See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

TOWER (See also:

• LAT

Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)  , the See also:

• TERM

term given to a lofty See also:

• BUILDING

building originally designed for See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence, and, as such, attached to and forming See also:

• PART

part of the fortifications of a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city or See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle . Towers do not seem to have existed in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, but in See also:

• MESOPOTAMIA (Mevoaora)

Mesopotamia from the earliest times they See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the most important feature in the city walls, and are shown in the bas-reliefs of the See also:

• ASSYRIAN

Assyrian palaces at Nimroud and elsewhere . The earliest See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation is perhaps that engraved on the tablet in the See also:

• LAP

lap of Gudea the See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• LAGASH, or SIRPURLA

Lagash (2700 B.c.), whose statue, found at Tello, is now in the Louvre; the See also:

• DRAWING

drawing is that of a large fortified enclosure, with See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates, bastions and towers, corresponding with remains of similar structures of the same and later periods . In the discoveries made here, at See also:

• SUSA (anc. Segusio, q.v.)
• SUSA (Biblical, Shushan)
• SUSA (Fr. Sousse)

Susa and at Dom Sargoukin, the towers were about 40 ft. square, projecting from 16.to 20 ft. in front of the See also:

• CURTAIN

curtain walls which connected them, and See also:

• STANDING

standing about 8o ft. apart . In See also:

• ROMAN

Roman and See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine times this distance was increased, owing probably to the greater See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed of projectiles, and in the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall built by See also:

• THEODOSIUS

Theodosius at See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople the towers were 150 ft. apart (see also CASTLE and FORTIFICATI ON) . From the architectural point of view, the towers which are of See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• INTEREST

interest are those of ecclesiastical and See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular buildings, those in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy being nearly always isolated and known as campanili (see CAMPANILE) . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England the earliest known are the Anglo-Saxon towers, the best examples of which are those at See also:

• EARL

Earl's See also:

• BARTON, BENJAMIN SMITH (1766-1815)
• BARTON, BERNARD (1784–1849)
• BARTON, CLARA (1821– )
• BARTON, ELIZABETH (c. 1506–1534)

Barton,Monkwearmouth, Barnack, Barton-on-See also:

• HUMBER

Humber and Sompting; they were nearly always square on See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan and situated at the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west end, in an axial See also:

• LINE

line with the See also:

• NAVE

nave, their chief characteristics being the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long-and-See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• WORK

work of the See also:

• MASONRY

masonry at the See also:

• QUOINS (an old variant spelling of " coin," from Lat. cuneus, a wedge)

quoins, the decoration of the wall with thin See also:

• PILASTER (Fr. pilastre, med. Lat. pilastrum, from pila, a pillar)

pilaster strips, and the slight setting back of the storeys as they See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose . There are a few examples of central Anglo-Saxon towers, as at St See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary's, See also:

• DOVER
• DOVER, GEORGE JAMES WELBORE
• DOVER, HENRY JERMYN, EARL OF (c. 1636-1708)
• DOVER, ROBERT (1575-1641)

Dover; Breamore, Hants; and Dunham See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

Major, Nor-folk; and, combined with western towers, at See also:

• RAMSAY, ALLAN (1686-1758)
• RAMSAY, ALLAN (1713-1784)
• RAMSAY, ANDREW MICHAEL (1686-1743)
• RAMSAY, DAVID (1749—1815)
• RAMSAY, SIR WILLIAM (1852– )
• RAMSAY, SIR WILLIAM MITCHELL (185r– )

Ramsay and See also:

• ELY
• ELY, RICHARD THEODORE (1854— )

Ely; twin western towers existed at See also:

• EXETER
• EXETER, EARL, MARQUESS AND DUKE OF

Exeter . Contemporary with these Saxon towers are many examples in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, but they are invariably central towers, as at Germigny-See also:

• DES

des-Pros and at Querqueville in See also:

• NORMANDY

Normandy; in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany the twin towers of See also:

• AIX

Aix-la-Chapelle are the best known . As a See also:

• RULE

rule the single western See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower is almost confined to England, See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior to the end of the rith See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, when there are many examples throughout Germany . In See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman times in England, central towers are more See also:

• COMMON

common, and the same obtains in France, where, however, they are sometimes carried to a See also:

• GREAT

great height, as at Perigueux, where the wall decoration consists of pilasters in the See also:

• LOWER

lower storeys, and semi-detached columns above, probably based on that of the Roman See also:

• AMPHITHEATRE (Gr. 441, around, and O&arpov, a place for spectators)

amphitheatre there: otherwise the See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design of the Romanesque See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church towers is extremely See also:

• SIMPLE

simple, de-pending for its effect on the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good masonry and the enrichment of the See also:

• BELFRY (Mid. Eng. berfrey, through Med. Lat. berefredus, from Teut. bergfrid or bercvrit, which, according to the New Eng. Dict., is a combination of bergen, to protect, and frida, safety or peace; the word thus meaning a shelter; the change from r to 1,—

belfry windows . In later periods See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat buttresses are introduced, and these gradually assume more importance and See also:

• PRESENT

present many varieties of design; greater apparent height is given to the tower by the See also:

• STRING

string courses dividing the second storeys, and by See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• BLANK (from the Fr. blanc, white)

blank arcading on them, the upper See also:

• STOREY (equivalents are Fr. etage, Ital. piano, Ger. Stock)

storey with the belfry windows forming always the most important feature of the tower .

In those towers which are surmounted by See also:

• SPIRES (Ger. Speyer or Speier)

spires (q.v.) the design of the latter possesses sometimes a greater interest both in England and France . A very large number of the towers of See also:

• ENGLISH

English cathedrals and churches have flat See also:

• ROOFS

roofs enclosed with lofty battlemented parapets and numerous pinnacles and finials; in France such terminations are not found, and in Germany the high pitched roof is prevalent every where, so that the numerous examples in England have a See also:

• SPECIAL

special interest; sometimes the See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle buttresses are grouped to carry octagonal pinnacles, and sometimes, as at See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln and See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury, octagonal turrets rise from the See also:

• BASE

base of the tower . Among the finest examples are those of See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury, Ely, See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, See also:

• GLOUCESTER
• GLOUCESTER (abbreviated as pronounced Glo'ster)
• GLOUCESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• GLOUCESTER, GILBERT DE CLARE, EARL OF (1243-1295)
• GLOUCESTER, RICHARD DE CLARE, EARL OF (1222-1262)
• GLOUCESTER, ROBERT, EARL OF (d. 1147)
• GLOUCESTER, THOMAS OF WOODSTOCK, DUKE

Gloucester, Lincoln and See also:

• WORCESTER
• WORCESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• WORCESTER, JOHN TIPTOFT, EARL OF (1427—1470)
• WORCESTER, WILLIAM (c. 1415-c. 1482)

Worcester cathedrals; among churches, those of the See also:

• MINSTER
• MINSTER (from Lat. monasterium; cf. German Munster)

minster at See also:

• BEVERLEY
• BEVERLEY, WILLIAM ROXBY (1814?-1889)

Beverley; St Mary's, St Neots (See also:

• HUNTINGDON
• HUNTINGDON, EARLS OF
• HUNTINGDON, SELINA HASTINGS, COUNTESS OF (1707—1791)

Huntingdon-See also:

• SHIRE

shire); St See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen's, See also:

• BRISTOL
• BRISTOL, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• BRISTOL, GEORGE DIGBY, 2ND EARL OF1 (1612-1677)
• BRISTOL, JOHN DIGBY, 1ST EARL OF 6 (1580-1653)

Bristol, St See also:

• GILES (GIL, GILLES), ST

Giles, See also:

• WREXHAM (Welsh•Gwrecsam, in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Wrighlesham)

Wrexham (Denbighshire—in many respects the most beautiful in England) ; St Mary Magdalene, See also:

• TAUNTON
• TAUNTON, HENRY LABOUCHERE, BARON (1798–1869)

Taunton; Magdalen See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, St Botolph, See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston, crownedwith an octagonal tower; St Mary's, Ilminster (See also:

• SOMERSETSHIRE

Somersetshire) and See also:

• MALVERN

Malvern (See also:

• WORCESTERSHIRE

Worcestershire) ; and the isolated towers at See also:

• CHICHESTER

Chichester, See also:

• EVESHAM

Evesham and See also:

• BURY
• BURY, JOHN BAGNELL (1861- )

Bury St See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund's . So far reference has been made only to central and western towers, the latter not always placed, like the Anglo-Saxon towers, in the axial line of the nave, but sometimes on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north or See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the west end; and as a rule these are only found in England . In France and Germany, however, they are greatly increased in number; thus in See also:

• REIMS
• REIMS (RHEIMS)

Reims seven towers with spires were contemplated, according to See also:

• VIOLLET, PAUL MARIE (184o- )

Viollet-le-Duc, but never completed; at See also:

• CHARTRES

Chartres eight towers, and at See also:

• LAON

Laon seven, of which six are completed; in Germany the cathedrals of Mayence and Spires and two of the churches in See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne have from four to seven towers; and at See also:

• TOURNAI (Flemish Doornik)

Tournai See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral, in See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium, are seven towers . In many of the churches in See also:

• NORFOLK
• NORFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Norfolk and See also:

• SUFFOLK
• SUFFOLK, CHARLES BRANDON, 1ST DUKE OF (c. 1484–'545)
• SUFFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SUFFOLK, THOMAS HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF (1561-1626)
• SUFFOLK, WILLIAM DE LA POLE

Suffolk the western tower is circular, owing probably to the fact that, being built with See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone of small dimensions, the angles of the quoins would have been difficult to construct . In some of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French towns, isolated towers were built to contain bells, and were looked upon as municipal constructions; of these there are a few See also:

• LEFT

left, as at See also:

• BETHUNE
• BETHUNE (FAMILY)
• BETHUNE, CONON

Bethune, See also:

• EVREUX

Evreux, See also:

• AMIENS

Amiens and See also:

• BORDEAUX

Bordeaux, the latter being a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double tower, with the bells placed in a roof between them . The towers of secular. buildings are chiefly of the See also:

• TOWN

town halls, of which there are numerous examples throughout France and Belgium, such as those of the hotel de ville at St Antonin (13th century) and See also:

• COMPIEGNE

Compiegne, both In France; at See also:

• LUBECK

Lubeck, See also:

• DANZIG, or DANTSIC (Polish Gdansk)

Danzig and See also:

• MUNSTER
• MUNSTER, SEBASTIAN (1489-1552)

Munster in Germany; and See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels, See also:

• BRUGES (Flemish Brugge, a name signifying the bridge or place of bridges)

Bruges and Oudenarde in Belgium . (R . P .