See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

TRACT (from See also:

• LAT

Lat. tractare, to treat of a See also:

• MATTER

matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)  , in the See also:

• LITERARY

literary signification, a See also:

• WORK

work in which some particular subject, or aspect of a subject, is treated . As far as derivation is concerned, a See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract is identical with a See also:

• TREATISE

treatise, but by See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom the latter word has come to be usedtract See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form . They vary in importance from the Society for Promoting See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian Knowledge (See also:

• LONDON

London), the Religious Tract Society (London) and the See also:

• AMERICAN

American Tract Society (New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York)-all of which are See also:

• PUBLISHING

publishing houses of recognized See also:

• STANDING

standing-to small and purely See also:

• LOCAL

local organizations for distributing evangelistic and See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral literature . It was not until the Evangelical Revival that tract work began to develop along its See also:

• MODERN

modern lines . Starting from the See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision of See also:

• SIMPLE

simple evangelistic literature for See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home use, the enterprise See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew into the provision of Christian literature, not only for home use, but also for the See also:

• MISSION

mission See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields of the See also:

• WORLD

world . With this growth there proceeded another development, the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of books and magazines being added to that of tracts . The See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title " Tract Society " has, in fact, become misleading, as suggestive of limitations which had but a brief existence and are no longer recognized by the more important agencies . On the -other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand it must not be supposed that because the work has gone beyond the provision of tracts, these are no longer widely employed . Probably their use in various forms at home was never wider than it is to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day; whilst in See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, See also:

• CHINA

China and elsewhere the attack of the Christian tracts is being met by the circulation of See also:

• VERNACULAR (Lat. verna, dim. vernaculus, a slave horn in his master's house)

vernacular tracts in See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the non-Christian faiths . The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, founded in 1698, though most widely known as a publishing agency, assists in a wide variety of ways the work of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . On its publication See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, it is for its own Church both a See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible society and a tract society . Moreover, its publications include not only versions of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Scriptures and of the See also:

• LITURGY (Low Lat. liturgia; Gr. X€Zros, public, and Epyov, work; )Aetrovpy6s, a public servant)

Liturgy, but also theological and See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general literature in many forms .

It has given much See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to providing See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• READING

reading for See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children; whilst its tract See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

catalogue is especially See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in See also:

• WORKS

works bearing on Christian evidences, Church seasons and the doctrines of the See also:

• ANGLICAN

Anglican Church . To the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions of the Church the S.P.C.K. has been a helper of the utmost value, more especially in regard to their medical missions and their use of Christian literature . In the latter See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case the help is given by grants of works produced either at home or by mission presses in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field . As See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 1720 it was using Arabic; but it has from See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to time been of especial value in helping to found a Christian literature in See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages or dialects just reduced to See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing . Thus whilst See also:

• RECENT

recent publications for the mission field include works in Arabic, See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese and See also:

• URDU

Urdu, they also include publications in Addo, Lunyoro and Sgau See also:

• KAREN

Karen . The Religious Tract Society, founded in 1799, and thus contemporary with the See also:

• GREAT

great missionary agencies and the' Bible Society, is, like the last-named, an interdenominational organization . Its earliest publications were in See also:

• ENGLISH

English and were tracts . But it speedily undertook See also:

• BOOK

book publications and extended its field of operations . It began to provide tracts for China in 1813, and.as early as 1817 an See also:

• AUXILIARY (from Lat. auxilium, help)

auxiliary tract society was founded at See also:

• BELLARY

Bellary in India by some men of the 84th See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

Regiment . In undertaking book publication, the society became one of the pioneers in the provision of See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound and cheap literature; whilst by the issue of the See also:

• SUNDAY

Sunday at Home, the Leisure See also:

• HOUR

Hour, the Boy's Own See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

Paper, the Girl's Own Paper, the Cottager and See also:

• ARTISAN, or ARTIZAN

Artisan and other See also:

• PERIODICALS

periodicals, it helped to See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead the work in the provision of popular magazines . Like the S.P.C.K., the R.T.S. now produces general theological literature as well as tracts in a variety of forms, whilst it also gives especial attention to the provision of healthy reading See also:

• MATTER

matter for See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• PEOPLE

people . Its grants of books and tracts are open to members of all See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant denominations .

