See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. See also:

• DAN

Dan. tree, Swed. See also:

• ODD (in middle English odde, from old Norwegian oddi, an angle of a triangle; the old Norwegian oddamann is used of the third man who gives a casting vote in a dispute)

Odd, tree, trd, See also:

• TIMBER

timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. See also:

• OPUS ('O7rois)

opus, See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak, and 36pv, See also:

• SPEAR (O. Eng. spere, O. H. Ger. sper, mod. Ger. speer, &c., cf. Lat. sparrs; probably related to " spar, " a beam)

spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood)  , the See also:

• TERM

term, applied in a wide sense, to all See also:

• PLANTS

plants which grow with a permanent single woody See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem or See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk of some height, branching out at some distance from the ground . There is a somewhat vague dividing See also:

• LINE

line, in popular nomenclature, between " shrubs " and " trees," the former term being usually applied to plants with several stems, of See also:

• LOWER

lower height, and bushy in growth . The various See also:

• SPECIES

species to which the name " See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree " can be given are treated under their individual titles, e.g. See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak, ash, See also:

• ELM

elm, &c.; the articles See also:

• FIR

FIR and See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

PINE treat of two large See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of conifers; See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information is provided by the articles PLANTS and See also:

• GYMNOSPERMS

GYMNOSPERMS; tree cultivation will be found under FORESTS AND FORESTRY and See also:

• HORTICULTURE
• HORTICULTURE (Lat. hortus, a garden)

HORTICULTURE; and the various types of tree whose See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood is useful for See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical purposes under See also:

• TIMBER

TIMBER . Apart from this general meaning of the word, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief transferred use is that for a piece of wood used for various specific purposes, as a framework, See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar, &c., such as the tree of a See also:

• SADDLE (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Sattel, Dut. zadel, also in Russ. siedlo and Lat. sella, for sedla; it is not derived directly from Lat. sedile, which means a chair, but all the words are to be referred to the root sad-, which gives

saddle, See also:

• AXLE (in Mid. Eng. axel-tre, from O. Norweg. oxull-tre, cognate with the O. Eng. exe or eaxe, and connected with Sansk. dksha, Gr. a wv, and Lat. axis)

axle-tree, See also:

• CROSS

cross-tree, &c . TREE-CREEPER, one of the smallest of See also:

• BRITISH

British birds, and, regard being had to its requirements, one very generally distributed . It is the Certhia familiaris of See also:

• ORNITHOLOGY

ornithology, and is remark-able for the stiffened shafts of its See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and pointed tail-feathers, aided by which, and by its comparatively large feet, it climbs the trunks or branches of trees, invariably proceeding upwards or outwards and generally in a See also:

• SPIRAL

spiral direction, as it seeks the small See also:

• INSECTS

insects that are hidden in the bark and See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form its chief See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food . When in the course of its See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search it nears the end of a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch or the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of a trunk, it flits to another, always alighting lower down than the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place it has See also:

• LEFT

left, and so continues its See also:

• WORK

work . Inconspicuous in See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour—for its upper plumage is mostly of various shades of See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown mottled with See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white, See also:

• BUFF (from Fr. bu.ffie, a buffalo)

buff and tawny, and beneath it is of a silvery white—the tree-creeper is far more See also:

• COMMON

common than the incurious suppose; but, See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention once See also:

• DRAWN

drawn to it, it can be frequently seen and at times heard, for though a shy See also:

• SINGER, SIMEON (1846-1906)

singer its See also:

• SONG

song is loud and sweet . The See also:

• NEST

nest is neat, generally placed in a chink formed by a See also:

• HALF

half-detached piece of bark, which secures it from observation, and a considerable See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of material is commonly used to stuff up the opening and give a sure See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation for the tiny See also:

• CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

cup, in which are laid from six to nine eggs of a translucent white, spotted or blotched with See also:

• RUST (O.E. rust, a word which appears in -many Teutonic languages, cf. Du. roest, Ger. rost); in origin it is allied with " ruddy " and " red," the reddish-brown powdery substance which forms on the surface of iron or steel exposed to atmospheric corrosio

rust-colour . The tree-creeper inhabits almost the whole of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe as well as See also:

• ALGERIA
• ALGERIA (Algerie)

Algeria and has been traced across See also:

• ASIA

Asia to See also:

• JAPAN

Japan . It is now recognized as an inhabitant of the greater See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AMERICA

America, though for a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time examples from that part of the See also:

• WORLD

world, which differed slightly in the tinge of the plumage, were accounted a distinct species (C. americana) and even those from See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico and See also:

• GUATEMALA (sometimes incorrectly written GUATIMALA)
• GUATEMALA, or GUATEMALA LA NUEVA (i.e. " New Guatemala," sometimes written Nueva Guatemala, and formerly Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala)

Guatemala (C. mexicana) have lately been referred to the same . It therefore occupies an See also:

• AREA

area not exceeded in extent by that of many passerine birds and is one of the strongest witnesses to the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance of the so-called Nearctic and Palaearctic regions .

Allied to the tree-creeper, but without its lengthened and stiff tail-feathers, is the genus Tichodroma, the single member of which is the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall-creeper (T. muraria) of the See also:

• ALPS

Alps and some other mountainous parts of Europe and Asia . It is occasionally seen in See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland, fluttering like a big butterfly against the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of a See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock conspicuous from the See also:

• SCARLET

scarlet-See also:

• CRIMSON

crimson of its wing-coverts and its white spotted primaries . Its See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright See also:

• HUE

hue is hardly visible when the See also:

• BIRD

bird is at See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, and it then presentsadingy See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey and See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black . It is a species of wide range, extending from See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain to See also:

• CHINA

China; and, though but seldom leaving its cliffs, it has wandered even so far as See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . Merrett (Pinax, p . 177) in 1667 included it as a British bird, and the See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence between Marsham and See also:

• GILBERT
• GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
• GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
• GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
• GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
• GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
• GILBERT, J
• GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
• GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
• GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
• GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
• GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
• GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )

Gilbert White (Prot . Norf. and North . Nat . Society, ii . 18o) proves that an example was shot in See also:

• NORFOLK
• NORFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Norfolk, on the 3oth of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1792; while another is reported (Zoologist, and See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series, p . 4839) to have been killed in See also:

• LANCASHIRE

Lancashire on the 8th of May 1872 . The passerine See also:

• FAMILY

family Certhiidae contains a number of genera of birds to which the general name "creeper" is applied; they occur in North America, Europe and Asia, the greater part of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, and See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia and New See also:

• GUINEA

Guinea .

(A . N.) TREE-See also:

• FERN (from O. Eng. fearn, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch varen, and Ger. Farn; the Indo-European root, seen in the Sanskrit parna, a feather, shows the primary meaning; cf. Gr. rmep6 , feather, rTepis, fern)

FERN . In old and well-grown specimens of some of the See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar ferns of temperate climates the wide-spreading See also:

• CROWN

crown of fronds may be observed to rise at a distance often of a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good many inches above the ground, and from a stem of consider-able thickness . The common male fern Lastraea (Filix-mas) affords the commonest instance of this; higher and thicker trunks are, however, occasionally presented by the royal fern (Osmunda regalis), in which a height of 2 ft. may be attained, and this with very considerable apparent thickness, due, however, to the origin and descent of a new series of See also:

• ADVENTITIOUS (from Lat. adventicius, coming from abroad)

adventitious roots from the bases of each See also:

• ANNUAL

annual set of fronds . Some tropical members and See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies of these genera become more 'distinctly tree-like, e.g . Todea; Pterir also has some sub-arboreal forms . Oleandra is branched and See also:

• SHRUB

shrub-like, while Angiopteris and Maratlia may also rise to 2 ft. or more . But the tree-ferns proper are practically included within the family Cyatheaceae . This includes seven genera (Cyathea, Alsophila, Hemitelia, Dicksonia, Thyrsopteris, Cibotium and Balantium) and nearly 300 species, of which a few are herbaceous, but the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority arboreal and See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm-like, reaching frequently a height of 5o ft. or more, Alsophila excelsa of Norfolk See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island having sometimes measured 6o to 8o ft . The fronds are rarely See also:

• SIMPLE

simple or simply pinnate, but usually tripinnate or decompound, and may attain a length of 20 ft.,thus forming a splendid crown of foliage . The stem may occasionally branch into many crowns . The genera are of wide See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical range, mostly within the tropics; but See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Australia, New See also:

• ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand, and the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Pacific islands all possess their tree-ferns .

In See also:

• TASMANIA

Tasmania Alsophila australis has been found up to the See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow-level, and in the humid and mountainous regions of the tropics tree-ferns are also found to range up to a considerable See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude . The fronds may either contribute to the apparent thickness of the stem by leaving more or less of-their bases, which become hardened and persistent, or they may be articulated to the stem and fall off, leaving characteristic scars in spiral series upon the stem . The stem is frequently much increased in apparent thickness by the downgrowth of aerial roots, forming a black coating several inches or even a See also:

• FOOT

foot in thickness, tut its essential structure differs little in principle from that familiar in the rhizome of the common bracken (Pteris) . To the See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring or rather netted See also:

• CYLINDER (Gr. KvAwSpos, from KvXivaety, to roll)

cylinder of fibrovascular bundles characteristic of all fernstems scattered See also:

• INTERNAL

internal as well as See also:

• EXTERNAL

external bundles arising from these are superadded and in a tree-fern the See also:

• OUTER

outer bundles give off branches to the descending roots from the region where they pass into the leaves . Tree-ferns are cultivated for their beauty alone; a few, however, are of some economic applications, chiefly as See also:

• SOURCES

sources of See also:

• STARCH

starch . Thus the beautiful Alsophila excelsa of Norfolk Island is said to be threatened with extinction for the See also:

• SAKE

sake of its See also:

• SAGO

sago-like See also:

• PITH (O.E. pitca, cognate with Du. pit, kernel of a nut)

pith, which is greedily eaten by hogs; Cyathea medullaris also furnishes a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of sago to the natives of New Zealand, See also:

• QUEENSLAND

Queensland and the Pacific islands . A Javanese species of Dicksonia (D. chrysotricha) furnishes silky hairs, which have been imported as a styptic, and the long silky or rather woolly hairs, so abundant on the stem and frond-leaves in the various species of Cibotium have not only been put to a similar use, but in the See also:

• SANDWICH
• SANDWICH, EDWARD MONTAGU, or MOUNTAGU, 1ST EARL OF (1625–1672)
• SANDWICH, JOHN MONTAGU, 4TH EARL OF (1718–1792)

Sandwich Islands furnish See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool for stuffing mattresses and cushions, which was formerly an See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of export . The " Tartarian See also:

• LAMB (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Lamm)
• LAMB, CHARLES (1775–1834)

lamb," or Agnus scythicus of old travellers' tales in China and Tartary, is simply the woolly stock of Cibotium Barometz, which, when dried and inverted, with all See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save four of its frond-stalks cut away, has a droll resemblance to a See also:

• TOY
• TOY, CRAWFORD HOWELL (1836– )

toy See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep .