See also:

• TONGUES, GIFT OF, or GLOSSOLALIA (yXwova, tongue, aXeiv, speak)

TONGUES, See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

GIFT OF, or GLOSSOLALIA (yXwova, See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue, aXeiv, speak)  , a See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty of abnormal and inarticulate vocal utterance, under stress of religious excitement, which was widely See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian circles, and has its See also:

• PARALLELS

parallels in other religions . In the New Testament such experiences are recorded in Caesarea (Acts x . 46), at See also:

• CORINTH
• CORINTH, ISTHMUS OF

Corinth (Acts xix . 6; r See also:

• COR

Cor. xii., xiv.), Thessalonica (r Thess. v . 19), See also:

• EPHESUS
• EPHESUS, COUNCIL OF

Ephesus (Eph. v . 18), and universally (See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

Mark xvi. ry) . From the epistles of See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul, who thanked See also:

• GOD

God that he spake with See also:

• TONGUES, GIFT OF, or GLOSSOLALIA (yXwova, tongue, aXeiv, speak)

tongues more than all or any of his Corinthian converts, we can gather a just See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of how he regarded this See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift and of what it really was . Firstly, then, it was a See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace (charisma) of the spirit, yet not of the See also:

• HOLY

holy or pure spirit only, but of evil See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits also who on occasions had been known to take See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the larynx of a See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint and exclaim, " Jesus is See also:

• ANATHEMA (from Gr. avarz6 'cu, to lift up)

Anathema." As no one could curse Jesus except under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of a devilish afflatus, so none could say " Jesus is See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord " except he was inspired by the Holy Spirit . But, secondly, the pneumatic utterances technically known as speaking with tongues failed to reach this level of intelligibility; for Paul compares " a See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue " to a material See also:

• OBJECT

object which should merely make a See also:

• NOISE (a word of doubtful origin; O. Fr. nogse or nose; Prov. nausa, which points to Lat. nausea, sickness, as the origin; others take Lat. noxia, harm, as the source)

noise, to a See also:

• PIPE

pipe or See also:

• HARP (Fr. harpe; Ger. Harfe; Ital. arpa)

harp twanged or blown at See also:

• RANDOM (older forms randon, randrun; from the French, cf. randir, to run quickly, impetuously; generally taken to be of Teutonic origin and connected with Ger. Rand, edge, brim, the idea being possibly of a brimming river)

random without tune or See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, to a See also:

• TRUMPET (Fr. trompette, clairon; Ger. ,Trompete, Klarino, Trummet; Ital. tromba, trombetta, clarino)
• TRUMPET, SPEAKING AND HEARING

trumpet blaring idly and not according to a See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code of See also:

• SIGNAL

signal notes . Unless, therefore, he that has the gift of tongues also possess the gift of interpreting his exclamations, or unless some one See also:

• PRESENT

present can do so for him, he had not better exercise it in See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church . He is a See also:

• BARBARIAN (Gr. fap/3apos)

barbarian to others and they to him, since they cannot under-stand what is spoken by him . Paul discriminates between the Spirit which during these paroxysms both talks and prays to God and the noun or understanding which informs a believer's See also:

• PSALM (from the Gr. word * hXAew, to play the harp)

psalm, teaching, See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

revelation or prophesy, and renders them intelligible, edifying and profitable to the See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly .

Accordingly Paul See also:

• LAYS

lays down rules which he regarded as embodying the Lord's commandment . A See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man " that speaketh in a tongue speaketh not unto men, but unto God; for no man understandeth;" and therefore it is expedient that he keep this gift for his private chamber and there pour out the mysteries . In church it is best that he should confine himself to prophesying, for that brings to others " edification and comfort and See also:

• CONSOLATION (Fr. consolation, Lat. consolatio, from consolari, to assuage, comfort, console)

consolation." If, however, tongues must be heard in the public assembly, then let not more than three of the See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints exhibit the gift, and they only in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession . Nor let them exhibit it at all, unless there is some one present who can interpret the tongues and tell the See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting what it all means . If the whole See also:

• CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

congregation be talking with tongues all at once, and an unbeliever or one with no experience of pneumatic gifts come in, what will he think, asks Paul . Surely that " you are mad." So at See also:

• PENTECOST

Pentecost on the occasion of the first outpouring of the Spirit the saints were by the bystanders accused of being drunk (Acts ii . 15) . In the church meeting, says Paul, " I had rather speak five words with my understanding, that I might instruct others also, than ten thousand words in a tongue." The writer of Acts ii., anxious to prove that See also:

• PROVIDENCE

Providence from the first included the Gentiles in the Messianic See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom, assumes that the gift of tongues was a miraculous faculty of talking See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange. See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages without having previously learned them . See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine accordingly held that each of the disciples talked all languages miraculously; See also:

• CHRYSOSTOM

Chrysostom that each talked one other than his own . The Pentecostal See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration has been construed as a providential See also:

• ANTITHESIS (the Greek for " setting opposite ")

antithesis to the confusion of tongues —an idea which See also:

• GROTIUS, HUGO (1583-1645)

Grotius expressed in the words: " Poena linguarum dispersit homines; donum linguarum dispersos in unum populum collegit." Competent critics to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day recognize that such a view is impossible; and it has been suggested withmuch See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability that in the second See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter of Acts the words in v . 5: " Now there were dwelling . . . under See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven " as well as vv .

6–11: " because that every man . . . mighty See also:

• WORKS

works of God " were interpolated by See also:

• LUKE
• LUKE, GOSPEL OF ST

Luke in the document he transcribed.' The faithful talking with tongues were taken by bystanders for drunken men, but intoxicated men do not talk in languages of which they are normally ignorant ? Paul on the whole discouraged glossolaly . " See also:

• DESIRE

Desire earnestly the greater gifts," he wrote to the See also:

• CORINTHIANS

Corinthians . The gift of tongues was suitable rather to See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children in the faith than to the mature . Tongues were, he See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt, to cease whenever the perfect should come; and the believer who spoke with the tongues of men and of angels, if he had not love, was no better than the See also:

• SOUNDING (for derivation see SOUND above)

sounding See also:

• BRASS
• BRASS (O. Eng. braes)

brass and clanging cymbal of the noisy See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen mysteries . It was clearly a gift productive of much disturbance in the Church (r Cor. xiv . 23) . He would not, however, entirely forbid and quench it (r Thess. v . 19), so See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long as decency and See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order were preserved . It is not then surprising that we hear little of it after the apostolic See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . It faded away in the See also:

• GREAT

great Church, and probably See also:

• CELSUS (c. A.D. 178)

Celsus was describing Montanist circles (though See also:

• ORIGEN (c. 185-c. 254)

Origen assumed that they were See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary believers) when he wrote 3 of the many Christians of no repute who at the least provocation, whether within or without their temples, threw themselves about like inspired persons; while others did the same in cities or among armies in order to collect See also:

• ALMS

alms, roaming about cities or camps .

They were wont to cry out, each of himself, " I am God; I am the Son of God; or I am the divine Spirit." They would indulge in prophecies of the last See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment, and back their threats with a See also:

• STRING

string of strange, See also:

• HALF

half-frantic and utterly unmeaning sounds, the sense of which no one with any intelligence could discover; for they were obscure gibberish, and merely furnished any See also:

• FOOL (O. Fr. fol, modern fou, foolish, from a Late Latin use of follis, bellows, a ball filled with air, for a stupid person, a jester, a wind-bag)

fool or impostor with an occasion to twist the utterances as he See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose to his own purposes . In the above we get a glimpse both of the glossalist and of his interpreter as they appeared to the outside See also:

• WORLD

world; and the impression made on them is not unlike that which Paul apprehended would be See also:

• LEFT

left on outsiders by an indiscriminate use of the gift . See also:

• TERTULLIAN (c. 155-c. 222)

Tertullian early in the 3rd See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century testifies that glossolaly still went on in the Montanist Church which he had joined; for we must so interpret the following passage in his De anima, cap. ix.: " There is among us at the present time a See also:

• SISTER

sister who is endowed with the charismatic gift of revelations, which she suffers through See also:

• ECSTASY (Gr. iarra(TLc, from i LarliU, put out of its place, alter)

ecstasy in the spirit during the See also:

• SUNDAY

Sunday service in church . She converses with angels, sometimes even with the Lord, and both hears and see mysteries." The magical papyri teem with strings of senseless and barbaric words which probably See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer to what certain of the Fathers called the See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of demons . It has been suggested that we here have recorded the utterances of glossolalists . The attitude of Paul toward glossolaly among his converts strikingly resembles See also:

• PLATO

Plato's See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion as expressed in the See also:

• TIMAEUS (c. 345—c. 250 B.e.)

Timaeus, p . 72, of the enthusiastic ecstasies of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient µiu'rts (soothsayer) . " God," he writes, " has given the See also:

• ART

art of See also:

• DIVINATION
• DIVINATION, OMEN, ASTROLOGY

divination not to the See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom, but to the foolishness of man; for no man, when in his wits, attains prophetic truth and inspiration; but when he receives the inspired word either his intelligence is enthralled by See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep, or he is demented by some distemper or possession . And he who would understand what he remembers to have been said, whether in a See also:

• DREAM (from a root dreug, connected with Germ. trugen, to deceive)

dream or when he was awake, by the prophetic and enthusiastic nature, or what he has seen, must first recover his wits; and then he will be able to explain rationally what all ' This misunderstanding of Acts ii. has influenced the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of demoniacal possession . The Sacerdotale indicates as one of the symptoms of possession the ability of the possessed to talk other tongues than his own . Cf.the Fustis daemonum, cap. xi . Venetus (16(36): " Aliqui sermonem alienum a patria sua loquuntur etsi nunquam e laribus paternis recesserint." 2 It is noteworthy that in Eph. v .

18 Paul contrasts the being filled with the Spirit with the foolishness of See also:

• INTOXICATION (Lat. toxicare, intoxicare, to smear with poison, toxicum, an adaptation of Gr. 'r(*uK v, sc. ¢apµasov, a poison smeared on arrows; roEov, bow)

intoxication with See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, and remarks that those filled with the Spirit speak to themselves in See also:

• PSALMS, BOOK
• PSALMS, BOOK OF, or PSALTER

psalms and See also:

• HYMNS

hymns and spiritual songs and give thanks always for all things . 3 Origen, Contra Celsum, vii . 9 . such words and See also:

• APPARITIONS

apparitions mean, and what indications they afford to this man or that, of past, present or future See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good and evil . 'But, while he continues demented, he cannot See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge of the visions which he See also:

• SEES

sees or the words which he utters . . . . And for this See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason it is customary to appoint diviners or interpreters to be See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges of the true inspiration."' From such passages as the above we infer that the gift of tongues and of their See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation was not See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to the Christian Church, but was a repetition in it of a phase See also:

• COMMON

common in ancient religions . The very phrase yXcoaaalr XaXeiv, " to speak with tongues," was not invented by the New Testament writers, but borrowed from ordinary speech . See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil (Aen. vi . 46, 98) draws a See also:

• LIFE

life-like picture of the ancient prophetess " speaking with tongues." He depicts her See also:

• QUICK

quick changes of See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, her dishevelled See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair, her panting See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast, her apparent increase of stature as the god draws nigh and fills her with his divine afflatus . Then her See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice loses its mortal's See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring: " nec mortale sonans." The same morbid and abnormal See also:

• TRANCE (through the French, from Lat. transitus, from transire, to cross, pass over)

trance utterances recur in Christian revivals in every age, e.g. among the mendicant friars of the 13th century, among the Jansenists, the early See also:

• QUAKERS

Quakers, the converts of See also:

• WESLEY (FAMILY)
• WESLEY, JOHN (1703-1791)
• WESLEY, SAMUEL (1766-1837)
• WESLEY, SAMUEL SEBASTIAN (1810–1876)

Wesley and See also:

• WHITEFIELD,

Whitefield, the persecuted protestants of the See also:

• CEVENNES (Lat. Cebenna or Gebenna)

Cevennes, the Irvingites . Oracular possession of the See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind above described is also common among savages and See also:

• PEOPLE

people of See also:

• LOWER

lower culture; and Dr See also:

• TYLOR, EDWARD BURNETT (1832- )

Tylor, in his See also:

• PRIMITIVE

Primitive Culture, ii .

14, gives examples of ecstatic utterance interpreted by the sane . Thus in the See also:

• SANDWICH
• SANDWICH, EDWARD MONTAGU, or MOUNTAGU, 1ST EARL OF (1625–1672)
• SANDWICH, JOHN MONTAGU, 4TH EARL OF (1718–1792)

Sandwich Islands the god Oro gave his oracles through a See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest who " ceased to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act or speak as a voluntary See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent, but with his limbs convulsed, his features distorted and terrific, his eyes See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild and strained, he would See also:

• ROLL (O. Fr. rolle, roulle, mod. role, Lat. rotulus, dim. of rota, wheel)
• ROLL, ALFRED PHILIPPE (1846– )

roll on the ground foaming at the mouth, and reveal the will of the god in shrill cries and sounds violent and indistinct, which the attending priests duly interpreted to the people." See E . B . Tylor, Primitive Culture; H . Weinel, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Wirkungen See also:

• DES

des Geistes and der Geister (See also:

• FREIBURG

Freiburg, 1899) ; See also:

• SHAFTESBURY
• SHAFTESBURY, ANTHONY ASHLEY COOPER, 1ST EARL OF (1621-1683)
• SHAFTESBURY, ANTHONY ASHLEY COOPER, 7TH EARL OF (1801–1885)
• SHAFTESBURY, ANTHONYASHLEY COOPER, 3RD EARL OF (1671-1713)

Shaftesbury's See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

Letter on See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

Enthusiasm; Mrs See also:

• OLIPHANT, LAURENCE (1829–1888)
• OLIPHANT, MARGARET OLIPHANT (1828-1897)
• OLIPHANT, OLIFANT (Ger. Helfant)

Oliphant, Life of See also:

• IRVING, EDWARD (1792-1834)
• IRVING, SIR HENRY (1838-1905)
• IRVING, WASHINGTON (1783-18J9)

Irving, vol. ii . (F . C .