See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

TREASON (Fr. trahison, See also:

• LAT

Lat. traditio)  , a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• TERM

term for the See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime of attacking the safety of a See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state or its See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head . The See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law which punishes See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason is a necessary consequence of the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of a state, and is essential to the existence of the state . Most, if not all, nations have accordingly, at an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of their See also:

• HISTORY

history, made See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision by legislation or otherwise for its See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment . The principle is universal, though its tt~~- . 1 Electuary (See also:

• LAT

Lat. electuarium), is probably derived from Gr . MX&KT W, used in the same sense, from ixXet,ecr, to lick out . application has led to See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion . What would have been a See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital crime at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome under Tiberius may be no offence at all in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . It is to the See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of the. state and the See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen that what is treason and what is not should be clearly defined, so that as little as possible discretionary See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, See also:

• APT

apt to be strained in times of popular excitement, should be See also:

• LEFT

left to the judicial or executive authorities . The importance of this was seen by See also:

• MONTESQUIEU, CHARLES LOUIS DE SECONDAT, BARON DE LA BREDE ET DE (1689-1755)

Montesquieu . Vagueness in the crime of treason, says he, is sufficient to make the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government degenerate into despotism.2 At the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, it may be observed that despotic governments have not always left the crime undefined . The See also:

• OBJECT

object of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VIII., for instance, was rather to define it as closely as possible by making certain acts treason which would not have been so without such See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition .

In both See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient and See also:

• MODERN

modern history treason has generally been a crime prosecuted by exceptional See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure, and visited with afflictive as distinguished from See also:

• SIMPLE

simple punishments (to use the terminology of See also:

• BENTHAM, GEORGE (1800-1884)
• BENTHAM, JEREMY (1748-1832)

Bentham) . See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Law.—In Roman law the offences originally falling under the head of treason were almost exclusively those committed in military service, such as in England would be dealt with under the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

Army See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act . The very name perduellio, the name of the crime in the older Roman law, is a See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of this . Perduelles were, strictly, public enemies who See also:

• BORE

bore arms against the state; and traitors were regarded as having no more rights than public enemies . The Twelve Tables made it punishable with See also:

• DEATH

death to communicate with the enemy or to betray a citizen to the enemy . Other kinds of perduellio were punished by See also:

• INTERDICTION

interdiction of See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire and See also:

• WATER

water . The crime was tried before a See also:

• SPECIAL

special tribunal, the duumviri perduellionis, perhaps the earliest permanent criminal See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court existing at Rome . At a later period the name of perduellio gave See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place to that of laesa majestas, deminuta or minuta majestas, or simply majestas . The lex Julia majestatis, to which the date of 48 B.C. has been conjecturally assigned, continued to be the basis of the Roman law of treason until the latest period of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, and is still, with the law of perduellio, the basis of the law of See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa as to treason . The See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text of the law appears to have still dealt with what were chiefly military offences, such as sending letters or messages to the enemy, giving up a See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard or fortress, and See also:

• DESERTION

desertion . With the empire the law of majestas received an enormous development, mainly in the reign of Tiberius, and led to the rise of a class of professional informers, called delatores.3 The conception of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor as divine' had much to do with this . It became a See also:

• MAXIM, SIR HIRAM STEVENS (184o- )

maxim that treason was next to See also:

• SACRILEGE

sacrilege 5 in gravity .

The law as it existed in the time of Justinian is contained chiefly in the titles of the See also:

• DIGEST

Digest 6 and Coder " Ad legem Juliam majestatis." The definition given in the Digest (taken from See also:

• ULPIAN (DoMrrIus ULPIANUS)

Ulpian) is this: " majestatis crimes illud est quod adversus populum Romanum vel adversus securitatem ejus committitur." Of treasons other than military offences, some of the more noticeable were the raising of an army or levying See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war without the command of the emperor, the questioning of the emperor's choice of a successor, the See also:

• MURDER

murder of (or See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy to murder) hostages or certain magistrates of high See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank, the occupation of public places, the See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting within the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of persons hostile to the state with weapons or stones, incitement to See also:

