See also:TOURNAMENT, or TOURNEY (Fr. tournement, tournoi, Med. See also:Lat. torneamentum, from tourner, to turn)
, the name popularly given in the See also:middle ages to a See also:species of See also:mock fight, so called owing to the rapid turning of the horses (See also:Skeat)
.
Of the several See also:medieval See also:definitions of the See also:tournament given by Du Cange (Glossarium, s.v
.
" Tourneamentum "), the best is that of See also:Roger of Hoveden, who described tournaments as " military exercises carried out, not in the spirit of hostility (nullo interveniente odio), but solely for practice and the display of prowess (See also:pro See also:solo exercitio, aique ostentatione virium)." Men who carry weapons have in all ages played at the See also:game of See also:war in See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of See also:peace
.
But the tournament, properly so called, does not appear in See also:Europe before the 11th See also:century, in spite of those elaborate See also:fictions of Ruexner's Thurnierbuch which detail the tournament See also:laws of See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry the See also:Fowler
.
More than one chronicler records the violent See also:death, in 1o66, of a See also:French See also:baron named Geoffroi de Preulli, who, according to the testimony of his contemporaries, " invented tournaments." In See also:England, at least, the tournament was counted a French See also:fashion, See also:Matthew See also:Paris calling it conjlictus gallicus
.
By the 12th century the tournament had grown so popular in England that Henry II. found it necessary to forbid the See also:sport which gathered in one See also:place so many barons and knights in arms
.
In that See also:age we have the famous description by See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William FitzStephen of the See also:martial See also:games of the Londoners in See also:- SMITH
- SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
- SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
- SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
- SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
- SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
- SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
- SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
- SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
- SMITH, G
- SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
- SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
- SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
- SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
- SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
- SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
- SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
- SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
- SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
- SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
- SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
- SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
- SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
- SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
- SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
- SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
- SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
- SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
- SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
- SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
- SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
- SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
- SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
- SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)
Smith-See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field
.
He tells how on Sundays in See also:- LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")
Lent a See also:noble See also:train of See also:young men would take the field well mounted, rushing out of the See also:city with See also:spear and See also:shield to See also:ape the feats of war
.
Divided into parties, one See also:body would See also:retreat, while another pursued striving to unhorse them
.
The younger lads, he says, See also:bore javelins disarmed of their See also:steel, by which we may know that the weapon of the elders was the headed See also:lance
.
William of See also:Newbury tells us how the young knights, balked of their favourite sport by the royal See also:mandate, would pass over See also:sea to win See also:glory in See also:foreign lists
.
See also:Richard I. relaxed his See also:father's See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order, granting licences for tournaments, and Jocelin of See also:Brakelond has a See also:long See also:story of the See also:great See also:company of cavaliers who held a tournament between See also:Thetford and See also:Bury St See also:Edmunds in See also:defiance of the See also:- ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
- ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
- ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
- ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
- ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)
abbot
.
From that time onward unlicensed tourneying was treated as an offence against the See also:Crown, which exacted heavy fees from all taking See also:part in them even when a See also:licence had been obtained
.
Often the licence was withheld, as in 1255, when the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king's son's See also:grave peril in See also:Gascony is alleged as a See also:reason for forbidding a See also:- MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)
meeting
.
In 1299 See also:life and See also:limb were declared to be forfeit in the See also:case of those who should arrange a tourney without the royal licence, and offenders were to be seized with See also:horse and See also:harness
.
As the tournament became an occasion for pageantry and feasting, new reason was given for See also:restraint: a See also:simple See also:knight might See also:beggar himself over a sport which risked costly horses and carried him far afield
.
Jousters travelled from See also:land to land, like See also:modern cricketers on their See also:tours, offering and accepting challenges
.
Thus See also:Edward I., before coming to the See also:throne, led eighty knights to a tournament on the See also:Continent
.
Before the jousts at See also:Windsor on St See also:George's See also:Day in 1344 heralds published in See also:France, See also:Scotland, See also:Burgundy, Hainault, See also:Flanders, See also:Brabant and the domains of the See also:emperor the king's offer of safe conduct for competitors
.
At the weddings of princes and magnates and at the crowning of See also:kings the knights gathered to the joustings,which had become as much a part of such high ceremonies as the banquet and the minstrelsy
.
The fabled glories of the See also:Round Table were revived by princely hosts, who would assemble a gallant company to keep open See also:house and hold the field against all corners, as did See also:Mortimer, the See also:queen's See also:lover, when, on the See also:eve of his fall, he brought all the See also:chivalry of the land to the place where he held his Round Table
.
About 1292 the " See also:Statute of Arms for Tournaments " laid down, " at the See also:request of the earls and barons and of the See also:knighthood of England," new laws for the game
.
Swords with points,were not to be used, nor pointed daggers, nor See also:club nor See also:mace
.
None was to raise up a fallen knight but his own appointed squires, clad in his See also:device
.
The See also:squire who offended was to lose horse and arms and See also:lie three years in See also:gaol
.
A See also:northern See also:football See also:crowd would understand the See also:rule that forbade those coming to see the tournament to See also:wear harness or See also:arm themselves with weapons
.
Disputes were to be settled by a See also:court of See also:honour of princes and earls
.
That such rules were needful had been shown at See also:Rochester in 1251, where the foreign knights were beaten by the See also:English and so roughly handled that they fled to the city for See also:refuge
.
On their way the strangers were faced by another company of knights who handled them roughly and spoiled them, See also:thrashing them with staves in revenge for the doings at a See also:Brackley tournament
.
Even as See also:early as the 13th century some of these tournaments were See also:mere pageants of horsemen
.
For the Jousts of Peace held at Windsor See also:Park in 1278 the See also:sword-See also:blades are of See also:whalebone and See also:parchment, silvered; the helms are of boiled See also:leather and the See also:shields of See also:light See also:timber
.
But the game could make rough sport
.
Many a tournament had its See also:tale of killed and wounded in the See also:chronicle books
.
We read how Roger of Lemburn struck See also:Arnold de Montigny dead with a lance thrust under the helm
.
The first of the See also:Montagu earls of See also:Salisbury died of hurts taken at a Windsor jousting, and in those same lists at Windsor the See also:earl's See also:grandson See also:Sir William Montagu was killed by his own father
.
William Longespee in 1256 was so bruised that he never recovered his strength, and he is among many of whom the like is written
.
Blunted or " rebated " lance-points came early into use, and by the 14th century the coronall or cronell See also:head was often fitted in place of the point
.
After 1400 the armourers began to devise harness with defences specially wrought for service in the lists
.
But the joust lost its See also:chief perils with the invention of the tilt, which, as its name imports, was at first a See also:cloth stretched along the length of the lists
.
The cloth became a stout barrier of timber, and in the early 16th century the knight ran his course at little See also:risk
.
Locked up in steel harness, reinforced with the See also:grand-guard and the other jousting pieces, he charged along one See also:side of this barrier, seeing little more through the pierced sight-holes of the helm than the head and shoulders of his adversary
.
His bridle arm was on the tilt-side, and thus the blunted lance struck at an See also:angle upon the polished plates
.
Mishaps might befall
.
Henry II. of France died from the stroke of See also:Gabriel de Montgomeri, who failed to See also:cast up in time the truncheon of his splintered lance
.
But the 16th-century tournament was, in the See also:main, a bloodless meeting
.
The 15th century had seen the mingling of the tournament and the See also:pageant
.
Adventurous knights would travel far afield in time of peace to gain See also:worship in conflicts that perilled life and limb, as when the See also:Bastard of Burgundy met the See also:Lord Scales in 1466 in See also:West Smithfield under the See also:fair and costly galleries crowded with English dames
.
On the first day the two ran courses with See also:sharp spears; on the second day they tourneyed on horseback, sword in See also:hand; on the third day they met on See also:foot with heavy See also:pole-axes
.
But the great tournament held in the See also:market-place of See also:Bruges, when the jousting of the Knights of the Fleece was part of the pageant of the See also:Golden See also:- TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
- TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )
Tree, the See also:Giant and the See also:Dwarf, may stand as a magnificent example of many such See also:gay gatherings
.
When Henry VIII. was scattering his father's treasure the pageant had become an elaborate masque
.
For two days after the crowning of the king at See also:Westminster, Henry and his queen viewed from the galleries of a fantastic See also:palace set up beside the tilt-yard a See also:play in which See also:deer were pulled down by greyhounds in a paled park, in which the See also:Lady See also:Diana
and the Lady See also:Pallas came forward, embowered in moving castles, to See also:present the champions
.
Such costly shows See also:fell out of fashion after the death of Henry VIII.; and in England the tournament remained, until the end, a martial sport
.
Sir Henry See also:- LEE
- LEE (or LEGIT) ROWLAND (d. 1543)
- LEE, ANN (1736–1784)
- LEE, ARTHUR (1740–1792)
- LEE, FITZHUGH (1835–1905)
- LEE, GEORGE ALEXANDER (1802-1851)
- LEE, HENRY (1756-1818)
- LEE, JAMES PRINCE (1804-1869)
- LEE, NATHANIEL (c. 1653-16g2)
- LEE, RICHARD HENRY (1732-1794)
- LEE, ROBERT EDWARD (1807–1870)
- LEE, SIDNEY (1859– )
- LEE, SOPHIA (1950-1824)
- LEE, STEPHEN DILL (1833-1908)
Lee rode as Queen See also:Elizabeth's See also:champion in the tilt-yard of See also:Whitehall until his years forced him to surrender the gallant See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office to that earl of See also:Cumberland who wore the Queen's See also:glove pinned to the flap of his See also:hat
.
But in France the tournament lingered on until it degenerated to the carrousel, which, originally a horseman's game in which cavaliers pelted each other with balls, became an unmartial display when the French king and his courtiers pranced in such See also:array as the See also:wardrobe-See also:master of the court ballets would devise for the lords of Ind and Africk
.
The tournament was, from the first, held to be a sport for men of noble See also:birth, and on the Continent, where See also:nobility was more exactly defined than in England, the lists were jealously closed to all combatants but those of the privileged class
.
In the See also:German lands, questions as to the purity of the See also:strain of a See also:candidate for See also:admission to a noble See also:chapter are often settled by See also:appeal to the fact that this or that ancestor had taken part in a tournament
.
Konrad Grunenberg's famous heraldic See also:manuscript shows us the Helmschau that came before the German tournament of the 15th century—the squires carrying each his master's crested helm, and a little scutcheon of arms See also:hanging from it, to the See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall where the king of arms stands among the ladies and, wand in hand, See also:judges each See also:blazon
.
In England several of those few rolls of arms which have come down to us from the middle ages See also:record the shields displayed at certain tournaments
.
Among the illustrations of the See also:article See also:HERALDRY will be seen a See also:leaf of a See also:roll of arms of French and English jousters at the Field of the Cloth of See also:Gold, and this leaf is remarkable as illustrating also the See also:system of " checques " for noting the
points scored by the champions
.
(0
.
End of Article: