See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

TRANSLATIONS AND ADAPTATIONS  .—A comprehensive view of the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• PLAUTUS, TITUS MACCIUS (originally perhaps MACCUS; cf. Asin. Prol. 11)

Plautus on See also:

• MODERN

modern literatures is given by Reinhardstoettner, Spatere Bearbeitungen plautinischer Lustspiele (1886) . Many adaptations for the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage were produced between the years 1486 and 1550, the earliest (the Menaechmi) under the direction of Ercole I., See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• FERRARA

Ferrara . From See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy the practice spread to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and other countries . Of See also:

• ENGLISH

English plays, the interlude called See also:

• JACK

Jack See also:

• JUGGLER (Lat. joculator, jester)

Juggler (between 1547 and 1553) was based on the Amphitruo, and the lost See also:

• PLAY

play called the Historie of See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

Error (acted in 1577) was probably based on the Menae-chmi; See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas Udall's See also:

• RALPH (d. 1122)

Ralph Royster Doyster, the first English See also:

• COMEDY

comedy (acted before 1551, first printed 1566), is founded on the See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

Miles gloriosus; See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare's Comedy of Errors (about 1591) is an See also:

• ADAPTATION (from Lat. adaptare. to fit to)

adaptation of the Menaechmi; and his Falstaff may be regarded as an idealized See also:

• REPRODUCTION

reproduction or development of the braggart soldier of Plautus and See also:

• TERENCE

Terence--a type of See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character which reappears in other forms not only in English literature (e.g. in Shakespeare's Parolles and See also:

• BEN (from Old Eng. bennan, within)

Ben See also:

• JONSON

Jonson's See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain Bobadil) but also in most of the literatures of modern See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . Shakespeare's Taming of the See also:

• SHREW

Shrew has been influenced in several respects (including the names Tranio and Grumio) by the Mostellaria . Ben Jonson produced a skilful amalgamation of the Aulularia and the Captivi in his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early play The See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

Case is Altered (written before 1599) . See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• HEYWOOD
• HEYWOOD, JOHN (b. 1497)
• HEYWOOD, THOMAS (d. c. 165o)

Heywood adapted the Amphitruo in his See also:

• SILVER

Silver See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

Age (1613), the Rudens in his Captives (licensed 1624), and the Mostellaria in his English Traveller (1633) . See also:

• DRYDEN, JOHN (1631-1700)

Dryden's See also:

• AMPHITRYON

Amphitryon or the two Sosias (1690) is based partly on the Amphitruo, partly on See also:

• MOLIERE (1622-1673)

Moliere's adaptation thereof ; See also:

• FIELDING, ANTHONY VANDYKE COPLEY (1787-1855)
• FIELDING, HENRY (1707-1754)
• FIELDING, WILLIAM STEVENS (1848– )

Fielding's See also:

• MISER

Miser (acted 1732) on Moliere's L'Avare rather than on the Aulularia, and his Intriguing Chambermaid (acted 1733) on See also:

• REGNARD, JEAN FRANCOIS (1655-1709)

Regnard's Le Retour imprevu rather than on the Mostellaria . There was no English See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation, strictly so called, of any play of Plautus in the 16th or 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, except that of the Menaechmi by W . W . (probably See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• WARNER, OLIN LEVI (1844-1896)
• WARNER, SETH (1743-1784)
• WARNER, WILLIAM (1558?-16o9)

Warner), first printed in 1595, which Shakespeare mapossibly have used (in MS.) for his Comedy of Errors . A translation of the whole of Plautus in " See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar See also:

• BLANK (from the Fr. blanc, white)

blank See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse " by Bonnell See also:

• THORN (O. Eng. porn, cf. Du. doorn, Ger. Dorn, &c)
• THORN (Polish Torun)

Thorn-ton and others appeared in 1767 (2nd ed., 1769-1774) .

Five plays have been translated in the metres of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original by Sugden (1893) . (E . A .