• SEDITION (Lat. se or sed, apart, and ire, to go, a going apart, dissension)

sedition or See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of unlawful oaths, See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release of prisoners justly confined, falsification of public documents, and failure of a provincial See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor to quit his See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province at the expiration of his See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office or to deliver his army to his successor . The intention (voluntas) was punishable as much as an overt act (effectus).6 The reported opinions, as to what was not treason 2 Esprit See also:

• DES

des lois, bk. xii. c . 7 . s See See also:

• MERIVALE, CHARLES (1808-1893)
• MERIVALE, HERMAN (1806-1874)

Merivale, History of the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans under the Empire, iii . 467, V . 141 . " Principes instar deorum ease " are the words of See also:

• TACITUS, CORNELIUS (c. 55-120)
• TACITUS, MARCUS CLAUDIUS

Tacitus . ' This crime was called laesa majestas divina in later law . 6 xlviii . 4 . ix . 8 .

s A similar provision was contained in the See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

Bull of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles IV . C . 24 . In See also:

• ENGLISH

English law, with the one exception of a See also:

• STATUTE

statute of 1397 (21 Ric . II. c . 3) repealed in the first See also:

• YEAR

year of Henry IV., show the lengths to which the theory of treason was carried . It was not treason to repair a statue of the emperor which had decayed from See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, to See also:

• HIT

hit such a statue with a See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone thrown by See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance, to melt down such a statue if unconsecrated, to use See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere verbal insults against the emperor, to fail in keeping an See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath sworn by the emperor or to decide a See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case contrary to an imperial constitution . Treason was one of the publica judicia, i.e. one of those crimes in which any citizen was entitled to prosecute . The law deprived the accused in a See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of treason of his See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary remedy for malicious See also:

• PROSECUTION

prosecution, and also took from him the See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege (which those accused of other crimes generally possessed) of See also:

• IMMUNITY (from Lat. immunis, not subject to a munus or public service)

immunity from See also:

• ACCUSATION (Lat. accusatio, accusare, to challenge to a causa, a suit or trial at law)

accusation by See also:

• WOMEN

women or infamous persons, from liability to be put to the See also:

• TORTURE (from Lat. torquere, to twist)

torture, and from having his slaves tortured to make them testify against him (see TORTURE) . The punishment from the time of Tiberius was death (usually by See also:

• BEHEADING

beheading)' and See also:

• CONFISCATION (from Lat. confiscare, to consign to the fiscus, or imperial treasury)

confiscation of See also:

• PROPERTY

property, coupled with See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• DISABILITY

disability . A traitor could not make a will or a See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift or emancipate a slave . Even the death of the accused, if guilty of treason of the gravest See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, such as levying war against the state, did not extinguish the charge, but the memory of the deceased became infamous, and his property was forfeited as though he had been convicted in his lifetime .

English Law.—The law of England as to treason corresponds to a considerable extent with Roman law; in fact, treason is treated by See also:

• BLACKSTONE, SIR WILLIAM (1723-1780)

Blackstone as the See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent of the crimen laesae majestatis . The history of the crime in the two systems agrees in this that in both the law was settled by legislation at a comparatively early period, and subsequently See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed by judicial construction . In both, too, there were exceptional features distinguishing this crime from other offences ? For instance, at See also:

• COMMON

common law treason was not bailable (except by the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's See also:

• BENCH (an O.E. and Eng. form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Bank, Dan. baenk and the Eng. doublet " bank ")

bench) nor clergyable, could not be cleared by See also:

• SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

sanctuary, and did not admit of accessories before or after the fact, for all were principals, nor could a married woman plead See also:

• COERCION (from Lat. coercere, to restrain)
• COERCION, CONTRACT

coercion by her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband . To stand See also:

• MUTE (Lat. tnutus, dumb)

mute and refuse to plead did not See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save the lands of the accused, as it did in See also:

• FELONY (0. Fr. felonie, from felon, a word meaning " wicked," common to Romanic languages, cf. Italian fella, fellone, the ultimate origin of which is obscure, but is possibly connected either with Lat. fel, gall, or fallere, to deceive. The English " fel

felony, so that the See also:

• PEINE

peine forte et dure (see TORTURE) was unnecessary in treason . These severities were due to the conception of treason as a See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach of the oath of See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance . Other differences introduced by statute will be mentioned later . In some cases a statute simply affirmed the common law, as did the Treason Act 1351 to a See also:

• GREAT

great extent, and as did an act of 1534, depriving those accused of treason of the benefit of sanctuary . How far the Roman law was consciously imitated in England it is impossible to determine . It was certainly not adopted to its full extent, for many acts were majestas which were never high treason, even in the most despotic periods . Treason was the subject of legislation in many of the pre-See also:

• CONQUEST

Conquest codes . The See also:

• LAWS

laws of See also:

• ALFRED

Alfred? and lEthelred 4 punished with death any one plotting against the See also:

• LIFE

life of the king .

The Leges Henrici Primi "' put anyone slaying the king's messenger in the king's See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy . The crime was shortly defined by See also:

• GLANVILL (or GLANVIL), JOSEPH (1636-168o)
• GLANVILL, RANULF DE (sometimes written GLANVIL, GLANVILLE) (d. 1190)

Glanvill, 6 and at a greater length by See also:

• BRITTON
• BRITTON, JOHN (1771–1857)

Britton, 7 and by See also:

• BRACTON, HENRY DE (d. 1268)

Bracton,3 who follows Roman law closely . The offence of high treason was not precisely defined by the common law (I See also:

• HALE, EDWARD EVERETT (1822-1909)
• HALE, HORATIO (1817–1896)
• HALE, JOHN PARKER (1806–1873)
• HALE, NATHAN (1756-1776)
• HALE, SIR MATTHEW (1609-1676)
• HALE, WILLIAM GARDNER (1849- )

Hale, 76), and until the passing of the Treason Act 1351 depended much on the opinions of the king and his See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges . That statute appears to be the See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer to a See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition of the See also:

• COMMONS

Commons in 1348 (I Hale, 87), praying for a definition of the offence of accroaching royal power, a charge on which several persons—notably See also:

• GAVESTON, PIERS (d. 1312)

Gaveston and the Despensers—had suffered . The offences made high treason by the statute which still remain an overt act has always been necessary . The difficulty of proving a mere intention is obvious . In See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French and See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German law the overt act (Attentat or Unternehmen) is as indispensable as in English . 1 To See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour a fugitive enemy was punishable only by See also:

• DEPORTATION

deportation, Dig., xlviii . 19, 40 . 2 The position of treason as a special crime prosecuted by special procedure is one common to most legal systems at some period of their existence . For instance, in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, by a constitution of Henry VII. the procedure was to be See also:

• SUMMARY

summary, sine strepitu et figure judicii . ' c .

4 . 4 v . 30 . 6 lxxix . 2 . 9 xiv . 7 CC . 20, 21, 22 . 8 de See also:

• CORONA (Lat. for " crown ")

Corona I18b.are these: (1) to See also:

• COMPASS (Fr. corn pas, ultimately from Lat. cum, with, and passus, step)

compass or imaging the death of the king,le the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen or their eldest son and See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir; (2) to violate the king's See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion, or his eldest daughter unmarried, or the wife of his eldest son and heir; (3) to See also:

• LEVY (Fr. levee, from lever, Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVY, AMY (1861–1889)
• LEVY, AUGUSTE MICHEL (1844– )

levy war against the king in his See also:

• REALM

realm, or be adherent to the king's enemies in his realm, giving them aid and comfort in the realm or elsewhere (perduellio); (4) to slay the See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor, treasurer, or the king's justices of the one bench or the other, justices in See also:

• EYRE, EDWARD JOHN (1815-1901)
• EYRE, SIR JAMES (1734-1799)

eyre, or justices of See also:

• ASSIZE

assize, and all other justices assigned to hear and determine, being in their places doing their offices . In all cases of treason not specified in the statute the justices before whom the case came are to tarry without going to See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment until the cause has been showed and declared before the king and his See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament whether it ought to be judged treason or felony . The statute, so far as it defines the offence of high treason, is still law . The statute also treated as high treason See also:

• FORGERY (derived through the French from Latin fabricare, to construct)

forgery of the great or privy See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

seal, See also:

• COUNTERFEITING (from Lat. contra-facere, to make in opposition or contrast)

counterfeiting the king's See also:

• COIN
• COIN (older forms of the word are coyne, quoin and coign, all derived through the O. Fr. coing, and cuigne from Lat. cuneus, a wedge)

coin and importing counterfeits thereof .