The society See also:

• AIDS

aids Protestant communities on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

Continent by maintaining depots at See also:

• MADRID

Madrid, See also:

• BARCELONA

Barcelona, See also:

• LISBON (Lisboa)

Lisbon, See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, See also:

• BUDAPEST

Budapest and See also:

• WARSAW
• WARSAW (Polish Warszawa, Ger. Warschau, Fr. Varsovie)

Warsaw; whilst it also assists. by rants, publication work in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey and Scandinavia . In the mission field it works mainly through subsidiary tract See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies locally organized . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of these tract and book societies are in India carried on at See also:

• CALCUTTA

Calcutta, See also:

• MADRAS

Madras, Bombay, See also:

• BANGALORE

Bangalore, See also:

• ALLAHABAD

Allahabad and See also:

• LAHORE

Lahore; in China at See also:

• PEKING, or PEKIN

Peking, See also:

• SHANGHAI

Shanghai, Hong See also:

• KONG

Kong, See also:

• CANTON
• CANTON (borrowed from the Ital. cantone, a corner or angle)
• CANTON (more correctly KWANG-CHOW Fu)
• CANTON, JOHN (1718-1772)

Canton, See also:

• HANKOW (" Mouth of the Han ")

Hankow, Chung-See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king and See also:

• MUKDEN (Chinese Sheengking)

Mukden; and in See also:

• JAPAN

Japan at Tokio . The literature produced by these organizations ranges from commentaries on the Holy Scriptures to the simplest tracts and leaflets . In 1908 the society opened a See also:

• SPECIAL

special fund in aid of its Chinese work, and by this means the provision of Christian literature in book and tract form for Chinese readers has been greatly extended . Much literature for various foreign fields is also produced in Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and distributed from the society's headquarter$ . As with the S.P.C.K., the R.T.S. has been of great service in providing (next to the Holy Scriptures) the earliest literature for some languages . Thus it has helped to provide tracts for the Miaos of See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west China and for the Baganda, together with the See also:

• PILGRIM

Pilgrim's Progress in Bemba and in See also:

• EWE

Ewe, two .little-known See also:

• AFRICAN

African See also:

• TONGUES, GIFT OF, or GLOSSOLALIA (yXwova, tongue, aXeiv, speak)

tongues . The languages in which works produced or aided by the society have appeared number about 300 . In the See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of its grants of tracts for home work nearly all the great evangelical organizations have a See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share . In the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of a subsidiary tract society all the evangelical agencies at work in its field are as a See also:

• RULE

rule represented . In addition to the work of these societies, the production and distribution of tracts at homeis carried on by The See also:

• STIRLING
• STIRLING, JAMES (1692-1770)
• STIRLING, JAMES HUTCHISON (182o-1909)
• STIRLING, MARY ANNE [FANNY] (1815-1895)
• STIRLING, WILLIAM ALEXANDER, (titular) EARL OF (1726—1783)
• STIRLING, WILLIAM ALEXANDER, EARL OF (c. 1567-1640)

Stirling Tract Enterprise, which also sends grants of its publications to India, See also:

• CEYLON

Ceylon and See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa; by The Children's Special Service Mission, which also issues publications in Chinese, See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese and some See also:

• INDIAN

Indian languages; and by The Scripture See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

Gift Mission, which sends its publications into China and the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East generally .

In the mission field The Christian Literature Society for India (formerly the Christian Vernacular Educational Society), established in 1858, has its See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head+ quarters in London with auxiliary committees in India and Ceylon . It will always be associated with the name of Dr See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Murdoch (d . Aug . Io, 1904), its secretary for nearly' See also:

• HALF

half a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . It works on similar lines to the tract societies, but includes a wider range of educational literature, in the provision of 'which it has been especially helpful to the mission See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools of India . The Christian Literature Society for China (formerly the Society for the See also:

• DIFFUSION (from the Lat. diffundere; dis-, asunder, and fundere, to pour out)

Diffusion of Literature and General Knowledge among the Chinese) is incorporated (1909) in Shanghai, but has an advisory See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee and an executive committee in London . It has been of great service in approaching the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official and upper classes of China by its magazines and ,books, as well as by the diffusion of more popular literature . The American Tract Society (New York) works, both in regard to domestic and foreign enterprises, upon similar lines to those of the Religious Tract Society . Upper See also:

• CANADA

Canada has its tract society also and similar organizations exist on the continent of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . (A . R .