TORTOSA  , a fortified See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• TARRAGONA
• TARRAGONA (anc. Tarraco)

Tarragona; 40 M. by See also:

• RAIL

rail W.S.W. of the city of Tarragona, on the See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• EBRO (anc. Iberus or Hiberus)

Ebro 22 M. above its mouth . Pop . (1900), 24,452 . Tortosa is for the most See also:

• PART

part an old walled See also:

• TOWN

town on the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of the river, with narrow, crooked and See also:

• ILL

ill-paved streets, in which the houses are lofty and massively built of See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite . But some parts of the old town have been rebuilt, and there is a See also:

• MODERN

modern suburb on the opposite See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the Ebro . The slope on which old Tortosa stands is crowned with an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle, which has been restored and converted into See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks and a See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital . All the fortifications are obsolete . The See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral occupies the site of a Moorish See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque built in 914 . The See also:

• PRESENT

present structure, which See also:

• DATES

dates from '1347, has its See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character disguised by a classical See also:

• FACADE

facade with Ionic pillars and much tasteless modernization . The stalls in the See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir, carved by Cristobal de See also:

• SALAMANCA
• SALAMANCA (anc. Salmantica or Elmantica)

Salamanca in 1588-1593, and the See also:

• SCULPTURE
• SCULPTURE (Lat. sculptura, from sculpere, to carve, cognate with Gr. yXb4ew)

sculpture of the pulpits, as well as the See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron-See also:

• WORK

work of the choir-railing and some of the See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious See also:

• MARBLES

marbles with which the chapels are adorned, deserve See also:

• NOTICE

notice . The other public buildings include an episcopal See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace, a town-See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall and numerous churches . There are manufactures of See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, hats, See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather, See also:

• ROPES, JOHN CODMAN (1836–1899)

ropes, See also:

• PORCELAIN

porcelain, See also:

• MAJOLICA

majolica, See also:

• SOAP

soap, See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits, and ornaments made of See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm leaves and See also:

• GRASSES

grasses .

There is an important See also:

• FISHERY (LAW OF)

fishery in the river, and the See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour is accessible to vessels of too tons See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden . See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

Corn, See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, oil, See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool, See also:

• SILK

silk, fruits and See also:

• LIQUORICE

liquorice (a speciality of the See also:

• DISTRICT

district) are exported . The city is connected with See also:

• BARCELONA

Barcelona and See also:

• VALENCIA
• VALENCIA, or VALENTIA

Valencia by the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast railway, and with See also:

• SARAGOSSA (Zaragoza)
• SARAGOSSA, COUNCILS OF (Concilia Caesarauguslana)

Saragossa by the Ebro valley See also:

• LINE

line; it is also the See also:

• TERMINUS

terminus of a railway to See also:

• SAN

San See also:

• CARLOS, DON (1545-1568)
• CARLOS, DON (1788-1855)
• CARLOS, DON (CHARLES MARIA DE LOS DOLORES JUAN ISIDOR.E JOSEPH FRANCIS QUIRIN ANTONY MICHAEL GABRIEL RAPHAEL) (1848—1909)

Carlos de la Rapita on the Mediterranean . Near Tortosa are See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich quarries of See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble and See also:

• ALABASTER
• ALABASTER, or ARBLASTIER, WILLIAM (1567-1640)

alabaster . Tortosa, the Dertosa of See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo and the Colonia Julia See also:

• AUGUSTA

Augusta Dertosa of numerous coins, was a city of the Ilercaones in Hispania Tarraconensis . Under the See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

Moors it was of See also:

• GREAT

great importance as the See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key of the Ebro valley . It was taken by See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis the Pious in 811 (after an unsuccessful See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege two years before), but was soon recaptured . Having become a haunt of pirates, and exceedingly injurious to See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce, it was made the See also:

• OBJECT

object of a crusade proclaimed by See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• EUGENIUS

Eugenius III. in 1148, and was captured by Ramon Berenguer IV., See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of Barcelona, assisted by See also:

• TEMPLARS

Templars, Pisans and Genoese . An See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to recapture the city in 1149 was defeated by the heroism of the See also:

• WOMEN

women, who were thenceforth empowered by the count to See also:

• WEAR

wear the red See also:

• SASH

sash of the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

Order of La Hacha (The See also:

• AXE (0. Eng. aex; a word common, in different forms, in the Teutonic languages, and akin to the Greek 41v17; the New English Dictionary prefers the spelling " ax ")

Axe), to import their clothes See also:

• FREE

free of See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty, and to precede their bridegrooms at weddings . Tortosa See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into the hands of the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans in 1708; during the See also:

• PENINSULAR

Peninsular See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War it surrendered in 1811 to the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French under See also:

• SUCHET, LOUIS GABRIEL

Suchet, who held it till 1814 .