See also:TOWER (See also:Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)
, the See also:term given to a lofty See also:building originally designed for See also:defence, and, as such, attached to and forming See also:part of the fortifications of a See also:city or See also:castle
.
Towers do not seem to have existed in See also:Egypt, but in See also:Mesopotamia from the earliest times they See also:form the most important feature in the city walls, and are shown in the bas-reliefs of the See also:Assyrian palaces at Nimroud and elsewhere
.
The earliest See also:representation is perhaps that engraved on the tablet in the See also:lap of Gudea the See also:priest See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king of See also:Lagash (2700 B.c.), whose statue, found at Tello, is now in the Louvre; the See also:drawing is that of a large fortified enclosure, with See also:gates, bastions and towers, corresponding with remains of similar structures of the same and later periods
.
In the discoveries made here, at See also:Susa and at Dom Sargoukin, the towers were about 40 ft. square, projecting from 16.to 20 ft. in front of the See also:curtain walls which connected them, and See also:standing about 8o ft. apart
.
In See also:Roman and See also:Byzantine times this distance was increased, owing probably to the greater See also:speed of projectiles, and in the See also:wall built by See also:Theodosius at See also:Constantinople the towers were 150 ft. apart (see also CASTLE and FORTIFICATI ON)
.
From the architectural point of view, the towers which are of See also:chief See also:interest are those of ecclesiastical and See also:secular buildings, those in See also:Italy being nearly always isolated and known as campanili (see CAMPANILE)
.
In See also:England the earliest known are the Anglo-Saxon towers, the best examples of which are those at See also:Earl's See also:Barton,Monkwearmouth, Barnack, Barton-on-See also:Humber and Sompting; they were nearly always square on See also:plan and situated at the See also:west end, in an axial See also:line with the See also:nave, their chief characteristics being the See also:long-and-See also:short See also:work of the See also:masonry at the See also:quoins, the decoration of the wall with thin See also:pilaster strips, and the slight setting back of the storeys as they See also:rose
.
There are a few examples of central Anglo-Saxon towers, as at St See also:Mary's, See also:Dover; Breamore, Hants; and Dunham See also:Major, Nor-folk; and, combined with western towers, at See also:Ramsay and See also:Ely; twin western towers existed at See also:Exeter
.
Contemporary with these Saxon towers are many examples in See also:France, but they are invariably central towers, as at Germigny-See also:des-Pros and at Querqueville in See also:Normandy; in See also:Germany the twin towers of See also:Aix-la-Chapelle are the best known
.
As a See also:rule the single western See also:tower is almost confined to England, See also:prior to the end of the rith See also:century, when there are many examples throughout Germany
.
In See also:Norman times in England, central towers are more See also:common, and the same obtains in France, where, however, they are sometimes carried to a See also:great height, as at Perigueux, where the wall decoration consists of pilasters in the See also:lower storeys, and semi-detached columns above, probably based on that of the Roman See also:amphitheatre there: otherwise the See also:design of the Romanesque See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church towers is extremely See also:simple, de-pending for its effect on the See also:good masonry and the enrichment of the See also:belfry windows
.
In later periods See also:flat buttresses are introduced, and these gradually assume more importance and See also:present many varieties of design; greater apparent height is given to the tower by the See also:string courses dividing the second storeys, and by See also:rich See also:blank arcading on them, the upper See also:storey with the belfry windows forming always the most important feature of the tower
.
In those towers which are surmounted by See also:spires (q.v.) the design of the latter possesses sometimes a greater interest both in England and France
.
A very large number of the towers of See also:English cathedrals and churches have flat See also:roofs enclosed with lofty battlemented parapets and numerous pinnacles and finials; in France such terminations are not found, and in Germany the high pitched roof is prevalent every where, so that the numerous examples in England have a See also:special interest; sometimes the See also:angle buttresses are grouped to carry octagonal pinnacles, and sometimes, as at See also:Lincoln and See also:Salisbury, octagonal turrets rise from the See also:base of the tower
.
Among the finest examples are those of See also:Canterbury, Ely, See also:York, See also:Gloucester, Lincoln and See also:Worcester cathedrals; among churches, those of the See also:minster at See also:Beverley; St Mary's, St Neots (See also:Huntingdon-See also:shire); St See also:Stephen's, See also:Bristol, St See also:Giles, See also:Wrexham (Denbighshire—in many respects the most beautiful in England) ; St Mary Magdalene, See also:Taunton; Magdalen See also:College, See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford, St Botolph, See also:Boston, crownedwith an octagonal tower; St Mary's, Ilminster (See also:Somersetshire) and See also:Malvern (See also:Worcestershire) ; and the isolated towers at See also:Chichester, See also:Evesham and See also:Bury St See also:Edmund's
.
So far reference has been made only to central and western towers, the latter not always placed, like the Anglo-Saxon towers, in the axial line of the nave, but sometimes on the See also:north or See also:south See also:side of the west end; and as a rule these are only found in England
.
In France and Germany, however, they are greatly increased in number; thus in See also:Reims seven towers with spires were contemplated, according to See also:Viollet-le-Duc, but never completed; at See also:Chartres eight towers, and at See also:Laon seven, of which six are completed; in Germany the cathedrals of Mayence and Spires and two of the churches in See also:Cologne have from four to seven towers; and at See also:Tournai See also:cathedral, in See also:Belgium, are seven towers
.
In many of the churches in See also:Norfolk and See also:Suffolk the western tower is circular, owing probably to the fact that, being built with See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone of small dimensions, the angles of the quoins would have been difficult to construct
.
In some of the See also:French towns, isolated towers were built to contain bells, and were looked upon as municipal constructions; of these there are a few See also:left, as at See also:Bethune, See also:Evreux, See also:Amiens and See also:Bordeaux, the latter being a See also:double tower, with the bells placed in a roof between them
.
The towers of secular. buildings are chiefly of the See also:town halls, of which there are numerous examples throughout France and Belgium, such as those of the hotel de ville at St Antonin (13th century) and See also:Compiegne, both In France; at See also:Lubeck, See also:Danzig and See also:Munster in Germany; and See also:Brussels, See also:Bruges and Oudenarde in Belgium
.
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