See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

THOMAS See also:

• TORQUEMADA, JUAN DE (1388-1468)
• THOMAS TORQUEMADA (1420-1498)

TORQUEMADA (1420-1498)  , inquisitor-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, son of See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don Pedro Ferdinando, See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord of See also:

• TORQUEMADA, JUAN DE (1388-1468)
• TORQUEMADA, THOMAS (1420-1498)

Torquemada, a small See also:

• TOWN

town in Old See also:

• CASTILE, or CASTILLE (Castilla)

Castile, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in 1420 at See also:

• VALLADOLID

Valladolid during the reign of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John II . Being See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew to the well-known See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal of the same name, he See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early displayed an attraction for the Dominican See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order; and, as soon as allowed, he joined the Friars Preachers in their See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent at Valladolid . His biographers See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state that he showed himself from the beginning very See also:

• EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest in austere See also:

• LIFE

life and humility; and he became a recognized example of the virtues of a Dominican . Valladolid was then the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, and in due course eminent dignities were offered to him, but he gave signs of a determination to See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead the See also:

• SIMPLE

simple life of a See also:

• FRIAR (from the Lat. (rater, through the Fr. frere)

Friar Preacher, In the convent, his modesty was so See also:

• GREAT

great that he refused to accept the See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor's degree in See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology, which is the highest prized See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour in the order . His superiors, however, obliged him to take the priorship of the convent of See also:

• SANTA

Santa Cruz in See also:

• SEGOVIA

Segovia, where he ruled for twenty-two years . The royal See also:

• FAMILY

family, especially the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen and the infanta See also:

• ISABELLA (1451-15o4)
• ISABELLA, ISABEAU

Isabella, often stayed at Segovia, and Torquemada became See also:

• CONFESSOR

confessor to the infanta, who was then very See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young . He trained her to look on her future See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty as an engagement to make See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion respected . Esprit Flechier, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• NIMES
• NIMES, COUNCILS OF (Concilia Nemausensia)

Nimes, in this Histoire du cardinal See also:

• JIMENES (or XIMENES) DE CISNEROS, FRANCISCO (1436-1517)

Jimenes (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1693), says that Torquemada made her promise that when she became queen she would make it her See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal business to chastise and destroy heretics . He then began to See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach her the See also:

• POLITICAL

political advantages of religion and to prepare the way for that tremendous See also:

• ENGINE
• ENGINE (Lat. ingenium)

engine in the hands of the state, the See also:

• INQUISITION, THE (Lat. inquisitio, an inquiry)

Inquisition . Isabella succeeded to the See also:

• THRONE

throne (1474) on the See also:

• DEATH

death of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry IV . Torquemada had always been strong in his See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice that she should marry See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand of See also:

• ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

Aragon and thus consolidate the kingdoms of Spain . Hitherto he had rarely appeared at See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court; but now the queen entrusted him not only with the care of her See also:

• CONSCIENCE (Lat. con-scientia, literally " knowledge of a thing shared with another person " or " complete knowledge," and derivatively " consciousness in general)
• CONSCIENCE, HENDRIK (1812-1883)

conscience, but also with the benefices in the royal patronage .

He also helped her in quieting Ferdinand, who was chafing under the privileges of the Castilian grandees, and succeeded so well that the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king also took him as confessor . Refusing the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich see of See also:

• SEVILLE
• SEVILLE (Span. Sevilla, Lat. Ispalis or Hispalis, Moorish Ishbiliya)

Seville and 'many other preferments he accepted that of councillor of state . For a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he had pondered over the confusion in which Spain was, which he attributed to the intimate relations allowed between Christians and infidels for the See also:

• SAKE

sake of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce . He saw See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews, See also:

• SARACENS

Saracens, heretics and apostates roaming through Spain unmolested; and in this lax See also:

• TOLERATION (from Lat. tolerare, to endure)

toleration of religious See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences he thought he saw the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main obstacle to the political See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of the Spains, which was the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of the See also:

• HOUR

hour . He represented to Ferdinand and Isabella that it was essential to their safety to reorganize the Inquisition, which had since the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century (1236) been established in Spain . The bishops, who were ex officio inquisitors in their own dioceses, had not succeeded in putting a stop to the evils, nor had the friars, by whom they had been practically superseded . By the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 15th century there was hardly an active inquisitor See also:

• LEFT

left in the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom . In 1473 Torquemada and Gonzalez de See also:

• MENDOZA
• MENDOZA, ANTONIO HURTADO DE (1593?-1644)
• MENDOZA, DIEGO HURTADO DE (1503-1575)
• MENDOZA, PEDRO GONZALEZ DE (1428-1495)

Mendoza, See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• TOLEDO
• TOLEDO, COUNCILS OF (Concilia toletana)

Toledo, approached the sovereigns . Isabella had been for many years prepared, and she and Ferdinand, now that the proposal for this new tribunal came before them, saw in it a means of over-coming the See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of the See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility and See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy by which the royal See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power had been obstructed . With the royal See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction a See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition was addressed to See also:

• SIXTUS

Sixtus IV. for the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of this new See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of Inquisition; and as the result of a long intrigue, in 1479 a papal See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull authorized the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment by the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish sovereigns of two inquisitors at Seville, under whom the Dominican inquisitions already established elsewhere might serve . In the persecuting activity that ensued the See also:

• DOMINICANS

Dominicans, " the See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

Dogs of the Lord " (Domini canes), took the lead . Commissaries of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

Office were sent into different provinces, and ministers of the faith were established in the various cities to take cognisance of the crimes of See also:

• HERESY

heresy, See also:

• APOSTASY (aaoafiavis, in classical Greek a defection or revolt from a military commander)

apostasy, sorcery, sodomy and See also:

• POLYGAMY, (Gr. nabs, many, and yayos, marriage)

polygamy, these three last being considered to be implicit heresy .

The royal Inquisition thus started was subversive of the See also:

• REGULAR

regular tribunals of the bishops, who much resented the innovation, which, however, had the power of the state at its back . In 1481, three years after the Sixtine See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission, a tribunal was inaugurated at Seville, where freedom of speech and See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence of manner were rife . The inquisitors at once began to detect errors . In order not to confound the See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

innocent with the guilty, Torquemada published a See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration offering See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace and See also:

• PARDON (through the Fr. from Late Lat. perdonare, to remit a debt or other obligation on a penalty)

pardon to all who presented themselves before the tribunal and avowed their See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault . Some fled the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, but many (See also:

• MARIANA, JUAN DE (1536-1624)

Mariana says 17,000) offered themselves for reconciliation . The first seat of the Holy Office was in the convent of See also:

• SAN

San Pablo, where the friars, however, resented the orders, on the pretext that they were not delegates of the inquisitor-general . Soon the gloomy fortress of Triana, on the opposite See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• GUADALQUIVIR (ancient Baetis, Moorish Wadi al Kebir, "the Great River ")

Guadalquivir, was prepared as the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of the Holy Office; and the terror-stricken Sevillianos read with dismay over the portals the See also:

• MOTTO (an Italian word, from Late Lat. muttum, a low sound, a mutter or murmur, cf. mutere, to mutter; the Latin word also gives Fr. mot, word)

motto of the Inquisition: " Exsurge, Domine, Judica causam See also:

• TUAM

tuam, Capite nobis vulpes." Other tribunals, like that of Seville and under La Supremo, were speedily established in See also:

• CORDOVA (Span. C6rdoba)
• CORDOVA (Span. Cordoba; Lat. Corduba)

Cordova, See also:

• JAEN

Jaen and Toledo . The sovereigns saw that See also:

• WEALTH

wealth was beginning to flow in to the new tribunals by means of fines and confiscations; and they obliged Torquemada to take as assessors five persons who would represent them in all matters affecting the royal prerogatives . These assessors were allowed a definite See also:

• VOTE

vote in temporal matters but not in spiritual, and the final decision was reserved to Torquemada himself, who in 1483 was appointed the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole inquisitor-general over all the Spanish possessions . In the next See also:

• YEAR

year he ceded to Diego Deza, a Dominican, his office of confessor to the sovereigns, and gave himself up to the congenial See also:

• WORK

work of reducing heretics . A general See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly of his inquisitors was convoked at Seville for the 29th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1484; and there he promulgated a See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code of twenty-eight articles for the guidance of the ministers of the faith . Among these rules are the following, which will give some See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of the See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure .

Heretics were allowed See also:

• THIRTY

thirty days to declare themselves . Those who availed themselves of this. grace were only fined, and their goods escaped See also:

• CONFISCATION (from Lat. confiscare, to consign to the fiscus, or imperial treasury)

confiscation . See also:

• ABSOLUTION (Lat. absolutio from absolvo, loosen, acquit)

Absolution in See also:

• TORO

Toro externo was forbidden to be given secretly to those who made voluntary See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

confession; they had to submit to the ignominy of the public auto-de-P . The result of this harsh See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law was that numerous applications were made to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome for See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret absolution; and thus much See also:

• MONEY

money escaped the Inquisition in Spain . Those who were reconciled were deprived of all See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable employment, and were. forbidden to use See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold, See also:

• SILVER

silver, See also:

• JEWELRY (O. Fr. jouel, Fr. joyau, perhaps from joie, joy; Lat. gaudium; retranslated into Low Lat. jocale, a toy, from jocus, by misapprehension of the origin of the word)

jewelry, See also:

• SILK

silk or See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool . Against this law, too, many petitions went to Rome for rehabilitation, until in 1498 the Spanish See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander VI. granted leave to Torquemada to rehabilitate the condemned, and with-See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew practically all concessions hitherto made and paid for at Rome . Fines were imposed by way of See also:

• PENANCE (Old Fr. penance, fr. Lat. poenitentia, penitence)

penance on those confessing willingly . If a heretic in the Inquisition asked for absolution, he could receive it, but subject to a life imprisonment; but if his repentance were but feigned he could be at oncecondemned and handed over to the See also:

• CIVIL

civil power for See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution . Should the accused, after the testimony against him had been made public, continue to deny the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge, he was to be Condemned as impenitent . When serious See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof existed against one who denied his See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime, he could be submitted to the question by See also:

• TORTURE (from Lat. torquere, to twist)

torture; and if under torture he avowed his fault and confirmed his See also:

• GUILT

guilt by subsequent confession he was punished as one convicted; but should he retract he was again to be submitted to the tortures or condemned to extraordinary See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment . This second questioning was afterwards forbidden; but the See also:

• PROHIBITION (Lat. prohibere, to prevent)

prohibition was got over by merely suspending and then renewing the sessions for questioning . It was forbidden to communicate to the accused the entire copy of the declaration of the witnesses .

The dead even were not See also:

• FREE

free from the Holy Office; but processes could be instituted against them and their remains subjected to punishment . But along with these cruel and unjust See also:

• MEASURES

measures there must be put down to Torquemada's See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit some advanced ideas as to See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison life . The cells of the Inquisition were, as a See also:

• RULE

rule, large, See also:

• AIRY, SIR GEORGE BIDDELL (1801-1892)

airy, clean and with See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good windows admitting the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun . They were, in those respects, far See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior to the civil prisons of that See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . The use of irons was in Torquemada's time not allowed in the Holy Office; the use of torture was in accordance with the practice of the other royal tribunals; and when these gave it up the Holy Office did so also . Such were some of the methods that Torquemada introduced into the Spanish Inquisition, which was to have so baneful an effect upon the whole country . During the eighteen years that he was inquisitor-general it is said that he burnt 10,220 persons, condemned 686o others to be burnt in effigy, and reconciled 97,321, thus making an See also:

• AVERAGE

average of some 6000 convictions a year . These figures are given by See also:

• LLORENTE, JUAN ANTONIO (1756-1823)

Llorente, who was secretary of the Holy Office from 1790 to 1792 and had See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to the archives; but See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research reduces the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of those burnt by Torquemada to 2000, in itself an awful See also:

• HOLOCAUST (Gr. b'orcavcrov, or okbeavrov, wholly burnt)

holocaust to the principle of intolerance . The See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant stream of petitions to Rome opened the eyes of the pope to the effects of Torquemada's severity . On three See also:

• SEPARATE

separate occasions he had to send Fray Alfonso Badaja to defend his acts before the Holy See . The sovereigns, too, saw the stream of money, which they had hoped for, diverted to the coffers of the Holy Office, and in 1493 they made complaint to the pope; but Torquemada was powerful enough to secure most of the money for the expenses of the Inquisition . But in 1496, when the sovereigns again complained that the inquisitors were, without royal knowledge or consent, disposing of the See also:

• PROPERTY

property of the condemned and thus depriving the public revenues of considerable sums, Alexander VI. appointed Jimenes to examine into the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case and make the Holy Office disgorge the See also:

• PLUNDER

plunder .

For many years Torquemada had been persuading the sovereigns to make an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt once for all to rid the country of the hated See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

Moors . Mariana holds that the See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding of the Inquisition, by giving a new impetus to the idea of a See also:

• UNITED

united kingdom, made the country more capable of carrying to a satisfactory ending the traditional See also:

• WARS

wars against the Moors . The taking of Zahaia in 1481 by the enemy gave occasion to See also:

• REPRISALS (Fr. represailles, from reprendre; Lat. reprehendere, to take back)

reprisals . Troops were summoned to Seville and the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war began by the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of Alhama, a town eight leagues from See also:

• GRANADA
• GRANADA, LUIS DE (1504-1588)

Granada, the Moorish capital . Torquemada went with the sovereigns to Cordova, to See also:

• MADRID

Madrid or wherever the states-general were held, to urge on the war; and he obtained from the Holy See the same spiritual favours that had been enjoyed by the Crusaders . But he did not forget his favourite work of ferreting out heretics; and his ministers of the faith made great progress over all the kingdom, especially at Toledo, where merciless severity was shown to the Jews who had lapsed from See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity . The Inquisition, although as a See also:

• BODY

body the clergy did not mislike it, sometimes met with furious opposition from the nobles and See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• PEOPLE

people . At See also:

• VALENTIA, SIR FRANCIS ANNESLEY, VISCOUNT (1585-166o)

Valentia and See also:

• LERIDA

Lerida there were serious conflicts . At See also:

• SARAGOSSA (Zaragoza)
• SARAGOSSA, COUNCILS OF (Concilia Caesarauguslana)

Saragossa See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter Arbue, a See also:

• CANON

canon and an ardent inquisitor, was slain in 1485 whilst praying in a See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church; and the threats against the hated Torquemada made him go in fear of his life, and he never went abroad without an escort of See also:

• FORTY

forty See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar* of the Holy Office on horseback and two See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred more on See also:

• FOOT

foot . In 1487 he went with Ferdinand to See also:

• MALAGA

Malaga and thence to Valladolid, where in the See also:

• OCTOBER

October of 1488 he held another general See also:

• CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

congregation of the Inquisition and promulgated new See also:

• LAWS

laws based on the experience already gained . He then hurried back to See also:

• ANDALUSIA, or ANDALUCIA

Andalusia where he joined the sovereigns, who were now besieging Granada, which he entered with the conquering See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1492 and built there a convent of his order . The Moors being vanquished, now came the turn of the Jews .

In 1490 had happened the case of El Santo nino de la Guardia—a See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child supposed to have been killed by the Jews . His existence had never been proved; and in the See also:

• DISTRICT

district of Guardia no child was reported as missing . The whole See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story was most probably the creation of imaginations stimulated by torture and despair, unless it was a deliberate fiction set forth for the purpose of provoking hostility against the Jews . For a long time Torquemada had tried to get the royal consent to a general See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion; but the sovereigns hesitated, and, as the victims were the backbone of the commerce of the country, proposed a See also:

• RANSOM (from Lat. redemptio, through Fr. rancon)

ransom of 300,000 ducats instead . The indignant friar would hear of no See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise: " Judas," he cried, " sold See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ for 30 pence; and your highnesses wish to sell Him again for 300,000 ducats." Unable to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear up against the Dominican's fiery denunciations, the sovereigns, three months after the fall of Granada, issued a See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree ordering every See also:

• JEW, THE WANDERING

Jew either to embrace Christianity or to leave the country, four months being given to make up their minds; and those who refused to become Christians to order had leave to sell their property and carry off their effects . But this was not enough for the inquisitor-general, who in the following See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month (See also:

• APRIL

April) issued orders to forbid Christians, under severe penalties, having any communication with the Jews or, after the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of grace, to See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply them even with the necessaries of life . The former prohibition made it impossible far the unfortunate people to sell their goods which hence See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell to the Inquisition . The See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of Jewish families driven out of the country by Torquemada is variously stated from Mariana's 1,700,000 to the more probable 800,000 of later historians . The loss to Spain was enormous, and from this See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of the Dominican the commercial decay of Spain See also:

• DATES

dates . . See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

Age was now creeping on Torquemada, who, however, never would allow his misdirected zeal to See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest . At another general assembly, his See also:

• FOURTH

fourth, he gave new and more stringent rules, which are found in the Compilaci6n de See also:

• LAS

las instrucciones del officio de la Santa InquisiciOn . He took up his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence in See also:

• AVILA
• AVILA (anc. Abula or Avela)
• AVILA, GIL GONZALEZ DE (c. 1577-1658)

Avila, where he had built a convent; and here he resumed the common life of a friar, leaving his See also:

• CELL (from Lat. cella, probably from an Indo-European kal —seen in Lat. celare, to hide; another suggestion connects the word with Lat. cera, wax, taking the original meaning to refer to the honeycomb)

cell in October 1497 to visit, at See also:

• SALAMANCA
• SALAMANCA (anc. Salmantica or Elmantica)

Salamanca, the dying See also:

• INFANTE (Spanish and Portuguese form of Lat. infans, young child)

infante, Don Juan, and to comfort the sovereigns in their parental See also:

• DISTRESS

distress .

They often used .to visit him at Avila, where in 1498, still in office as inquisitor-general, he held his last general assembly to See also:

• COMPLETE

complete his life's work . Soon afterwards he died, on the 16th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1498, " full of years and merit " says his biographer . He was buried in the See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel of the convent of St See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas in Avila . The name of Torquemada stands for all that is intolerant and narrow, despotic and cruel . He was no real statesman or See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of the See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel, but a See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind fanatic, who failed to see that faith, which is the See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift of See also:

• GOD

God, cannot be imposed on any conscience by force . (E .