See also:

• TOURNAMENT, or TOURNEY (Fr. tournement, tournoi, Med. Lat. torneamentum, from tourner, to turn)

TOURNAMENT, or TOURNEY (Fr. tournement, tournoi, Med. See also:

• LAT

Lat. torneamentum, from tourner, to turn)  , the name popularly given in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages to a See also:

• SPECIES

species of See also:

• MOCK

mock fight, so called owing to the rapid turning of the horses (See also:

• SKEAT, WALTER WILLIAM (1835– )

Skeat) . Of the several See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• DEFINITIONS

definitions of the See also:

• TOURNAMENT, or TOURNEY (Fr. tournement, tournoi, Med. Lat. torneamentum, from tourner, to turn)

tournament given by Du Cange (Glossarium, s.v . " Tourneamentum "), the best is that of See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

Roger of Hoveden, who described tournaments as " military exercises carried out, not in the spirit of hostility (nullo interveniente odio), but solely for practice and the display of prowess (See also:

• PRO

pro See also:

• SOLO, OR SOLO WHIST

solo exercitio, aique ostentatione virium)." Men who carry weapons have in all ages played at the See also:

• GAME

game of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war in See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace . But the tournament, properly so called, does not appear in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe before the 11th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, in spite of those elaborate See also:

• FICTIONS

fictions of Ruexner's Thurnierbuch which detail the tournament See also:

• LAWS

laws of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry the See also:

• FOWLER, CHARLES (1792-1867)
• FOWLER, EDWARD (1632-1714)
• FOWLER, JOHN (1826-1864)
• FOWLER, SIR JOHN (1817-1898)
• FOWLER, WILLIAM (c. 156o-1614)

Fowler . More than one chronicler records the violent See also:

• DEATH

death, in 1o66, of a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron named Geoffroi de Preulli, who, according to the testimony of his contemporaries, " invented tournaments." In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, at least, the tournament was counted a French See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion, See also:

• MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF ST
• MATTHEW, ST (MaOOaior or MarOaIos, probably a shortened form of the Hebrew equivalent to Theodorus)
• MATTHEW, TOBIAS

Matthew See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris calling it conjlictus gallicus . By the 12th century the tournament had grown so popular in England that Henry II. found it necessary to forbid the See also:

• SPORT (a contracted or shortened form of "disport," to amuse, divert oneself, O. Fr. se dis porter or deporter, to leave off work, hence to play, Lat. dis-, away, and portare, to carry; the origin of the meaning lies in the notion of turning away from ser

sport which gathered in one See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place so many barons and knights in arms . In that See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age we have the famous description by See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William FitzStephen of the See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

martial See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games of the Londoners in See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith-See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field . He tells how on Sundays in See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

Lent a See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train of See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young men would take the field well mounted, rushing out of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city with See also:

• SPEAR (O. Eng. spere, O. H. Ger. sper, mod. Ger. speer, &c., cf. Lat. sparrs; probably related to " spar, " a beam)

spear and See also:

• SHIELD (0. Eng. scild, cf. Du. and Ger. Schild, Dan. Skjold; the origin is doubtful, but may be referred to the root seen in " shell " or " scale "; another suggestion connects it with Icel. skjalla, to clash, rattle; it is not connected with the Indo-Ger
• SHIELD, WILLIAM (1748—1829)

shield to See also:

• APE (Old Eng. ape; Dutch aap; Old Ger. a ffo; Welsh epa; Old Bohemian op; a word of uncertain origin, possibly an imitation of the animal's chatter)

ape the feats of war . Divided into parties, one See also:

• BODY

body would See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat, while another pursued striving to unhorse them . The younger lads, he says, See also:

• BORE

bore javelins disarmed of their See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel, by which we may know that the weapon of the elders was the headed See also:

• LANCE

lance . William of See also:

• NEWBURY

Newbury tells us how the young knights, balked of their favourite sport by the royal See also:

• MANDATE (Mandatum)

mandate, would pass over See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea to win See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory in See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign lists . See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard I. relaxed his See also:

• FATHER

father's See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, granting licences for tournaments, and Jocelin of See also:

• BRAKELOND, JOCELYN DE (fl. 1200)

Brakelond has a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• COMPANY

company of cavaliers who held a tournament between See also:

• THETFORD

Thetford and See also:

• BURY
• BURY, JOHN BAGNELL (1861- )

Bury St See also:

• EDMUNDS, GEORGE FRANKLIN (1828– )

Edmunds in See also:

• DEFIANCE

defiance of the See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot .

From that time onward unlicensed tourneying was treated as an offence against the See also:

• CROWN

Crown, which exacted heavy fees from all taking See also:

• PART

part in them even when a See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence had been obtained . Often the licence was withheld, as in 1255, when the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's son's See also:

• GRAVE

grave peril in See also:

• GASCONY (Wasconia)

Gascony is alleged as a See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason for forbidding a See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting . In 1299 See also:

• LIFE

life and See also:

• LIMB

limb were declared to be forfeit in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of those who should arrange a tourney without the royal licence, and offenders were to be seized with See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse and See also:

• HARNESS (from O. Fr. harneis or harnois; the ultimate origin is obscure; the Celtic origin which connects it with the Welsh haiarn, iron, has phonetic and other difficulties; the French is the origin of the Span. arnes, and Ger. Harnisch)

harness . As the tournament became an occasion for pageantry and feasting, new reason was given for See also:

• RESTRAINT (from " to restrain," Lat. restringere, to hold back, prevent)

restraint: a See also:

• SIMPLE

simple See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight might See also:

• BEGGAR

beggar himself over a sport which risked costly horses and carried him far afield . Jousters travelled from See also:

• LAND

land to land, like See also:

• MODERN

modern cricketers on their See also:

• TOURS

tours, offering and accepting challenges . Thus See also:

• EDWARD

Edward I., before coming to the See also:

• THRONE

throne, led eighty knights to a tournament on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

Continent . Before the jousts at See also:

• WINDSOR
• WINDSOR (properly NEw WINDSOR)

Windsor on St See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George's See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

Day in 1344 heralds published in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy, Hainault, See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders, See also:

• BRABANT
• BRABANT, NORTH

Brabant and the domains of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor the king's offer of safe conduct for competitors . At the weddings of princes and magnates and at the crowning of See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings the knights gathered to the joustings,which had become as much a part of such high ceremonies as the banquet and the minstrelsy . The fabled glories of the See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

Round Table were revived by princely hosts, who would assemble a gallant company to keep open See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house and hold the field against all corners, as did See also:

• MORTIMER (Family)

Mortimer, the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen's See also:

• LOVER, SAMUEL (1797-1868)

lover, when, on the See also:

• EVE

eve of his fall, he brought all the See also:

• CHIVALRY (O. Fr. chevalerie, from Late Lat. caballerius)

chivalry of the land to the place where he held his Round Table . About 1292 the " See also:

• STATUTE

Statute of Arms for Tournaments " laid down, " at the See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of the earls and barons and of the See also:

• KNIGHTHOOD

knighthood of England," new laws for the game . Swords with points,were not to be used, nor pointed daggers, nor See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club nor See also:

• MACE (Fr. masse, O. Fr. mace, connected with Lat.'ntateola, a mallet)

mace . None was to raise up a fallen knight but his own appointed squires, clad in his See also:

• DEVICE

device .

The See also:

• SQUIRE

squire who offended was to lose horse and arms and See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie three years in See also:

• GAOL, or JAIL

gaol . A See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• FOOTBALL

football See also:

• CROWD, CROUTH, CROWTH

crowd would understand the See also:

• RULE

rule that forbade those coming to see the tournament to See also:

• WEAR

wear harness or See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm themselves with weapons . Disputes were to be settled by a See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of princes and earls . That such rules were needful had been shown at See also:

• ROCHESTER
• ROCHESTER, JOHN WILMOT, 2ND EARL
• ROCHESTER, LAWRENCE HYDE, EARL OF (1641-1711)

Rochester in 1251, where the foreign knights were beaten by the See also:

• ENGLISH

English and so roughly handled that they fled to the city for See also:

• REFUGE

refuge . On their way the strangers were faced by another company of knights who handled them roughly and spoiled them, See also:

• THRASHING, or THRESHING (from " to thrash," O. Eng. llerscan, cf. Ger. dreschen, Du. dorschen, &c.)

thrashing them with staves in revenge for the doings at a See also:

• BRACKLEY
• BRACKLEY, THOMAS EGERTON, VISCOUNT (c. 1540—1617)

Brackley tournament . Even as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as the 13th century some of these tournaments were See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere pageants of horsemen . For the Jousts of Peace held at Windsor See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park in 1278 the See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword-See also:

• BLADES, WILLIAM (1824-1890)

blades are of See also:

• WHALEBONE

whalebone and See also:

• PARCHMENT

parchment, silvered; the helms are of boiled See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather and the See also:

• SHIELDS, JAMES (181b-1879)

shields of See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• TIMBER

timber . But the game could make rough sport . Many a tournament had its See also:

• TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

tale of killed and wounded in the See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

chronicle books . We read how Roger of Lemburn struck See also:

• ARNOLD
• ARNOLD, BENEDICT (1741-1801)
• ARNOLD, GOTTFRIED (1666-1714)
• ARNOLD, MATTHEW (1822-1888)
• ARNOLD, SAMUEL (1740--18o2)
• ARNOLD, SIR EDWIN (1832-1904)
• ARNOLD, THOMAS (1745-1842)

Arnold de Montigny dead with a lance thrust under the helm . The first of the See also:

• MONTAGU (Family)
• MONTAGU (or MOUNTAGUE), RICHARD (1577-1641)
• MONTAGU, ELIZABETH ROBINSON (1720-1800)
• MONTAGU, LADY MARY WORTLEY (1689–1762)
• MONTAGU, RALPH, 1ST DUKE OF (c. 1638-1709)

Montagu earls of See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury died of hurts taken at a Windsor jousting, and in those same lists at Windsor the See also:

• EARL

earl's See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson See also:

• SIR

Sir William Montagu was killed by his own father . William Longespee in 1256 was so bruised that he never recovered his strength, and he is among many of whom the like is written .

Blunted or " rebated " lance-points came early into use, and by the 14th century the coronall or cronell See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head was often fitted in place of the point . After 1400 the armourers began to devise harness with defences specially wrought for service in the lists . But the joust lost its See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief perils with the invention of the tilt, which, as its name imports, was at first a See also:

• CLOTH

cloth stretched along the length of the lists . The cloth became a stout barrier of timber, and in the early 16th century the knight ran his course at little See also:

• RISK

risk . Locked up in steel harness, reinforced with the See also:

• GRAND

grand-guard and the other jousting pieces, he charged along one See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of this barrier, seeing little more through the pierced sight-holes of the helm than the head and shoulders of his adversary . His bridle arm was on the tilt-side, and thus the blunted lance struck at an See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle upon the polished plates . Mishaps might befall . Henry II. of France died from the stroke of See also:

• GABRIEL (Heb. SKns, man of God)

Gabriel de Montgomeri, who failed to See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast up in time the truncheon of his splintered lance . But the 16th-century tournament was, in the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main, a bloodless meeting . The 15th century had seen the mingling of the tournament and the See also:

• PAGEANT

pageant . Adventurous knights would travel far afield in time of peace to gain See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship in conflicts that perilled life and limb, as when the See also:

• BASTARD (O. Fr. bastard, mod. bdtard = fits de bast, "pack-saddle child," from bast, saddle)

Bastard of Burgundy met the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Scales in 1466 in See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Smithfield under the See also:

• FAIR

fair and costly galleries crowded with English dames . On the first day the two ran courses with See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp spears; on the second day they tourneyed on horseback, sword in See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand; on the third day they met on See also:

• FOOT

foot with heavy See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

pole-axes .

