TREACLE  , the thick viscid See also:

• SYRUP (0. Fr. ysserop, mod. sirop, Span. xarope, for axarope, Arab. al, the, and sharab, drink; cf. Sherbet " and " Shrub ")

syrup obtained in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early processes of refining See also:

• SUGAR

sugar, the uncrystallizable fluid obtained in the See also:

• PROCESS

process of procuring refined crystallized sugar being known as " See also:

• GOLDEN

golden syrup " and the drainings from the crude sugar as " See also:

• MOLASSES

molasses " (see SUGAR: Manufacture) . The word was properly and first used for a medical See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound of varying ingredients which was supposed to be a See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign remedy against snake bites or See also:

• POISON

poison generally . A well-known specific was See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice treacle, Theriaca Andromachi, a compound of a large number of drugs reduced to an electuary,l a medicinal compound prepared with See also:

• HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey, which dissolves in the mouth . The old See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French triacle, of which "treacle," earlier "triacle," is an See also:

• ADAPTATION (from Lat. adaptare. to fit to)

adaptation, is a corruption of theriaque, Latin theriaca, See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek BrlpcaKa (sc. qihpµaKa), literally drugs used as an antidote against the bite of poisonous or See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild animals (Bilp.ov, dim. of Wye, wild beast) . The word " triacle " came to be used of any remedy or antidote . The See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of electuaries with honey or syrup naturally transferred the name to the most See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar syrup, that obtained from the drainings of sugar . TREAD-See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

MILL, a penal appliance introduced by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• CUBITT, SIR WILLIAM (1785-1861)
• CUBITT, THOMAS (1788-1855)

Cubitt in 1818 and intended by him as a means of employing criminals usefully . It was a large hollow See also:

• CYLINDER (Gr. KvAwSpos, from KvXivaety, to roll)

cylinder of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood on an See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• FRAME

frame, See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the circumference of which were a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of steps about 7a in. apart . The criminal, steadying himself by See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand-rails on either See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, trod on these, his See also:

• WEIGHT

weight causing the mill to revolve and compelling him to take each step in turn . In the brutalizing See also:

• SYSTEM

system formerly in See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue the necessary resistance was obtained by weights, thus condemning the offender to useless toil and defeating the inventor's See also:

• OBJECT

object . The tread-mill, however, was subsequently utilized for grinding See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn, pumping See also:

• WATER

water and other See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison purposes . The See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed of the See also:

• WHEEL (0. Eng. hweol, hweohl, &c., cognate with Icel. hjol, Dan. hiul, the Indo-European root is seen in Sanskrit chakra, Gr. r in Aos, circle, whence " cycle ")
• WHEEL, BREAKING ON THE

wheel was regulated by a See also:

• BRAKE

brake .

Usually it revelved at the See also:

• RATE

rate of 32 ft. per See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute . The prisoner worked for 6 See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours each See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, 3 hours at a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . He was on the wheel for 15 minutes and then rested for 5 minutes . Thus in the course of his day's labour he climbed 864o ft . See also:

• ISOLATION

Isolation of prisoners at their See also:

• WORK

work was obtained by screens of wood on each side of the mill, converting the working space into a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate compartment . Each prisoner was medically examined before going to the mill . By the Prison See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act 1865 every male prisoner over 16, sentenced to hard labour, had to spend three months at least of his See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence in labour of the first class . This consisted primarily of the tread-mill, or, as an alternative, the See also:

• CRANK

crank . The latter consisted of a small wheel, like the See also:

• PADDLE

paddle-wheel of a steamer, and a handle turned by the prisoner made it revolve in a See also:

• BOX
• BOX (Gr. irl or, Lat. buxus, box-wood; cf. 2r6Eir, a pyx)

box paetly filled with See also:

• GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel . The amount of gravel regulated the hard labour; or the necessary resistance was obtained by a brake, by which a pressure, usually of 12 lb, was applied . The prisoner had to make 8000 or 1o,000 revolutions during his 6 hours' work, according to his strength, the number being registered on a See also:

• DIAL

dial . The crank too, however, was subsequently made to serve useful purposes .

Both tread-mill and crank have gradually been abolished; in 1895 there were 39 tread-See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills and 29 cranks in use in See also:

• ENGLISH

English prisons, and these had dwindled down to 13 and 5 respectively in 1901 . They are now disused . The fundamental See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of Cubitt's invention, i.e. procuring rotary See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion for See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial purposes by the weight of men or animals, is very old . " Tread-wheels," of this type, usually consist of hollow cylinders, round the inner See also:

• SURFACE

surface of which a See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse, See also:

• DOG

dog or See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man walks, foothold being kept by slabs of wood nailed across at See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short intervals .