PACE (through O. Fr. pas, from Lat. passus, step, properly the stretch of the leg in walking, from pandere, to stretch)
• PACE, RICHARD (c. 1482-1536)

pace at which tLe men were made to march was too See also:

• QUICK

quick for that scorching time of the year . They advanced, however, to Bac-Le, within 25 M. of Lang-Son, when they suddenly came upon a Chinese See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp . An irregular engagement began, and, in the pitched See also:

• BATTLE

battle which ensued, the Chinese See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke the French lines, and drove them away in headlong See also:

• FLIGHT

flight . This brought the military operations for the season to a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close . During the See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy season fevers of all kinds became alarmingly prevalent, and the number of deaths and of men invalided was very large . In the meantime, however, an expedition, led by Colonel Donnier, against the Chinese garrison at Chu, about ro m. south-east from Lang-kep, was completely successful; and in a battle fought near Chu the Chinese were defeated, with a loss of 3000 killed, the French loss being only 20 killed and 90 wounded . In the skirmishes which followed the French were generally victorious, but not to such a degree as to See also:

• WARRANT (Med. Lat. warantum; O. Fr. garant, warant, derived from O.H.G. root represented in modern German bygewdhren)

warrant any enlargement of the campaign . In See also:

• JANUARY

January 1885 large reinforcements arrived and Briere de l'Isle, who had succeeded Millot as commander-in-chief, ordered an advance towards Lang-Son . The difficulties of transport greatly impeded his movements, still the expedition was successful . On the 6th of February three forts at Dong-Song, with large supplies of stores and ammunition, fell into the hands of the French . Three days' heavy fighting made them masters of a See also:

• DEFILE

defile on the road, and on the 13th Lang-Son was taken, the garrison having evacuated the town just before the entrance of the conquerors .

With his usual See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy General Negrier, who commanded a See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division under Briere de 1'Isle, pressed on in pursuit to Ki-Hea, and even captured the frontier town of Cua-Ai . But Briere de 1'Isle had now to See also:

• HURRY (or URRV), SIR JOHN (d. 165o)

hurry back to the See also:

• RELIEF

relief of Tuyen-Kwan, which was doggedly resisting the attacks of an overwhelming Chinese force, and Negrier was See also:

• LEFT

left in command at Lang-Son . The withdrawal of Briere de l'Isle's division gave the Chinese greater confidence, and, though for a time Negrier *was able to hold his own, on the 22nd and 23rd of March he sustained a severe check between Lang-Son and That-Ke, which was finally converted into a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete rout, his troops being obliged to retreat precipitately through Lang-Son to Than-Moi and Dong-Song . Briere de 1'Isle reached Tuyen-Kwan, the garrison of which was commanded by Colonel Domine, on the 3rd of March, and effected its relief . The disaster at Lang-Son caused the downfall of the Ferry ministry (March 30) . Shortly afterwards See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• HART, ALBERT BUSHNELL (1854– )
• HART, CHARLES (d. 1683)
• HART, ERNEST ABRAHAM (1835–1898)
• HART, SIR ROBERT
• HART, WILLIAM (1823–1894)

Hart succeeded in negotiating peace with China . By the terms agreed on at Tientsin (June, 1885), it was stipulated that France was to take Tongking and Annam under its See also:

• PROTECTION

protection and to evacuate See also:

• FORMOSA
• FORMOSA (called Taiwan by the Chinese, and following them by the Japanese, into whose possession it came after their war with China in 1895)

Formosa and the See also:

• PESCADORES (i.e. fishers)

Pescadores . (For further history, see INDOCHINA.) See J . Dupuis, Le Tong-See also:

• KIN (0. E. cyn, a word represented in nearly all Teutonic languages, cf. Du. kunne, Dan. and Swed. kon, Goth kuni, tribe; the Teutonic base is kunya; the equivalent Aryan root gan- to beget, produce, is seen in Gr. 'yEvos, Lat. genus, cf. "kind")

kin et l'intervention francaise (Paris, 1898) ; C . B . See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman, Tonkin or France in the Far East (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1884) ; See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince Henri d'See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans, Autour du Tonkin (Paris, 1896) ; J . Ferry, Le Tonkin et la See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere-palrie (Paris, 1890) ; J .

Chailley, See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul See also:

• BERT, PAUL (1833-1886)

Bert au Tonkin (Paris, 1887) ; E . Lunet de Lajonquiere, Ethnographie du Tonkin Septentrional (Paris, 1906); A . Gaisman, L' Euvre de la France au Tonkin (Paris, 1906) ; also the bibliography under INDO-CHINA, FRENCH .