But the great tournament held in the See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-place of See also:

• BRUGES (Flemish Brugge, a name signifying the bridge or place of bridges)

Bruges, when the jousting of the Knights of the Fleece was part of the pageant of the See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

Tree, the See also:

• GIANT (O.E. geant, through Fr. giant, O.Fr. gaiant, jaiant, jeant, med. pop. Lat. gagante—cf. Ital. gigante—by assimilation from gigantem, ace. of Lat. gigas, Gr. yiyas)

Giant and the See also:

• DWARF (A.S. dweorg, D. dwerg, Icel. dvergr)

Dwarf, may stand as a magnificent example of many such See also:

• GAY, JOHN (1685-1732)
• GAY, MARIE FRANCOISE SOPHIE (1776-1852)
• GAY, WALTER (1856– )

gay gatherings . When Henry VIII. was scattering his father's treasure the pageant had become an elaborate masque . For two days after the crowning of the king at See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster, Henry and his queen viewed from the galleries of a fantastic See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace set up beside the tilt-yard a See also:

• PLAY

play in which See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer were pulled down by greyhounds in a paled park, in which the See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady See also:

• DIANA

Diana and the Lady See also:

• PALLAS, PETER SIMON (1741–1811)

Pallas came forward, embowered in moving castles, to See also:

• PRESENT

present the champions . Such costly shows See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell out of fashion after the death of Henry VIII.; and in England the tournament remained, until the end, a martial sport . Sir Henry See also:

• LEE
• LEE (or LEGIT) ROWLAND (d. 1543)
• LEE, ANN (1736–1784)
• LEE, ARTHUR (1740–1792)
• LEE, FITZHUGH (1835–1905)
• LEE, GEORGE ALEXANDER (1802-1851)
• LEE, HENRY (1756-1818)
• LEE, JAMES PRINCE (1804-1869)
• LEE, NATHANIEL (c. 1653-16g2)
• LEE, RICHARD HENRY (1732-1794)
• LEE, ROBERT EDWARD (1807–1870)
• LEE, SIDNEY (1859– )
• LEE, SOPHIA (1950-1824)
• LEE, STEPHEN DILL (1833-1908)

Lee rode as Queen See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth's See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion in the tilt-yard of See also:

• WHITEHALL

Whitehall until his years forced him to surrender the gallant See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office to that earl of See also:

• CUMBERLAND
• CUMBERLAND, DUKES AND EARLS OF
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1632-1718)
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1732-1811)
• CUMBERLAND, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

Cumberland who wore the Queen's See also:

• GLOVE (O. Eng. glof, perhaps connected with Gothic lofa, the palm of the hand)

glove pinned to the flap of his See also:

• HAT

hat . But in France the tournament lingered on until it degenerated to the carrousel, which, originally a horseman's game in which cavaliers pelted each other with balls, became an unmartial display when the French king and his courtiers pranced in such See also:

• ARRAY (from the O. Fr. areyer, Med. Lat. arredare, to get ready)

array as the See also:

• WARDROBE

wardrobe-See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of the court ballets would devise for the lords of Ind and Africk . The tournament was, from the first, held to be a sport for men of noble See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth, and on the Continent, where See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility was more exactly defined than in England, the lists were jealously closed to all combatants but those of the privileged class . In the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German lands, questions as to the purity of the See also:

• STRAIN (through O. Fr. straindre, estraindre, mod. i treindre, from Lat. stringere, to draw tight, related to stress, stretch, string, &c.)

strain of a See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate for See also:

• ADMISSION

admission to a noble See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter are often settled by See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to the fact that this or that ancestor had taken part in a tournament . Konrad Grunenberg's famous heraldic See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript shows us the Helmschau that came before the German tournament of the 15th century—the squires carrying each his master's crested helm, and a little scutcheon of arms See also:

• HANGING

hanging from it, to the See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall where the king of arms stands among the ladies and, wand in hand, See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges each See also:

• BLAZON

blazon . In England several of those few rolls of arms which have come down to us from the middle ages See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record the shields displayed at certain tournaments . Among the illustrations of the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article See also:

• HERALDRY

HERALDRY will be seen a See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf of a See also:

• ROLL (O. Fr. rolle, roulle, mod. role, Lat. rotulus, dim. of rota, wheel)
• ROLL, ALFRED PHILIPPE (1846– )

roll of arms of French and English jousters at the Field of the Cloth of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

Gold, and this leaf is remarkable as illustrating also the See also:

• SYSTEM

system of " checques " for noting the points scored by the champions . (0 .