TRICHINOPOLY  , a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city and See also:

• DISTRICT

district of See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, in the See also:

• MADRAS

Madras See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency . The city is on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• CAUVERY, or KAVERI

Cauvery, 250 M. by See also:

• RAIL

rail S.W. from Madras . Pop . (1901), 104,721 . The fort which forms the See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus of the city See also:

• MEASURES

measures about 1 m. by m.; its defences have been removed . Within it rises the See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

Rock of Trichinopoly, 273 ft. above the city, and so completely isolated as to provide a remarkable view over the surrounding plains . It is ascended by a covered See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone See also:

• STAIRCASE

staircase, entered by a carved gateway, and profusely ornamented . At intervals up this See also:

• STAIR (0. Eng. stagger, step, from stigan, to climb, cf. Ger. steigen; the root is also seen in " stile " and " stirrup ")
• STAIR, JAMES DALRYMPLE

stair are See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers connected with the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple on the rock . Buddhist See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions and carvings in some of them are attributed to the 5th or 6th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . Near the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the rock is a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• MASONRY

masonry tank called the Teppakulam, and the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of the See also:

• NAWAB

nawab, of which the fine domed See also:

• AUDIENCE (from Lat. audire, to hear)

audience See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall is now used as a See also:

• TOWN

town-hall . In Trichinopoly is St See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph's first-grade See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college, maintained by the Jesuit See also:

• MISSION

mission and occupying, among other buildings, a See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house formerly the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of See also:

• CLIVE, CAROLINE (1801-1873)
• CLIVE, CATHERINE [KITTY] (1711-1785)
• CLIVE, ROBERT CLIVE, BARON (1725-1774)

Clive . Another first-grade college is maintained by the Society for the See also:

• PROPAGATION

Propagation of the See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel; it has grown out of See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools founded by the missionary See also:

• SCHWARZ (or SCHWARTZ), CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1726-1798)
• SCHWARZ, KARL (1812–1885)

Schwarz .

The See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholics have a fine See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral . Trichinopoly is important as a trading centre, especially as being a railway junction . It has See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries in goldsmiths' See also:

• WORK

work and modelling in See also:

• PITH (O.E. pitca, cognate with Du. pit, kernel of a nut)

pith; the well-known Trichinopoly cigars are chiefly manufactured from See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco grown outside the district at See also:

• DINDIGUL

Dindigul . Trichinopoly and its neighbourhood was the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of much hard fighting between the Exglish and the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French during the Carnatic See also:

• WARS

wars between 1749 and 1761 . The DISTRICT OF TRICHINOPOLY has an See also:

• AREA

area of 3632 sq. m . The See also:

• SURFACE

surface is generally See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat, though diversified by masses of crystalline rock, of which the Trichinopoly Rock in the fort is a well-known example . The only mountains are the Pachamalais, which rise to 2500 ft. and extend into See also:

• SALEM

Salem district . The Cauvery and its See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch, the Coleroon, are the only See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers of any importance . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate is very hot and not liable to See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations; the See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• AVERAGE

average rainfall is about 34 in . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal crops are See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice, millets, other See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food-grains and oil-seeds, with a little See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton and tobacco . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• LINE

line of the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• INDIAN

Indian railway traverses the district, with a branch to See also:

• ERODE

Erode . In 1901 the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population was 1,444,770, showing an increase of 5% in the See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade .

The district came into the hands of the British along with the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the Carnatic in 18or . See Trichinopoly District Gazetteer (Madras, 1907) . TRICHINOSIS, or TIICIIINIASIS, a disease, in See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man and other animals, caused by infection by the See also:

• PARASITE (From Gr. irapa, beside, Tiros food)

parasite trichina or trichinella spiralis . The presence of encysted trichinae in the muscles was discovered by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• PAGET, SIR JAMES, BART

Paget (q.v.) in 1835, and they were named by Sir R . See also:

• OWEN, JOHN (1616-1683)
• OWEN, JOHN [OVENUS Or AUDOENUS] (c. 1560-1622)
• OWEN, ROBERT (1771-1858)
• OWEN, SIR HUGH (1804-1881)
• OWEN, SIR RICHARD (1804–1892)

Owen; but it was not until some years after that the clinical characters of the acute disease caused by the invasion of the parasite were discovered . This See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery was made in 1860 by See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich von Zenker (1825–1898) on examining the abdominal muscles of a patient who died at See also:

• DRESDEN

Dresden, with symptoms taken to be those of typhoid See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever, the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case being after-wards accounted one of trichinosis on the See also:

• POST

post mortem See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence . Epidemics of this disease occur from See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to time, especially in See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, from the eating of uncooked See also:

• SWINE

swine's flesh, in which trichinae are not uncommon . Out of 6329 cases in Germany during the years 1881 to 1898, 5456 occurred in states where raw pork is a See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of food . And, from the point of view of public See also:

• HEALTH

health, the hog is the See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal which is the main source of infection, others—except rats—being only rarely infested with the parasite . The greatest care is now taken to examine the carcases of swine for trichinae, a piece of the See also:

• DIAPHRAGM (Gr. Scat/pay,aa, a partition)

diaphragm of every animal being searched with the See also:

• MICROSCOPE (Gr. µucp6s, small, asenreiv, to %view)

microscope by an inspector specially appointed, and the trichinous hogs being condemned . But it has not been found that this microscopic examination serves as an effective check; indeed it is See also:

• APT

apt to create a false feeling of See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security . Over 32 % of the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German cases of trichinosis between 1881 and 1898 were traced to See also:

• MEAT

meat so inspected and passed as See also:

• FREE

free from trichinae .

In See also:

• AMERICA

America accordingly microscopic examination is not considered to give any See also:

• GUARANTEE (sometimes spelt " guarantie " or " guaranty "; an O. Fr. form of " warrant," from the Teutonic word which appears in German as wahren, to defend or make safe and binding)

guarantee of soundness from trichinae, in spite of a See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark " inspected and passed " (see B . H . See also:

• RANSOM (from Lat. redemptio, through Fr. rancon)

Ransom, Circular ro8 of U.S . Dep. of See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture, 1907) . The symptoms in man are occasioned by the presence of the free parasites in the See also:

• INTESTINE (Lat. intestinus, internal, usually in neuter plural intestina. from intus, within)

intestine, by the development of See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young trichinae from the eggs, and most of all by the See also:

• MIGRATION

migration of the parasites from the intestinal See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal to the muscles, where they become quiescent . This See also:

• CYCLE
• CYCLE (Gr. KUK)^os, a circle)

cycle occupies from four to six See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks . See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

Lime-salts become deposited in the See also:

• CAPSULE (from the Lat. capsula, a small box)

capsule, the calcification rendering the cyst visible, and this See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change usually takes five or six months . When consumed insmall quantity, the parasites may give rise to no marked symptoms, and they are sometimes found accidentally in See also:

• MUSCULAR

muscular fibre in the bodies of those who had probably experienced no definite symptoms from their invasion . In the more acute and serious cases, sometimes ending fatally, the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early symptoms are See also:

• NAUSEA (from Gr. vain, a ship)

nausea, failure of appetite, See also:

• DIARRHOEA (from Gr. &Q, through, pfw, flow)

diarrhoea and fever; later, when the migration to the muscles begins, there is more fever, stiffness, See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain and swelling in the limbs, swelling of the eyelids, continued exhausting diarrhoea, perspirations and sometimes See also:

• DELIRIUM (a Latin medical term for madness, from delirare, to be mad, literally to wander from the lira, or furrow)

delirium . During convalescence there is desquamation of the cuticle . The discovery by T . R .

See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

Brown of a marked leucocytosis with an extraordinary increase of eosinophiles now enables a diagnosis to be made in cases where the symptoms are obscure . If the diagnosis be made early in the case, brisk purgatives, particularly See also:

• CALOMEL

calomel, are the best treatment; if the parasites are already on their way to the muscles, the only thing See also:

• LEFT

left to do is to support the patient's strength . There need, however, be no fear of infection at all if the meat be thoroughly cooked and cured before eaten . This is the only effective precaution .