These offences are now felonies . It also defined See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty treason (now merged in wilful murder) as the slaying of a See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master by his servant, a husband by his wife, or a See also:

• PRELATE (Lat. praelatus, set above, from praefero, prefer)

prelate by a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular or religious owing him allegiance . The act of 1351 protects only the king's life, and its insufficiency was supplemented in periods of danger by legislation, often of a temporary nature . Under See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard II. many new offences were made treason," but the acts creating these new treasons were repealed at the earliest opportunity by the parliaments of his successors . The reign most prolific in statutory additions to the law of treason was that of Henry VIII . Legislation in this reign was little more than a See also:

• REGISTER

register of the fluctuating opinions of the monarch . Thus, by one act of 1534 it was treason not to believe See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary illegitimate and See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth legitimate; by another act of 1536 it was treason to believe either legitimate; by an act of 1543 it was treason not to believe both legitimate . Another act of this reign (1545) shows that a class of men like the Roman delatores must have been called into existence by all the new legislation . The act made it felony to make See also:

• ANONYMOUS

anonymous charges of treason without daring to appear in support of them before the king or See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council . These acts were repealed in 1553 (I See also:

• MAR, EARLDOM OF
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 1ST OR 6TH EARL OF (d. 1572)
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 2ND OR 7TH EARL
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 6TH OR 11TH EARL OF (1675-1732)

Mar. st . 1. c. r. s . I.) and the act of 1351 was made the standard of the offence .

Besides the acts of 1351 and 1553 the following statutes are still in force with respect to the substantive law of treason . By an obscurely penned statute of 1495 (II See also:

• HEN

Hen . VII. c . 1. s . I) persons serving the king for the time being in war are not to be convicted or attainted of treason; see Steph., Dig . Cr . Law (6th ed.), See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article 56 . This statute has been held not to apply in British South Africa . By an act of 1571 (13 Eliz. c . 2) as a counterblast to papal attacks on the right of Elizabeth to the English See also:

• CROWN

crown, it was declared that persons using in England papal bulls offering See also:

• ABSOLUTION (Lat. absolutio from absolvo, loosen, acquit)

absolution and reconciliation to persons forsaking their due obedience to the English crown should be punishable as traitors . The penalties were abolished in 1846, but the acts against which the statute was aimed were declared to be still unlawful (see Steph., Dig . Cr .

Law, 6th ed., p . 45n.) . By an act of 1702 (I See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne st . 2. c . 21 s . 3) it is treason to endeavour to hinder the next successor to the crown from succeeding, and by the See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

Succession to the Crown Act 1707 it is treason maliciously, advisedly and directly by See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing or See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing to maintain and affirm that any See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person has a right to the crown otherwise than according to the Acts of See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

Settlement and See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union, or that the crown and parliament cannot pass statutes for the See also:

• LIMITATION, STATUTES OF

limitation of the succession to the crown . By an act of 1796, made perpetual in 1817, the definition of treason is extended so as to include plots within or without Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain to cause the death or destruction, or any bodily harm tending to the death, destruction, See also:

• MAIMING

maiming, or wounding, imprisonment or See also:

• RESTRAINT (from " to restrain," Lat. restringere, to hold back, prevent)

restraint of the king, if such plots are expressed by See also:

• PUBLISHING

publishing any printing or writing, or by any overt act or See also:

• DEED (in O. Eng. dead, from the stem of the verb " to do ")

deed . Since that date no new forms of treason have been created . There are many in-stances of offences temporarily made treason at different times . A 9 These words, according to Lucien (Law Tracts, See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note ad fin.), mean to See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt or contrive . a This by act of 1553 includes a queen regnant . n One See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason for making offences treason rather than felony was no doubt to give the Crown rather than the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord of the See also:

• FEE

fee the right to the real See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate of the criminal on See also:

• FORFEITURE (from " forfeit," originally an offence, and hence a fine exacted as a penalty for such; derived through the O. Fr. forfeit, from the late Lat. foris factum, a trespass, that which is done foris, outside)

forfeiture .

Had the offences been felony the king would have had only his year, See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day and See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste on the estate escheating to the lord, as was the case in treason before the Statute of Treasons . few of the more interesting may be briefly noticed . It was treason to attempt to See also:

• APPEAL

appeal or annul judgments made by parliament against certain traitors (1398) ; to break a truce or safe-conduct (1414-1450) ; to hold castles, fortresses or munitions of war against the king (1552); to adhere to the See also:

• UNITED

United Provinces (1665); to return without See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence if an adherent of the Pretender (1696) ; to correspond with the Pretender (1701); and to compass or imagine the death of the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent (1817) . In addition to these, many acts of See also:

• ATTAINDER (from the O. Fr. ataindre, ateindre, to attain, i.e. to strike, accuse, condemn; Lat. attingere, tangere, to touch; the meaning has been greatly affected by the confusion with Fr. taindre, teindre, to taint, stain, Lat. tingere, to dye)

attainder were passed at different times . One of the most severe was that against See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine See also:

• HOWARD (FAMILY)
• HOWARD, CATHERINE (d. 1542)
• HOWARD, JOHN (1726-1790)
• HOWARD, LORD WILLIAM (1563–1640)
• HOWARD, OLIVER OTIS (1830-19o9)
• HOWARD, SIR ROBERT (1626–1698)

Howard (1541), which went as far as to make it treasonable for any queen to conceal her ante-nuptial incontinence . Other acts were those against See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

Archbishop See also:

• SCROPE
• SCROPE, GEORGE JULIUS POULETT (1797—1876)

Scrope, See also:

• OWEN, JOHN (1616-1683)
• OWEN, JOHN [OVENUS Or AUDOENUS] (c. 1560-1622)
• OWEN, ROBERT (1771-1858)
• OWEN, SIR HUGH (1804-1881)
• OWEN, SIR RICHARD (1804–1892)

Owen See also:

• GLENDOWER, OWEN (c. 1359–1415)

Glendower, See also:

• JACK

Jack See also:

• CADE, JOHN (d. 1450)

Cade, Lord See also:

• SEYMOUR
• SEYMOUR, HORATIO (1810-1886)
• SEYMOUR, or ST MAUR
• SEYMOUR, THOMAS

Seymour, See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• FENWICK, SIR JOHN (c. 1645-1697)

Fenwick, See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• STUART, ARABELLA (1575-1615)
• STUART, GILBERT (1755-x828)
• STUART, JAMES EWELL BROWN (1833-1864)
• STUART, JOHN
• STUART, MOSES (1780-1852)
• STUART, SIR JOHN, COUNT

Stuart and See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop See also:

• ATTERBURY, FRANCIS (1662-1732)

Atterbury . In one case, that of See also:

• CROMWELL, HENRY (1628-1674)
• CROMWELL, OLIVER (1599-1658)
• CROMWELL, RICHARD (1626–1712)
• CROMWELL, THOMAS, EARL OF

Cromwell, See also:

• IRETON, HENRY (161I–1651)

Ireton and See also:

• BRADSHAW, GEORGE (1801–1853)
• BRADSHAW, HENRY (1831—1886)
• BRADSHAW, HENRY (c. 1450–1513)
• BRADSHAW, JOHN (i6o2-1659)

Bradshaw, an act of attainder was passed after the death of those guilty of the treason (1660), and their bodies were exhumed, beheaded and exposed . Acts of See also:

• INDEMNITY (through Fr. indemnite, Lat. indemnis, free from damage or loss; in-, negative, and damnum, loss)

indemnity were passed to relieve those who had taken See also:

• PART

part in the suppression of See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion from any possible liability for illegal proceedings . Three such acts were passed in the reign of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William III . (1689-169o) . Similar acts were passed after the Irish rebellion of 1798 . The punishment of treason at common law was barbarous in the extreme.' The See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence in the case of a man was that the Punish- offender be See also:

• DRAWN

drawn on a See also:

• HURDLE (O. Eng. hyrdel, cognate with such Teutonic forms as Ger. Hilrde, Dutch horde, Eng. " hoarding "; in pre-Teutonic languages the word appears in Gr. Kvprla, wickerwork, e(pT77, Lat. cratis, basket, cf. " crate," " grate ")

hurdle to the place of execumeat. tion, that there he be hanged by the See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck but not till he be dead, and that while yet alive he be disembowelled and that then his See also:

• BODY

body be divided into four quarters, the head and quarters to be at the disposal of the Crown.' Until 1790 at common law a woman was drawn to the place of See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution and there burned .

In that year See also:

• HANGING

hanging was substituted for burning in the case of See also:

• FEMALE

female traitors . In 1814 the part of the sentence See also:

• RELATING

relating to hanging and to disembowelling was altered to hanging until death supervened . See also:

• DRAWING

Drawing and beheading and quartering after hanging were abolished in 1870 . There is no legislation authorizing the execution of traitors within the walls of a See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison as in the case of murder (see CAPITAL PUNISHMENT) . The act of 1814 in the case of men enables the Crown, by See also:

• WARRANT (Med. Lat. warantum; O. Fr. garant, warant, derived from O.H.G. root represented in modern German bygewdhren)

warrant under the sign See also:

• MANUAL

manual, countersigned by a secretary of state, to See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change the sentence to beheading . Attainder and forfeiture for treason are abolished by the Forfeitures Act 187o, except where the offender has been outlawed.' The maximum See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty for a felony under the act of 1848 is penal See also:

• SERVITUDE (Lat. servitus, from service, to serve)

servitude for life . In every See also:

• PARDON (through the Fr. from Late Lat. perdonare, to remit a debt or other obligation on a penalty)

pardon of treason the offence is to be particularly specified therein (see PARDON) . Trials for treason in Great Britain and See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland were at one time frequent and occupy a large part of the numerous volumes of the State Trials . Some of the more interesting may be mentioned . Before the Statute of Treasons were those of Gaveston and the Despensers in the reign of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward II. on charges of accroaching the royal power . After the statute were those (some before the peers by trial or See also:

• IMPEACHMENT (O. Fr. empeahement, empeschement, from em pecher or empescher, to hinder, Late Lat. impedicare, to entangle, pedica, fetter, pes, foot)

impeachment, most before the ordinary criminal courts) of See also:

• EMPSON, SIR RICHARD (d. 1510)

Empson and See also:

• DUDLEY
• DUDLEY, BARONS AND EARLS OF
• DUDLEY, EDMUND (c. 1462—1510)
• DUDLEY, SIR ROBERT (1573—1649)
• DUDLEY, THOMAS (1576-1653)

Dudley, See also:

• FISHER
• FISHER, ALVAN (1792–1863)
• FISHER, GEORGE PARK (1827-1909)
• FISHER, JOHN (c. 1469-1535)
• FISHER, JOHN ARBUTHNOT FISHER, 1ST BARON

Fisher, More, the See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• SURREY
• SURREY, EARLDOM OF
• SURREY, HENRY HOWARD, EARL OF (1518?-1547)

Surrey, the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• SOMERSET, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SOMERSET, EDMUND BEAUFORT, DUKE OF (c. 1404–1455)
• SOMERSET, EDWARD SEYMOUR, DUKE OF (c. 1506–1552)
• SOMERSET, LORD ROBERT EDWARD HENRY (1776-1842)
• SOMERSET, ROBERT CARR (or KER), EARL OF (e. 1590-1645)

Somerset, Anne See also:

• BOLEYN (or BULLEN), ANNE (c. 1507–1536)

Boleyn, See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady Jane See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

Grey, Sir See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• WYATT, JAMES (1746–1813)

Wyatt, See also:

• CRANMER, THOMAS (1489-1556)

Cranmer, the queen of Scots, Sir See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter See also:

• RALEIGH
• RALEIGH, SIR WALTER (c. 1552-1618)

Raleigh,See also:

• STRAFFORD, EARLS OF
• STRAFFORD, THOMAS WENTWORTH, EARL

Strafford, See also:

• LAUD (Lat. laws)
• LAUD, WILLIAM (1573-1645)

Laud, Sir Henry See also:

• VANE (formerly spelt " fane," i.e. pennon, flag; cf. Ger. Feline, Du. vaan, Fr. girouette, Ital. banderuola, Ger. Wellerfahne)
• VANE, SIR HENRY (1589-1654)
• VANE, SIR HENRY (1613-1662)

Vane and other regicides, William Lord See also:

• RUSSELL (FAMILY)
• RUSSELL, ISRAEL COOK (1852- )
• RUSSELL, JOHN (1745-1806)
• RUSSELL, JOHN (d. 1494)
• RUSSELL, JOHN RUSSELL, 1ST EARL (1792-1878)
• RUSSELL, JOHN SCOTT (1808–1882)
• RUSSELL, LORD WILLIAM (1639–1683)
• RUSSELL, SIR WILLIAM HOWARD
• RUSSELL, THOMAS (1762-1788)
• RUSSELL, WILLIAM CLARK (1844– )

Russell, Algernon See also:

• SYDNEY

Sydney, the duke of See also:

• MONMOUTH (Welsh Mynwy)
• MONMOUTH, BATTLE OF (1778)
• MONMOUTH, JAMES SCOTT
• MONMOUTH, ROBERT CAREY, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1560-1639)

Monmouth, and those implicated in the See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

Pilgrimage of See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

Grace, the See also:

• GUNPOWDER

Gunpowder, Popish, See also:

• RYE

Rye See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House and other plots . Cases where the proceeding was by See also:

• BILL

bill of attainder have been already mentioned .

Occasionally the result of a trial was confirmed by statute . In some of these trials, as is well known, the law was considerably strained in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to insure a conviction . Since the Revolution there have been the cases of those who took part in the risings of 1715 and 1745, Lord See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• GORDON
• GORDON, ADAM LINDSAY (1833—1870)
• GORDON, ALEXANDER (c. 1692—c. 1754)
• GORDON, CHARLES GEORGE (1833-'885)
• GORDON, LEON
• GORDON, LORD GEORGE (1751-1793)
• GORDON, PATRICK (1635–1699)
• GORDON, SIR JOHN WATSON (1788—1864)

Gordon in 178o, Thomas See also:

• HARDY, ALEXANDRE (1569?-1631)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS DUFFUS (1804-1878)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS MASTERMAN
• HARDY, THOMAS (1840- )

Hardy and See also:

• HORNE, GEORGE (1730-1792)
• HORNE, RICHARD HENRY, or HENGIST (1803–1884)
• HORNE, THOMAS HARTWELL (178o-1862)

Horne See also:

• TOOKE, JOHN HORNE (1736–1812)
• TOOKE, THOMAS (1774-1858)

Tooke in 1794, the See also:

• CATO, DIONYSIUS
• CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS (234—149 B.c.)
• CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS (95-46 B.c.)
• CATO, PUBLIUS VALERIUS

Cato See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street conspirators in 182o, Thomas See also:

• FROST (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch, vorst, Ger. Frost, from the common Teutonic verb meaning " to freeze," Dutch, vriezcn, Ger. frieren; the Indo-European root is seen in Lat. pruina, hoar-frost, cf. prurire, to itch, burn, pruna, burning coal, Sans
• FROST, WILLIAM EDWARD (1810–1877)

Frost in I84o, See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith O'Brien in 1848, and in 1903 See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur See also:

• LYNCH, PATRICIO (1825–1886)

Lynch, for adhering to, aiding and comforting the king's enemies in the South See also:

• AFRICAN

African war.' The bulk of the treason 1 The exceptional See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the punishment, like that of the procedure, may be paralleled from Germany . The punishment of traitors by See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick II. by wrapping them in See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead and throwing them into a See also:

• FURNACE