TOTAL  . . See also:

• MELANESIA

Melanesia . . . 58,271 621,600 See also:

• MICRONESIA (from Gr. µitcpbs, small, and viiaos, island)

Micronesia . . 1,326 95,600 See also:

• POLYNESIA, (Gr. iroXi,, many, and vnno-os, island)
• POLYNESIA, MELANESIA, MICRONESIA (q.v.)

Polynesia . . . 14,215 260,930 The above figures give a total See also:

• LAND

land See also:

• AREA

area for the whole region of 69,561 sq. m., with a See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of 978,130; but they are for the most See also:

• PART

part merely approximate . be divided into a large number of islets, often bears a single name . The number of names of islands and See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups in the See also:

• INDEX

Index to the Islands of the Pacific (W . T . Brigham), which covers the limited area under See also:

• NOTICE

notice, is about 2650, exclusive of alternative names . Of these, it may be mentioned, there is a vast number, owing in some cases to divergence of spelling in the See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation of native names, in others to See also:

• EUROPEAN

European discoverers naming islands (sometimes twice or thrice successively) of which the native names subsequently came into use also .

The islands may be divided broadly into volcanic and See also:

• CORAL

coral islands, though the physiography of many islands is imperfectly known . There are See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient rocks, however, in New See also:

• CALEDONIA

Caledonia, which has a See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological See also:

• AFFINITY (Lat. affinitas, relationship by marriage, from offinis, bordering on, related to; finis, border, boundary)
• AFFINITY, CHEMICAL

affinity with New See also:

• ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand; old sedimentary rocks are known in New See also:

• POMERANIA (German, Pommern)

Pomerania, besides See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite and See also:

• PORPHYRY (IlopcPisptos) (A.D. 233-c. 304)

porphyry, and slates, See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone and See also:

• CHALK

chalk occur in See also:

• FIJI
• FIJI (Viii)

Fiji, as well as See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young volcanic rocks . Along with these, similarly, See also:

• HORNBLENDE

hornblende and See also:

• DIABASE

diabase occur in the Pelew Islands and See also:

• GNEISS

gneiss and See also:

• MICA

mica ' These are dependencies of New Zealand, as are also the following islands and groups which See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie apart from the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main Polynesian clusters, nearer New Zealand itself: See also:

• ANTIPODES (Gr. avri, opposed to, and 7r6 es, feet)

Antipodes Islands, See also:

• AUCKLAND
• AUCKLAND, GEORGE EDEN, EARL OF (1784-1849)
• AUCKLAND, WILLIAM EDEN, 1ST BARON (1745-1814)

Auckland Islands, See also:

• BOUNTY (through O. Fr. bontet, from Lat. bonitas, goodness)

Bounty Islands, See also:

• CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER (1788–1866)
• CAMPBELL, BEATRICE STELLA (Mrs PATRICK CAMPBELL) (1865– )
• CAMPBELL, GEORGE (1719–1796)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN
• CAMPBELL, JOHN (1708-1775)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN CAMPBELL, BARON (1779-1861)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN FRANCIS
• CAMPBELL, LEWIS (1830-1908)
• CAMPBELL, REGINALD JOHN (1867— )
• CAMPBELL, THOMAS (1777—1844)

Campbell Islands, See also:

• CHATHAM
• CHATHAM, WILLIAM PITT

Chatham Islands, See also:

• KERMADEC

Kermadec Islands . 2 Under See also:

• BRITISH

British and See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence jointly.frequently culminate, combined with the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich characteristic vegetation, are the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal features which have led all travellers to extol the beauty of the islands . In the central and western Pacific the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern and See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern limits of the occurrence of See also:

• REEF (1)

reef-forming See also:

• CORALS (KoRAis), ADAMANTIOS [in French, DIAMANT CORAY] (1748–1833)

corals are approximately 30° N. and 3o S . It may be added that this See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt narrows greatly towards the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, mainly from the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, in sympathy with the northward flow of See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold See also:

• WATER

water off the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of South See also:

• AMERICA

America . But apart from this the limits are seen to See also:

• ACCORD (from Fr. accorder, to agree)

accord fairly closely with the See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition of the area under See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration . Here the broad distinction has been See also:

• DRAWN

drawn between volcanic and coral islands; but this requires amplification, both because the coral islands follow more than one type, and because the See also:

• WORK

work of corals is in many cases associated with the volcanic islands in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of fringing or barrier reefs . As to the See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of coral reefs within the Pacific area, in Micronesia the northern See also:

• MARIANAS, MARIANNES
• MARIANAS, or MARANHAS

Marianas (volcanic) are without reefs, which, however, are well See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed in the south . The Pelew islands have extensive reefs, and the See also:

• CAROLINE
• CAROLINE (1683-1737)

Caroline, See also:

• MARSHALL
• MARSHALL, ALFRED (1842– )
• MARSHALL, JOHN (1755–1835)
• MARSHALL, JOHN (1818-1891)
• MARSHALL, STEPHEN (c. 1594-1655)

Marshall and See also:

• GILBERT
• GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
• GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
• GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
• GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
• GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
• GILBERT, J
• GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
• GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
• GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
• GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
• GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
• GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )

Gilbert islands are almost entirely coral . In Melanesia, as has been seen, the volcanic type predominates . Coral reefs occur See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round many of the islands (e.g. the Louisiade and See also:

• ADMIRALTY, HIGH COURT OF

Admiralty groups, New Caledonia and Fiji), but in some cases they are wholly absent or nearly so (e.g. the eastern See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

Solomon Islands and the New See also:

• HEBRIDES, THE, or WESTERN ISLES

Hebrides) .

Of the Polynesian Islands, the Hawaiian See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain presents the type of a volcanic See also:

• GROUP

group through which coral reefs are not equally distributed . The main See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of See also:

• HAWAII (HAWAIIAN or SANDWICH ISLANDS)

Hawaii and Maui at the east end are practically without reefs; which, however, are abundant farther See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west . Round the volcanic See also:

• MARQUESAS

Marquesas Islands, again, coral is scanty, but the Society Islands, See also:

• SAMOA

Samoa and See also:

• TONGA, or FRIENDLY ISLANDS (so called by Captain Cook)

Tonga have extensive reefs . The various See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor groups to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of these (See also:

• ELLICE (LAGOON) ISLANDS

Ellice, See also:

• PHOENIX
• PHOENIX (Gr. 4oivt )

Phoenix, See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union, See also:

• MANIHIKI (MANAHIKI, MONAHIKI)

Manihiki and the America Islands) are coral islands . See also:

• CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas, one of the last-named, is reputed to be the largest See also:

• LAGOON (Fr. lagune, Lat. lacuna, a pool)

lagoon island in the Pacific . The See also:

• PAUMOTU, TUAMOTU

Paumotu See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

Archipelago is the most extensive of the coral groups . The coral islands are generally of the form well known under the name of See also:

• ATOLL (native name atollon in the Maldive Islands)

atoll, rising but slightly above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level, See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat, and generally of See also:

• ANNULAR, ANNULATE

annular form, enclosing a lagoon . Often, as has been said, the atoll is divided into a number of islets, but in some smaller atolls the See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring is See also:

• COMPLETE

complete, and the sea-water gains See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access beneath the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the reef to the lagoon within, where it is sometimes seen to spout up at the rise of the See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide . Besides the atolls there is a type of island which has been called the elevated coral island . The See also:

• LOYALTY

Loyalty Islands exhibit this type, in which former reefs appear as See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low cliffs, elevated above the sea, and separated from it by a level coastal See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract . The island of See also:

• MARE

Mare shows See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of three such elevations, three distinct cliffs alternating with level tracts . For the much debated question as to the conditions under which atolls and reefs are formed, see CORAL REEFS .

As to the See also:

• LOCAL

local distribution of reefs, it has been maintained that in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of active volcanic islands which have no reefs, their See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence is due to subterranean See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat . The See also:

• CONTOUR

contour of the sea-See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed, however, has been shown to influence this distribution, the continuation of the slope of a steep See also:

• SHORE

shore beneath the sea being adverse to their formation, whereas on a gentler slope they may be formed . See also:

• FLORA

Flora.—In considering the flora of the islands it is necessary to distinguish between the rich vegetation of the fertile volcanic islands and the poor vegetation of the coral islands . Those See also:

• PLANTS

plants which are widely distributed are generally found to be propagated from seeds which can easily be carried by the See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind or by ocean currents, or form the See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food of migratory birds . The tropical See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element predominates on the low lands; types characteristic of See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia and New Zealand occur principally on the upper parts of the high islands . In Hawaii there are instances of See also:

• AMERICAN

American elements . In the volcanic islands a distinction may be observed between the windward and leeward flanks, the moister windward slopes being the more richly clothed . But almost everywhere the vegetation serves to smooth the contours of the rugged hills, ferns, mosses and shrubs growing wherever their roots can cling, and leaving only the steepest crags uncovered to form, as in See also:

• TAHITI

Tahiti, a striking contrast . The flora is estimated to include 15% of ferns, but they form only the most important group among many plants of beautiful foliage, such as draceanas and crotons . Flowering plants are numerous, and the natives often (as in Hawaii) greatly appreciate See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers. which thus add a feature to the picturesqueness of island-See also:

• LIFE

life, though they do not usually grow in See also:

• GREAT

great profusion . Fruits are 'abundant, though indigenous fruits are few; the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority have been introduced by missionaries and others . Oranges are often plentiful, also See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine-apples, guavas, custard-apples, mangoes and bananas .

These last are of See also:

• SPECIAL

special importance, and the best See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, the See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese See also:

• BANANA

banana, is said to have sprung from a plant given to the missionary See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• WILLIAMS
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1582-1650)
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1796-1839)
• WILLIAMS, ROGER (c. 1604–1684)
• WILLIAMS, ROWLAND (1817-1870)
• WILLIAMS, SIR WILLIAM FENWICK

Williams, and cultivated in Samoa . The natives live very largely on See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable food, among the most important plants which See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply them being the taro, See also:

• YARN

yarn, banana, See also:

• BREAD

bread-See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit, arrow-See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root, pandanus and coco-See also:

• NUT
• NUT (0. Eng. knutu, cf. Dutch noot, Ger. Nuss; allied with Gael. cno; it is not of the same form as Lat. nux)

nut . The last constitutes a valuable See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce in the form of See also:

• COPRA (a Spanish and Portuguese adaptation of the Malay kopperah, and Hindustani khopra, the coco-nut)

copra, from which See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm oil is expressed; the natives make use of this oil in made dishes, and also of the soft See also:

• HALF

half-See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green See also:

• KERNEL (O.E. cyrnel, a diminutive of " corn," seed, grain)

kernel and the coco-nut " See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk," the clear liquid within the nut . Their well-known drink, See also:

• KAVA (CAVA or AVA)

kava, is made from a variety of See also:

• PEPPER
• PEPPER, WILLIAM (1843–1898)

pepper-plant . The most characteristic trees are the coco-nut palm, pandanus and See also:

• MANGROVE

mangrove . The low coral islands suffer frequently from drought; their See also:

• SOIL

soil is sandy and unproductive, and in some cases the natives See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt cultivation by excavating trenches and fertilizing them with vegetable and other refuse . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—The indigenous fauna of the islands is exceedingly poor in mammals, which are represented mainly by rats and bats . Pigs have been held to be indigenous on some islands, but were doubtless introduced by See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early navigators . See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

Cattle and horses, where introduced, are found to degenerate rather rapidly unless the supply of fresh stock is kept up . Birds are more numerous than mammals,among the most important kinds being the pigeons and doves, especially the fruit-eating pigeons . Megapodes are found in the Solomon Islands, the New Hebrides . Samoa, Tonga, the Carotins and the Marianas .

The remarkable didunculus occurs. in Samoa, and after the introduction of See also:

• CATS, JACOB (1577-1660)

cats and rats, which preyed upon it, was compelled to See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change its habits dwelling in trees, instead of on the ground . See also:

• INSECT

Insect life is ricn in northern Melanesia; in southern Melanesia it is less so; in Fiji numerous kinds of See also:

• INSECTS

insects occur, while individual See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers are small . In the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the islands the insect fauna is poor . But if this is true of the land fauna as a whole, especially on the atolls, where it consists mainly of a few birds, lizards and insects, the opposite is the case with the marine fauna . See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

Fish are exceedingly abundant, especially in the lagoons of atolls. and form an important article of food supply for the natives, who are generally See also:

• EXPERT (Lat. expertus, from experiri, to try)

expert fishermen . The fish fauna of the islands is especially noted for the gorgeous colouring of many of the See also:

• SPECIES

species . Among marine mammals, the See also:

• DUGONG

dugong occurs in the parts about New See also:

• GUINEA

Guinea and the Caroline Islands . Various sorts of See also:

• WHALE

whale are found, and the whaling See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry reached the height of its importance about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . In considering the marine fauna the remarkable palolo or halolo should be mentioned . This annelid propagates its kind by rising to the surface and dividing itself . The occurrence of this See also:

• PROCESS

process can be predicted exactly for one See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, before sunrise, in See also:

• OCTOBER

October and See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November, and as both the See also:

• WORM

worm and the fish which See also:

• PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey on it are appreciated by the natives as food the occasions of its See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance are of great importance to them . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—Not See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long after the See also:

• DEATH

death of See also:

• COLUMBUS
• COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER [in Spanish CRISTOBAL COLON] (c. 1446, or perhaps rather 1451, -15o6)

Columbus, and when the Portuguese traders, working from the west, had hardly reached the confines of the See also:

• MALAY

Malay Archipelago, the Spaniard Vasco See also:

• NUNEZ, PEDRO (PETRUS NoNlUS) (1492—1577)

Nunez de See also:

• BALBOA, VASCO NU1EZ DE (c. 1475-1517)

Balboa crossed America at its narrowest part and discovered the great ocean to the west of it (1513) .

The belief in the See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short and See also:

• DIRECT

direct westward passage from See also:

• EUROPE

Europe to the East Indies was thus shaken, but it was still held that some passage was to be found, and in 1519–1521 Fernao de Magalhaes (See also:

• MAGELLAN, FERDINAND (in Sp. FERNANDO MAGALLANES, in Port. FERNAO DE MAGALHAES) (c. 1480-152I)

Magellan) made the famous voyage in which he discovered the strait which bears his name . Sailing thence north-westward for many See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks, over a sea so See also:

• CALM

calm that he named it El See also:

• MAR, EARLDOM OF
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 1ST OR 6TH EARL OF (d. 1572)
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 2ND OR 7TH EARL
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 6TH OR 11TH EARL OF (1675-1732)

Mar pacifico, he sighted only two' small islands . These may have been Puka Puka of the Tuamotu Archipelago and See also:

• FLINT
• FLINT, AUSTIN (1812-1886)
• FLINT, or FLTNTSHTRE (sir Gallestr)
• FLINT, ROBERT (1838- )
• FLINT, TIMOTHY (1780-1840)

Flint Island; but it may be stated here that the See also:

• IDENTIFICATION (Lat. idem, the same)

identification of islands sighted by the early explorers is often a See also:

• MATTER

matter of conjecture, and that therefore some islands of which the definite See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery must be dated much later had in fact been seen by Europeans at this early See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . In this narrative the See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar names of islands are used, irrespective of whether they were given by the first or later discoverers, or are native names . Magellan reached the " Ladrones " (MARIANAS) in 1521, and voyaged thence to the Philippines, where he was killed in a local See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . In 1522–1524 various voyages of discovery were made on the west coast of America, partly in the See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of finding a strait connecting the two oceans to the region of the central See also:

• ISTHMUS (Gr.io0pbs, neck)

isthmus . In 1525–1527 See also:

• GARCIA
• GARCIA (DEL POPOLO VICENTO), MANOEL (1775-1832)

Garcia Jofre de Loyasa sailed to the See also:

• MOLUCCAS, or SPICE ISLANDS

Moluccas, but, like Magellan, missed the bulk of the oceanic islands . About this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, however, the Portuguese sighted the north coast of New Guinea . See also:

• FULLER, ANDREW (1954-1815)
• FULLER, GEORGE (1822—1884)
• FULLER, M
• FULLER, MARGARET, MARCHIONESS
• FULLER, MELVILLE WESTON (1833-1910)
• FULLER, THOMAS (16o8-1661)
• FULLER, WILLIAM (1670--c. 1717)

Fuller knowledge of this coast was acquired by Alvaro de See also:

• SAAVEDRA, ANGEL DE, DUKE OF RIVAS (1791-1865)

Saavedra (1527–1529), and among later voyages those of Ruy See also:

• LOPEZ, CARLOS ANTONIO (1790-1862)

Lopez de Villalobos (1542-1545) and See also:

• MIGUEL, MARIA EVARIST (1802–1866)

Miguel Lopez de Legaspi (1564–1565) should be mentioned . These, however, like others of the period, did not greatly extend the knowledge of the Pacific islands, for the course between the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish American and Asiatic possessions did not See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead voyagers among the more extensive archipelagoes . For the same See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason the British and .Dutch fleets which sailed with the See also:

• OBJECT

object of harrying the Spaniards, under See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• DRAKE, NATHAN (1766-1836)
• DRAKE, SIR FRANCIS (c. 1545-1595)

Drake (1577–1580), See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• CAVENDISH
• CAVENDISH, GEORGE (1500-1562?)
• CAVENDISH, HENRY (1731-1810)
• CAVENDISH, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1505-1557)

Cavendish (1586–1593) and See also:

• OLIVER, ISAAC (c. 1566--1617)
• OLIVER, PETER (1594-1648)

Oliver See also:

• VAN

van Noort (1598–1601), were not, as regards the Pacific, of See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime geographical importance . But the theory of the existence of a great southern See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent was now also attracting voyagers .

Alvaro Mendana de Neyra, after See also:

• CROSSING

crossing a vast extent of ocean from See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

Peru and sighting only one island, probably in the Ellice group, reached the Solomon Islands . In 1595–1596 he made a second voyage, and though he did not again reach these islands, the development of which was his See also:

• OBJECTIVE, or OBJECT GLASS

objective, he discovered the Marquesas Islands, and afterwards See also:

• SANTA

Santa Cruz, where, having attempted to found a See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement, he died . Thereafter his See also:

• PILOT

pilot, Pedro See also:

• FERNANDEZ, ALVARO
• FERNANDEZ, DIEGO
• FERNANDEZ, JOHN (Joao, Joam)
• FERNANDEZ, JUAN (fl. c. 1570)
• FERNANDEZ, LUCAS

Fernandez de Quiros, set out with the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of the See also:

• COMPANY

company to make for the Philippines, and on the way discovered Ponape of the Caroline Islands, some of which group, however, had been known to the Portuguese as early as 1527 . Quiros returned to Europe, and, obtaining command of a See also:

• FLEET

fleet, made a voyage in 1605-1607 during which he observed some of the Paumotu and Society Islands, and later discovered the small See also:

• DUFF, ALEXANDER (1806-1878)

Duff group of the Santa Cruz Islands, passing thence to the main island of the New Hebrides, which he hailed as his objective, the southern continent . One of his commanders, Luis Vaes de Torres, struck off to the north-west, coasted along the south of the Louisiade Archipelago and New Guinea, traversed the strait which bears his name between New Guinea and Australia, and reached the Philippines . In 1615-1617 two Dutchmen, See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob Lemaire and Willem Cornelis Schouten, having in view both the discovery of the southern continent and the possibility of establishing relations with the East Indies from the east, took a course which brought them to the north part of the Paumotu Archipelago, thence to part of the Tonga chain, and ultimately to New Pomerania, after which they reached the East Indies . In 1642-1643 See also:

• ABEL (better ABELL), THOMAS (d. 1540)
• ABEL (Hebrew for breath)
• ABEL, KARL FRIEDRICH (1725-1787)
• ABEL, NIELS HENRIK (1802-1829)
• ABEL, SIR FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, BART

Abel See also:

• TASMAN, ABEL JANSZOON (c. 1603-1659)

Tasman, working from the east, discovered Van See also:

• DIEMEN, ANTHONY VAN (1593–1645)

Diemen's Land (See also:

• TASMANIA

Tasmania) and the west coast of New Zealand, subsequently reaching the Tonga Islands . Now for a while the tide of discovery slackened . Towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the century the See also:

• BUCCANEERS

buccaneers extended their activity to the Pacific, but naturally added little to See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general knowledge . See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• DAMPIER, WILLIAM (1652-1715)

Dampier, however, making various voyages in 1690-1705, explored the coasts of Australia and New Guinea, and at the opening of the century both the French and the Dutch showed some activity . The Dutchman Jacob Roggeveen, in the course of a voyage round the See also:

• WORLD

world in 1721-1722, crossed the Pacific from east to west, and discovered See also:

• EASTER

Easter Island, some of the northern islands of the Paumotu Archipelago, and (as is generally supposed) a part of the Samoan group . The voyage of See also:

• COMMODORE (a form of " commander"; in the 17th century the term " commandore " is used)

Commodore See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George (afterwards See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord) See also:

• ANSON, GEORGE ANSON, BARON (1697-1762)

Anson in 1740-1744 was for purposes rather of war than of exploration, and Commodore John See also:

• BYRON, GEORGE GORDON BYRON, 6TH BARON (1788-1824)
• BYRON, HENRY JAMES (1834-1884)
• BYRON, HON
• BYRON, JOHN BYRON

Byron's voyage in 1765 had little result beyond gaining some additional knowledge of the Paumotu Archipelago .

It is about this time that what may be called the period of rediscovery set in fully . In the ensuing See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account a See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant repetition of the names of the main archipelagoes will be found; it may of course be assumed that each successive voyager added something to the knowledge of them, but on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, as has been said, islands were often rediscovered and renamed in cases where later voyagers took no account of the work of their predecessors, or where the earlier voyagers were unable clearly to define the positions of their discoveries . Moreover, rivalry between contemporary explorers of different nationalities sometimes caused them to ignore each other's work, and added to the confusion of nomenclature among the islands . In 1767 See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel See also:

• WALLIS, JOHN (1616-1703)

Wallis worked through the central part of the Paumotus, and visited Tahiti and the Marianas, while his See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip See also:

• CARTERET, SIR GEORGE (c. 1610-1680)

Carteret discovered See also:

• PITCAIRN

Pitcairn, and visited Santa Cruz, the Solomons and New Pomerania . The French were now taking a See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the work of discovery, and in 1768 See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis See also:

• ANTOINE, ANDRE (1858- )

Antoine de See also:

• BOUGAINVILLE, LOUIS ANTOINE DE (1729-1811)

Bougainville sailed by way of the central Paumotus, the Society Islands, Samoa, the northern New Hebrides, the south coast of New Guinea and the Louisiade and See also:

• BISMARCK
• BISMARCK, OTTO EDUARD LEOPOLD VON, PRINCE

Bismarck archipelagoes . The next voyages in See also:

• CHRONOLOGICAL

chronological See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order are those of the celebrated See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• COOK
• COOK, ALBERT STANBURROUGH (1853– )
• COOK, EDWARD DUTTON (1829–1883)
• COOK, ELIZA (1818–1889)
• COOK, JAMES (1728-1779)
• COOK, THOMAS (1808-1892)

Cook (q.v.) . Within the limits of the area under notice, his first voyage (1769) included visits to Tahiti and the Society group generally, to New Zealand and to the east coast of Australia, his second (1773-1774) to New Zealand, the Paumotu Archipelago, the Society Islands, Tonga and subsequently Easter Island, the Marquesas and the New Hebrides; and his third (1777-1778) to Tonga, the Cook or See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway group, and the Hawaiian Islands, of which, even if they were previously known to the Spaniards, he may be called the discoverer, and where he was subsequently killed . In 1786 See also:

• JEAN

Jean See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois Galoup de La Perouse, in the course of the famous voyage from which he never returned. visited Easter Island . Samoa and Tonga . The still more famous voyage of William See also:

• BLIGH, WILLIAM (1754-1817)

Bligh of the 4 Bounty " (1788) was followed by that of Captain See also:

• EDWARDS, AMELIA ANN BLANDFORD (1831-1892)
• EDWARDS, BELA BATES (18o2-1852)
• EDWARDS, BRYAN (1743–1800)
• EDWARDS, GEORGE (1693–1773)
• EDWARDS, HENRY THOMAS (1837–1884)
• EDWARDS, JONATHAN (1703—1758)
• EDWARDS, LEWIS (1806–1887 )
• EDWARDS, RICHARD (c. 1523–1566)
• EDWARDS, T
• EDWARDS, THOMAS CHARLES (1837–1900)

Edwards of the " See also:

• PANDORA (the " All-giving ")

Pandora " (1791), who in the course of hissearch for Bligh discovered See also:

• ROTUMAH (Rotuma, Rotuam or Grenville)

Rotumah and other islands . The Hawaiian Islands See also:

• CAM (CAO), DIOGO (fl. 1480-1486)

cam&within the purview of George See also:

• VANCOUVER
• VANCOUVER, GEORGE (c. 1758-1798)

Vancouver, following the course of Cook in 1791 . In 1792-1793 See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph Antoine d'See also:

• ENTRECASTEAUX

Entrecasteaux, searching for traces of La Perouse, ranged the islands west of Tonga .

In 1797 Captain J . See also:

• WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
• WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
• WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
• WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
• WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
• WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
• WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
• WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
• WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
• WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
• WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
• WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
• WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
• WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
• WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )

Wilson of the missionary See also:

• SHIP

ship " Duff " visited the Society group, Fiji, Tonga and the Marquesas, and added to the knowledge of the Paumotu and Caroline Islands . Another See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power entered on the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field of exploration when the Russians sent See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam See also:

• IVAN (JOHN)

Ivan See also:

• KRUSENSTERN, ADAM IVAN (1770-1846)

Krusenstern to the Pacific (1803) . He was followed by See also:

• OTTO

Otto von See also:

• KOTZEBUE, AUGUST FRIEDRICH FERDINAND VON (1761–1819)
• KOTZEBUE, OTTO VON (1787–1846)

Kotzebue (1816) and See also:

• FABIAN [FABIANUS], SAINT (d. 250)

Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen (1819-1821) . The work of these three was carried out principally in the easternmost part of Polynesia . In 1818-1819 the French navigator Louis See also:

• CLAUDE, JEAN (1619-1687)

Claude Desaulses de See also:

• FREYCINET, CHARLES LOUIS DE SAULCES DE (1828- )
• FREYCINET, LOUIS CLAUDE DESAULSES DE (1779-1842)

Freycinet ranged from New Guinea through the Marianas to Hawaii . Two of his countrymen followed him in 1823-1829—Louis Isidore Duperrey and See also:

• DUMONT
• DUMONT, ANDRE HUBERT (1809-1857)
• DUMONT, FRANCOIS (1751-1831)
• DUMONT, JEAN (d. 1726)
• DUMONT, PIERRE ETIENNE LOUIS (1759-1829)

Dumont d'Urville . Kotzebue made a second voyage, accompanied by scientists, in 1823-1826 . In 1826-1828 See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick William See also:

• BEECHEY, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1796—1856)
• BEECHEY, SIR WILLIAM (1753—1839)

Beechey was at work in the middle parts of the ocean, and Feodor Petrovich See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Lutke, the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian circumnavigator, in the northern . In 1834 Dr Debell . See also:

• BENNETT, CHARLES EDWIN (1858- )
• BENNETT, JAMES GORDON (1794-1872)
• BENNETT, JOHN
• BENNETT, JOHN HUGHES (1812–1875)
• BENNETT, SIR WILLIAM STERNDALE (1816-1875)

Bennett made scientific researches in the Society, Hawaiian and Marquesas Islands, in 1835 Captain See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• FITZROY
• FITZROY, ROBERT (1805-1865)

Fitzroy was accompanied by See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• DARWIN, CHARLES ROBERT (1809-1882)
• DARWIN, ERASMUS (1731-1802)

Darwin, and in 1836 sqq., Abel Aubert du See also:

• PETIT, SIR DINSHAW MANECKJI, BART

Petit-See also:

• THOUARS

Thouars wa§ carrying on the work of the French in the Pacific . During his voyage of 1837-1840, Dumont d'Urville was again in Polynesia, working westward from the Paumotu and Marquesas Islands by Fiji and the Solomon, Loyalty and Louisiade groups to New Guinea .

In 1839 sqq. the first important American expedition was made under Charles Wilkes, who covered a great extent of the ocean from Hawaii to Tonga, Fiji and New Zealand . Among later British explorers may be mentioned Captain J . See also:

• ELPHINSTONE, MOUNTSTUART (1779-1859)
• ELPHINSTONE, WILLIAM (1431-1514)

Elphinstone See also:

• ERSKINE, EBENEZER (1680-1754)
• ERSKINE, HENRY (1746-1817)
• ERSKINE, JOHN
• ERSKINE, JOHN (1721-1803)
• ERSKINE, RALPH (1685-1752)
• ERSKINE, THOMAS
• ERSKINE, THOMAS ERSKINE, 1ST BARON (1750-1823)

Erskine (1849) and Captain H . M . See also:

• DENHAM, DIXON (1786–1828.)
• DENHAM, SIR JOHN (1615—1669)

Denham, and several important voyages for scientific See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research were made in the second half of the 19th century, including one from See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria under Captain Wallerstorf Urbair (1858), and one from See also: