TRANSUBSTANTIATION  , the

term adopted by the Roman Catholic Church to express her teaching on the subject of the conversion of the Bread and Wine into the Body and Blood of Christ in the Eucharist . Its signification was authoritatively defined by the Council of Trent in the following words: " If any one shall say that, in the Holy Sacrament of the Eucharist there remains, together with the Body and Blood of Our Lord Jesus Christ, the substance of the Bread and Wine, and shall deny that wonderful and singular conversion of the whole substance of the Bread into (His) Body and of the Wine into (His) Blood, the species only of the Bread and Wine remaining—which con-version the Catholic Church most fittingly calls Transubstantiation—let him be anathema." 1 The word Transubstantiation is not found earlier than the 12th century . But in the Eucharistic controversies of the 9th, loth and 11th centuries the views which the term embodies were clearly expressed; as, for example, by Radbertus Paschasius (d . 865), who wrote that " the substance of the Bread and Wine is efficaciously changed interiorly into the Flesh and Blood of Christ," and that after the consecration what is there is " nothing else but Christ the Bread of Heaven." 3 The words " substantially converted " appear in the formula which Berengarius was compelled to sign in 1079 . Assuming that the Expositio canonis missae ascribed to St Pietro Damiani (d . 1072) is doubtful, we may take it that the first 'use of the word is in a passage of Hildebert de Savardin 3 (d . 1133), who brings it into an exhortation quite informally, as if it were in common use.' It is met with in a Decretal of Innocent III.5 The fourth Council of Lateran fully adopted it (1215) . It is clear from the treatise of Radbertus Paschasius already quoted that the word " substance " was used for reality as distinguished from outward appearance, and that the word " species " meant outward appearance as opposed to reality . The terms, therefore, were not invented by St Thomas Aquinas, and are not mere scholastic subtlety . The definition of the Council of Trent was intended both to enforce the accepted Catholic position and to exclude the teaching of Luther, who, whilst not professing to be certain whether the " substance " of the Bread and Wine could or could not be said to remain, exclaimed against the intolerance of the Roman Catholic Church in defining the question .6 For a full and recent exposition of the Catholic teaching on Transubstantiation the reader may consult De ecclesiae sacramentis, auctore Ludovico Billot, S.J . (Rome, Propaganda Press, 1896) . The Abbe Pierre Batifol, in his Etudes d'histoire et de theologie positive, 2m° serie (Elaboration de la notion de conversion, and Conversion et transubstantiation) treats it from the point of view of development (V .

Lecoffre,

Paris, 1905) . (-1 J . C .