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See also:TRIER (See also:French Troves)
, an See also:ancient See also:city of See also:Germany, formerly the See also:capital of an archbishopric and electorate of the See also:empire, and now the seat of a See also:Roman See also:Catholic See also:bishop and the See also:chief See also:town of a governmental See also:department in the Prussian See also:province of the See also:Rhine
.
Pop
.
(1885) 33,019, (1905) 46,709 (86% Roman Catholics)
.
It is situated on the right See also:bank of the Moselle, about 6 m. from the frontier of See also:Luxemburg and 69 m
.
S.W. of See also:Coblenz, on the See also:main lines of railway from Coblenz to See also:Metz and from See also:Cologne to See also:Saarbrucken
.
The city lies in a fertile valley shut in by See also:vine-clad hills, and the picturesque red See also:sandstone buildings of the old town are interspersed with orchards and gardens
.
On the See also:north, See also:east and See also:south boulevards with gardens follow the See also:line of the See also:medieval walls, which have mostly disappeared
.
The Roman city extended much farther south and east
.
See also:Trier contains more important Roman remains than any other See also:place in See also:northern See also:Europe
.
Perhaps the See also:oldest remains are some of the piers and buttresses of the See also:bridge over the Moselle, which may date from about 28 B.C
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The well-preserved See also:amphitheatre just outside the See also:modern town to the south-east was probably built in the reign of See also:Trajan or See also:Hadrian
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Its eastern See also:side is built into the See also:
In 306 the See also:emperor See also:Constantine the See also:Great caused multitudes of Frankish prisoners to be thrown to the beasts here, and in 313 made a similar spectacle of the See also:captive Bructeri
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The most remarkable Roman See also:building in Trier is the Porta See also:Nigra, the north See also:gate of the city, a huge fortified gateway, 115 ft. See also:long, i5 to 93 ft. high and 29 ft. deep, built of sandstone blocks blackened with See also:age (whence the name), and held together with See also:iron clamps
.
The age of this building is very uncertain; it has been assigned to See also:dates ranging from the 1st to the 4th See also:century A.D
.
It is also called the Simeonstor, after a See also:Greek See also:hermit who inhabited it
.
On his See also:death in 1035 See also:Archbishop See also:Poppo converted the gate into two churches, one above the other, but all the additions except the See also:apse have now been removed
.
In the south-east corner of the city are the picturesque ruins of the Roman imperial See also:palace, and near the bridge are the extensive substructures of the 4th-century Roman See also:baths, 66o ft. in length
.
On the Constantinsplatz stands the magnificent See also:brick See also:basilica, probably of the age of Constantine, though the south and east walls are modern
.
Having been converted into a palace for the Frankish See also:kings and their deputies, it passed in 1197 to the archbishops, and was restored (1846–1856) and turned into a See also:Protestant See also: Archbishop Poppo and his successors in the I1th and 12th centuries extended the cathedral westwards and added an apse at each end . The vaulting of the See also:nave and aisles and the beautiful cloisters were added in the 13th century . In the vaults are buried twenty-six archbishops and See also:electors . Among the monuments are those of the electors See also:Richard von Greiffenklau (d . 1531) and Johann von Metzenhausen (d . 1540), See also:fine examples of See also:German See also:Renaissance See also:work . The most famous of the See also:relics preserved in the cathedral is the " See also:Holy Coat of Trier," believed by the devout to be the seamless robe of the Saviour, and said to have been discovered and presented to the city by the empress See also:Helena . Since 1512 it has been periodically exhibited . The See also:exhibition of 1844, which was attended by more than a million pilgrims, aroused protests, resulting in the formation of the See also:sect of German Catholics (q.v.) . In 1891 nearly two million pilgrims viewed the coat, and eleven miraculous See also:cures were claimed . The cloisters connect the cathedral with the church of Our See also:Lady (Liebfrauenkirche), a beautiful building in the See also:form of a circle intersected by a See also:cross, with a lofty vault, built 1127–1143, and said to be the oldest See also:Gothic church in Germany . The earliest churches were without the walls .
Of these St See also:Matthias in the south, now represented by a 12th-century building, has a See also:Christian See also:cemetery of the Roman age
.
In the See also:market-place is the market cross, said to date from 958, and a beautiful Renaissance See also:fountain, the Petersbrunnen, erected in 1595
.
Close by are the Steipe or Rotes Haus, formerly the town hall, of the 15th century, and the Frankenturm or propugnaculum, of the loth century, said to be the oldest See also: The Treveri or Treviri, from whom the city derived its name, were one of the most powerful tribes among the See also:Belgae, and according to See also:Julius See also:Caesar, who conquered them in 56 B.c., possessed the best See also:cavalry in See also:Gaul . Attempts have been made to show that they were of German origin (see BELGAE), but although they were doubtless subject to Germanic influences, they spoke a See also:Celtic See also:language . Their chiefs, Indutiomarus, who raised a See also:rebellion against the See also:Romans in 54 B.C., and his successor Cingetorix have Celtic names, and St See also:Jerome, who had lived in Trier, declares that their language in his See also:day (c . 370) resembled that of the See also:Galatians . An insurrection under Julius See also:Florus in A.U . 21 was soon quelled . The Roman city, See also:Augusta Treverorum, was probably fortified by See also:Augustus about 14 B.C., and organized as a See also:colony about A.D . 5o in the reign of See also:Claudius, but is not mentioned before the See also:war of See also:Civilis in 69 (See also:Tacitus, Hist. iv.) . At first the Treveri resisted the See also:appeal of Civilis and his Batavi to join the revolt, and built a defensive See also:wall from Trier to See also:Andernach, but soon after the two Treverans, See also:Tutor and Classicus, led their See also:fellow tribesmen, aided by the Lingones (See also:Langres), in the See also:attempt to set up a " Gallic empire." After a brief struggle the rebels were overthrown at Trier by See also:Cerealis, and 113 senators emigrated to Germany (70) . Towards the end of the 3rd century, the inroads of the See also:Franks having been repelled by the emperor See also:Probus, the city rapidly acquired See also:wealth and importance . Mainly on See also:account of its strategic position, See also:Diocletian on his reorganization of the empire made Trier the capital not only of Belgica Prima, but of the whole " See also:diocese " of Gaul . For a century, from Maximian to See also:Maximus (286-388), it was (except under See also:Julian, who preferred to reside in See also:Paris) the administrative centre from which Gaul, See also:Britain and See also:Spain were ruled, so that the poet See also:Ausonius could describe it as the second See also:metropolis of the empire, or " See also:Rome beyond the See also:Alps." Constantine the Great, who generally resided here from 306 to 331, and his successors also, beautifitl the city with public See also:works, and villas arose upon the hill-sides .
The Church added a lustre of a different See also:kind
.
See also:Legend associated Trier with the martyrdom of See also:part of the Theban See also:legion (c
.
286) and with the relics found by St Helena in the Holy See also:Land
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St Agritius (d
.
332) is the first See also:historical bishop
.
Four great See also:saints of the 4th century are connected with the city
.
It was the See also:scene of the first banishment of St See also:Athanasius in 336
.
A baseless legend relates that he composed the Quicunque Vult while hiding here in a cistern
.
St See also:Ambrose, one of the greatest sons of Trier, was See also:born here about 340
.
St Jerome's mind was first seriously directed to See also:religion while studying at Trier about 370, and St See also:
The great bishop St Nicetius (528-566), who was banished for rebuking the vices of See also:
After Baldwin's death the prosperity of Trier was checked by See also:wars and disputes between See also:rival claimants to the see, and in1456 the estates See also:united for the purpose of restoring See also:order, and secured the right of electing their archbishops
.
Throughout the See also:middle ages the sancta civitas Trevirorum abounded in religious See also:foundations and was a great seat of monastic learning
.
The university, founded in 1473, existed until 1797
.
The elector Richard von Greiffenklau (1467—1531) successfully opposed the See also:Reformation, and inaugurated the exhibitions of the holy coat, which called forth the denunciations of See also:Luther, but have continued since his day to bring wealth and celebrity to the city
.
In the latter See also:half of the 16th century the direction of See also:education See also:fell into the hands of the See also:Jesuits
.
During the See also:Thirty Years' War the elector See also: The Treveran territories on the right bank of the Rhine were secularized and given to Nassau-See also:Weilburg in 1803, and in 1814 nearly the whole of the former electoral dominions were given to See also:Prussia . A bishopric was again founded in 1821, with nearly the same boundaries as the old archbishopric, but it was placed under Cologne . The See also:area of the former electoral principality was 3210 sq. m., and its See also:population in the 18th century was from 250,000 to 300,000 . Roughly speaking, it was a broad See also:strip of territory along the See also:lower See also:Saar and the Moselle from its confluence with that See also:river to the Rhine, with a See also:district on the right bank of the Rhine behind See also:Ehrenbreitstein . The chief towns in addition to Trier were Coblenz, See also:Cochem, Beilstein, Oberwesel, Lahnstein and Sayn . Far more extensive was the territory under the spiritual authority of thy' See also:arch-bishop which included the bishoprics of Metz, See also:Toul and See also:Verdun, and after 177 7 also those of See also:Nancy and St See also:Die . See E . A . See also:Freeman's See also:article "AugustaTreverorum" in the See also:British Quarterly See also:Review for See also:July 1875; See also:Hettner, Das romische Trier (Trier, 1880) ; J . N. von Wilmowsky, Der Dom zu Trier in seinen drei Hauptperioden (Trier, 1874) ; S . Beissel, Geschichte der trierer Kirchen (Trier, 1888) ; " Gesta Treverorum " (ed . G . See also:Waitz), in Mon . Germ. hisi. viii., See also:xxiv . ; J . N. von See also:Hontheim, Historia trevirensis diploviatica et pragmatics (3 vols., See also:Augsburg, 1750) ; See also:Marx, Geschichte See also:des Erzstifts Trier (5 vols., Trier, 1858—1864) ; Leonardy, Geschichte des trierischen See also:Landes und Volkes (See also:Saarlouis, 1871); Woerl, Fiihrer durch die Stadt Trier (8th ed., See also:Leipzig, 1898) . (A . B . |
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