See also:

• TRANCE (through the French, from Lat. transitus, from transire, to cross, pass over)

TRANCE (through the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, from See also:

• LAT

Lat. transitus, from transire, to See also:

• CROSS

cross, pass over)  , a See also:

• TERM

term used very loosely in popular speech to denote any See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of sleeplike See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state that seems to pre-sent obvious See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences from normal See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep; in medical and scientific literature the meaning is but little better defined . In its See also:

• ORIGINAL

original usage the word no doubt implied that the soul of the entranced See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person was temporarily withdrawn or passed away from the See also:

• BODY

body, in accordance with the belief almost universally held by uncultured peoples in the possibility of.such withdrawal . But the word is now commonly applied to a variety of sleeplike states without the implication of this theory; See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary sleep. walking, extreme cases of melancholic lethargy and of allergic stupor, the deeper stages of hypnosis (see HYPNoxisM), the Electric See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

Steam period, See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

Horse period, 1907–1908 . 1896 . 1879 . Length of route open 2,464.22 1009 321.27 See also:

• TOTAL

Total number of passengers carried 2,625,532,895 759,466,047 150,881,515 Percentage of See also:

• NET

net receipts to total See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital outlay . 6.81 6.88 3'97 Percentage of working See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure to See also:

• GROSS

gross receipts 62.64 74'79 83.81 Passengers carried per mile of route open . . 1,065,462 752,691 469,641 See also:

• AVERAGE

Average fare per passenger 1•o9d . 1.61d . 1.84d . Years ended See also:

• JUNE

June 30 . See also:

• YEAR

Year ending Dec .

31 (See also:

• COIN
• COIN (older forms of the word are coyne, quoin and coign, all derived through the O. Fr. coing, and cuigne from Lat. cuneus, a wedge)

coin- panies) and March31 (See also:

• LOCAL

local authorities) . 1878 . 1886 . 1898 . 1902 . 1907–1908 Total capital authorized ,586,111 17,640,488 £1624,,492435,,427 £5 1,677,471 £91,345,439 £64,207,350 £12,573,041 Totalcapitalexpended 869 £31,562,267 £68,199,918 Length of route open (See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles) 269 865 1,064 1;484 2,464 Number of horses 9,222 24,535 38,777 24,120 5,288 Number of See also:

• LOCOMOTIVE

locomotive engines 14 452 589 388 ' 64 Number of cars 1,124 3,440 5,335 7,752 10,908 Total number of passengers carried 146,001,223 384,157,524 858,485,524 1,394,452,983 2,625,532,895 Quantity of See also:

• ELECTRICAL
• ELECTRICAL (or ELECTROSTATIC) MACHINE

electrical See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy used, B.O.T. See also:

• UNITS, DIMENSIONS OF
• UNITS, PHYSICAL

units — — — — 431,969,119 Gross receipts £1,099,271 £2,630,338 £4,560,126 £6,679,291 £12,439,625 Working expenditure £868,315 £2,021,556 £3,507,895 £4,817,873 7,792,663 Net receipts £230,956 £608,782 £1,052,231 £1,861,418 £4,646,962 The total figures at the date of the return are summarized in the following table, which is accompanied by one showing the lengths of See also:

• LINE

line worked by various methods of See also:

• TRACTION (Lat. trahere, to draw)

traction :cataleptic state, the See also:

• ECSTASY (Gr. iarra(TLc, from i LarliU, put out of its place, alter)

ecstasy of religious enthusiasts, the self-induced See also:

• DREAM (from a root dreug, connected with Germ. trugen, to deceive)

dream-like See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine-men, wizards or priests of many See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage and barbarous peoples, and the abnormal Capital expenditure Total expendi- Length open for See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic . No. of on lines and See also:

• WORKS

works See also:

• TURE

ture on capital under- open for traffic. See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account . takings . See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

Double . Single . Total . • £ £ M .

Ch . M . Ch . M . Ch . Tramways and See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways belonging to local authorities 32,978,579 44,920,317 1113 77 505 77 1619 74 177 Tramways and light railways belonging to com- panies and private individuals 18,641,2791 23,279,601 408 58 435 46 844 24 128 Total See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom . . 51,619,858 68,199,918 1522 55 941 43 2464 18 305 Table showing lengths worked by various methods of traction :- Method of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland . See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland . Total . traction . M . Ch .

M . Ch . M . Ch . M . Ch . Electric . . 1922 66 235 35 127 69 2286 10 Steam . . . 22 67 — — 29 45 52 32 See also:

• CABLE (from Late Lat. capulum, a halter, from capere, to take hold of)
• CABLE, GEORGE WASHINGTON (1844– )

Cable . . . 4 49 22 72 — — 27 41 See also:

• GAS

Gas See also:

• MOTORS, ELECTRIC

motors .

4 2 — — — -- 4 2 Horse . . . 82 6o 4 28 7 5 94 13 Total . 2037 4 262 55 164 39 2461 18 1 These figures include cost of buildings and equipment in respect of certain local authorities' lines worked in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with other lines.state into which many of the mediums of See also:

• MODERN

modern spiritualistic seances seem to fall almost at will; all these are commonly spoken of as See also:

• TRANCE (through the French, from Lat. transitus, from transire, to cross, pass over)

trance, or trance-like, states . There are no well-marked and characteristic See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical symptoms of the trance state, though in many cases the See also:

• PULSE

pulse and respiration are slowed, and the reflexes diminished or abolished . The See also:

• COMMON

common feature which more than any other determines the application of the name seems to be a relative or See also:

• COMPLETE

complete temporary indifference to impressions made on the sense-See also:

• ORGANS

organs, while yet the entranced person gives See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence in one way or another, either by the expression of his features, his attitudes and movements, his speech, or by subsequent relation of his experiences, that his condition is not one of See also:

• SIMPLE

simple quiescence or See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest of See also:

• MENTAL

mental See also:

• LIFE

life, such as characterizes the state of normal deep sleep and the See also:

• COMA (Gr. K(.7)

coma produced by defective cerebral circulation by toxic substances in the See also:

• BLOOD

blood or by See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical violence done to the See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain . If we refuse the name trance to ordinary sleep-walking, to normal dreaming, to See also:

• CATALEPSY (from Gr. KarItNtA is, a seizure)

catalepsy, to the hypnotic state and to stupor, there remain two different states that seem to have equal claims to the name; these may be called the ecstatic trance and the trance of mediumship respectively . The ecstatic trance is usually characterized by an outward See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of rapt, generally joyful, contemplation, the subject seems to lose See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch for the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time being with the See also:

• WORLD

world of things and persons about him, owing to the extreme concentration of his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention upon some See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image or See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train of imagery, which in most cases seems to assume an hallucinatory See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character (see See also:

• HALLUCINATION (from Lat. alucinari or allucinari, to wander in mind, Gr. a.)^i resty or hXvecv, from an, wandering)

HALLUCINATION) . In most cases, though not in all, the subject remembers in returning to his normal state the nature of his ecstatic See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision or other experience, of which a curiously frequent character is the radiance or sense of brilliant luminosity . In the mediumistic trance the subject generally seems to fall into a profound sleep and to retain, on returning to his normal condition, no memory of any experience during the period of the trance . But in spite of the seeming unconsciousness of the subject, his movements, generally of speech or See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing, See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express, either spontaneously or in response to verbal interrogation, intelligence and sometimes even See also:

• GREAT

great intellectual and emotional activity . In many cases the parts of the body not directly concerned in these expressions remain in a completely lethargic condition, the eyes being closed, the muscles of See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck, See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk and limbs relaxed, and the breathing stertorous .

Trances of these two types seem to have occurred sporadic-ally (occasionally almost epidemically) amongst almost all peoples in all ages . And everywhere popular thought has interpreted them in the same ways . In the ecstatic trance the soul is held to have transcended the See also:

• BOUNDS, BEATING THE

bounds of space or time, and to have enjoyed a;vision of some earthly event distant in space or time, or of some supernatural See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere or being . The mediumistic trance, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, popular thought in-t erprets as due to the withdrawal of the soul from the body and the taking of its See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, the taking See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the body, by some other soul or spirit; for not infrequently the speech or writing produced by the organs of the entranced subject seems to be, or actually claims to be, the expression of a See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality quite other than that of the See also:

• SLEEPER

sleeper . It is noteworthy that in almost all past ages the possessing spirit has been regarded in the great See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of cases as an evil and non-human spirit; whereas in modem times the possessing spirit has usually been regarded as, and often claims to be, the soul or spirit of some deceased human being . Modern See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, in accordance with its materialistic and See also:

• POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

positive tendencies, has rejected these popular interpretations . It inclines to see in the ecstatic trance a See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of hallucination induced by prolonged and intense occupation with some emotionally exciting See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea, the whole mind becoming so concentrated upon some image in which the idea is bodied forth as to bring all other mental functions into See also:

• ABEYANCE (O. Fr. abeance, " gaping")

abeyance . The mediumistic trance it regards as a state similar to deep hypnosis, and seeks to explain it by the application of the notion of cerebral or mental See also:

• DISSOCIATION

dissociation in one or other of its many current forms; this assimilation finds strong support in the many points of resemblance between the deeper stages of hypnosis and the mediumistic trance, and in the fact that the artificially and deliberately induced state may be connected with the spontaneously occurring trance state by a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of states which See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form an insensible gradation between them . A striking feature of the mediumistic trance is the frequent occurrence of " automatic " speech and writing; and this feature especially may be regarded as warranting the application of the theory of mental dissociation for its explanation, for such automatic speech and writing arc occasionally produced by a considerable number of apparently healthy personswhile in a waking condition which presents little or no other symptom of abnormality . In these cases the subject hears his own words, or See also:

• SEES

sees the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement of his hand and his own hand writing, as he hears or sees those of another person, having no sense of initiating or controlling the movements and no anticipatory awareness of the thoughts expressed by the movements . When, as in the majority of cases, such movements merely give fragmentary expression to ideas or facts that have been assimilated by the subject at some earlier date, though perhaps seemingly completely forgotten by him, the theory of mental dissociation affords a plausible and moderately satisfactory explanation of the movements; it regards them as due to the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of ideas or memories which somehow have become detached or loosened from the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• SYSTEM

system of ideas and tendencies that make up the normal personality, and which operate in more or less complete detachment; and the application of the theory is in many cases further justified by the fact that the " dissociated " ideas and memories seem in some cases to become taken up again by, or reincorporated with, the normal personality . But in See also:

• RECENT

recent years a new See also:

• INTEREST

interest has been given to the study of the mediumistic trance by careful investigations (made with a competence that commands respect) which tend to re-establish the old savage theory of possession, just when it seemed to have become merely an anthropological curiosity .

These investigations have been conducted for the most See also:

• PART

part by members of the Society for Psychical See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

Research, and their most striking results have been obtained by the prolonged study of the automatic speech and writing of the See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• MEDIUM

medium, Mrs See also:

• PIPER, CARL, COUNT (1647-1716)

Piper . In this case the medium passes into a trance state apparently at will, and during the trance the organs of speech or the hand usually express what purport to be messages from the See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits of deceased relatives or See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends of those who are See also:

• PRESENT

present . A number of competent and highly See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical observers have arrived at the conviction that these messages often comprise statements of facts that could not have come to the know-ledge of the medium in any normal See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion; and those who are reluctant to accept the See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis of " possession " find that they can reject it only at the cost of assuming the operation of See also:

• TELEPATHY (Gr. rnXe, far, wan, feelings), or THOUGHT TRANSFERENCE

telepathy (q.v.) in an astonishing and unparalleled fashion . During 1907–1908 the investigation was directed to the obtaining of communications which should not be explicable by the most extended use of the hypothesis of telepathic communication from the minds of living persons . The See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan adopted was to seek for " See also:

• CROSS

cross-correspondences " between the communications of the Piper " controls " and the automatic writings of several other persons which claimed to be directed by the same disembodied spirits; i.e. it was sought to find in the automatic writings of two or more individuals passages each of which in itself would be fragmentary and unintelligible, but which, taken in connexion with similar fragments contemporaneously produced by another and distant writer, should form a significant whole; for it is argued that such passages would constitute irrefutable evidence of the operation of a third intelligence or personality distinct from that of either medium . The results published up to 19o9 seem to show that this See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt met with striking success; and they constitute a body of evidence in favour of the hypothesis of possession which no impartial and unprejudiced mind can lightly set aside . Nevertheless, so See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long as it is possible to believe, as so many of the most competent workers in this See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field believe, that dissociated fragments of a personality may become synthesized to form a secondary and as it were parasitic personality capable of assuming temporary control of the organs of expression, and so long as we can set no limits to the See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope of telepathic communication between embodied minds, it would seem wellnigh impossible, even by the aid of this novel and ingenious plan of investigation, to achieve completely convincing evidence in favour of the hypothesis of " possession." (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1906) . See also various articles in Grenzfragen See also:

• DES

des Nervenund Seelenlebens, edited by L . Loewenfeld and H . Kurella (See also:

• WIESBADEN

Wiesbaden, 1900), especially the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article " Somnambulismus and Spiritismus "; also articles in Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, especially pts. liii., Iv. and 1vii., and in the Journ. of Abnormal See also:

• PSYCHOLOGY
• PSYCHOLOGY (>Guxrl, the mind or soul, and X yos, theory)

Psychology, edited by See also:

• MORTON, JAMES DOUGLAS, 4TH EARL OF (c. 1525-1581)
• MORTON, JOHN (c. 1420-1500)
• MORTON, JOHN MADDISON (1811-1891)
• MORTON, LEVI PARSONS (1824- )
• MORTON, OLIVER PERRY (1823-1877)
• MORTON, THOMAS (1564-1659)
• MORTON, THOMAS (c. 1590-1646)

Morton See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince (See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston, 1906—19o9) ; also literature cited under See also:

• AUTOMATISM

AUTOMATISM; See also:

• HYPNOTISM

HYPNOTISM; MEDIUM; TELEPATHY and POSSESSION . (W .