See also:

• TRIER (French Troves)

TRIER (See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Troves)  , an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, formerly the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of an archbishopric and electorate of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, and now the seat of a See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop and the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• TOWN

town of a governmental See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department in the Prussian See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine . Pop . (1885) 33,019, (1905) 46,709 (86% Roman Catholics) . It is situated on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the Moselle, about 6 m. from the frontier of See also:

• LUXEMBURG
• LUXEMBURG, FRANCOIS HENRI DE MONTMORENCYBOUTEVILLE, DUKE

Luxemburg and 69 m . S.W. of See also:

• COBLENZ (KOBLENZ)

Coblenz, on the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main lines of railway from Coblenz to See also:

• METZ

Metz and from See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne to See also:

• SAARBRUCKEN

Saarbrucken . The city lies in a fertile valley shut in by See also:

• VINE

vine-clad hills, and the picturesque red See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone buildings of the old town are interspersed with orchards and gardens . On the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north, See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south boulevards with gardens follow the See also:

• LINE

line of the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval walls, which have mostly disappeared . The Roman city extended much farther south and east . See also:

• TRIER (French Troves)

Trier contains more important Roman remains than any other See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . Perhaps the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest remains are some of the piers and buttresses of the See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge over the Moselle, which may date from about 28 B.C . The well-preserved See also:

• AMPHITHEATRE (Gr. 441, around, and O&arpov, a place for spectators)

amphitheatre just outside the See also:

• MODERN

modern town to the south-east was probably built in the reign of See also:

• TRAJAN [MARCUS ULPIUS TRAJANUS] (A. D. 53-117)

Trajan or See also:

• HADRIAN (PUBLICS AELIUS HADRIANUS)

Hadrian . Its eastern See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side is built into the See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill, its longer See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter is 76 yds., and it accommodated seven or eight thousand spectators .

In 306 the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine the See also:

• GREAT

Great caused multitudes of Frankish prisoners to be thrown to the beasts here, and in 313 made a similar spectacle of the See also:

• CAPTIVE (from Lat. capere, to take)

captive Bructeri . The most remarkable Roman See also:

• BUILDING

building in Trier is the Porta See also:

• NIGRA, COSTANTINO, COUNT (1828-1907)

Nigra, the north See also:

• GATE

gate of the city, a huge fortified gateway, 115 ft. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, i5 to 93 ft. high and 29 ft. deep, built of sandstone blocks blackened with See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age (whence the name), and held together with See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron clamps . The age of this building is very uncertain; it has been assigned to See also:

• DATES

dates ranging from the 1st to the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century A.D . It is also called the Simeonstor, after a See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• HERMIT

hermit who inhabited it . On his See also:

• DEATH

death in 1035 See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

Archbishop See also:

• POPPO, ERNST FRIEDRICH (1794—1866)

Poppo converted the gate into two churches, one above the other, but all the additions except the See also:

• APSE
• APSE (Gr. alkir, a fastening, especially the felloe of a wheel; Lat. absis)

apse have now been removed . In the south-east corner of the city are the picturesque ruins of the Roman imperial See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace, and near the bridge are the extensive substructures of the 4th-century Roman See also:

• BATHS

baths, 66o ft. in length . On the Constantinsplatz stands the magnificent See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick See also:

• BASILICA

basilica, probably of the age of Constantine, though the south and east walls are modern . Having been converted into a palace for the Frankish See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings and their deputies, it passed in 1197 to the archbishops, and was restored (1846–1856) and turned into a See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church . The adjoining See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks were formerly the elector's palace . Another Roman basilica forms the See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus of the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral . Built under the emperors Valentinian I. and See also:

• GRATIAN (FLAvrus GRATIANUS AUGUSTUS)

Gratian as a See also:

• QUADRILATERAL

quadrilateral See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall with four huge See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite columns (now removed) in the centre, it was converted into a church about the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 4th century, and restored by Bishop Nicetius about 550 . It is the most important pre-Carolingian church in Germany .

Archbishop Poppo and his successors in the I1th and 12th centuries extended the cathedral westwards and added an apse at each end . The vaulting of the See also:

• NAVE

nave and aisles and the beautiful cloisters were added in the 13th century . In the vaults are buried twenty-six archbishops and See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors . Among the monuments are those of the electors See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard von Greiffenklau (d . 1531) and Johann von Metzenhausen (d . 1540), See also:

• FINE

fine examples of See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance See also:

• WORK

work . The most famous of the See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics preserved in the cathedral is the " See also:

• HOLY

Holy Coat of Trier," believed by the devout to be the seamless robe of the Saviour, and said to have been discovered and presented to the city by the empress See also:

• HELENA
• HELENA, ST (c. 247-c. 327)

Helena . Since 1512 it has been periodically exhibited . The See also:

• EXHIBITION

exhibition of 1844, which was attended by more than a million pilgrims, aroused protests, resulting in the formation of the See also:

• SECT

sect of German Catholics (q.v.) . In 1891 nearly two million pilgrims viewed the coat, and eleven miraculous See also:

• CURES

cures were claimed . The cloisters connect the cathedral with the church of Our See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady (Liebfrauenkirche), a beautiful building in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of a circle intersected by a See also:

• CROSS

cross, with a lofty vault, built 1127–1143, and said to be the oldest See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic church in Germany . The earliest churches were without the walls .

Of these St See also:

• MATTHIAS
• MATTHIAS (1557-1619)

Matthias in the south, now represented by a 12th-century building, has a See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

cemetery of the Roman age . In the See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-place is the market cross, said to date from 958, and a beautiful Renaissance See also:

• FOUNTAIN (Late Lat. fontana, from ions, a spring)

fountain, the Petersbrunnen, erected in 1595 . Close by are the Steipe or Rotes Haus, formerly the town hall, of the 15th century, and the Frankenturm or propugnaculum, of the loth century, said to be the oldest See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone domestic building in Germany . The Provincial Museum (1885–1889) contains many Roman and medieval antiquities . The town library contains about 100,000 volumes, including some valuable examples of See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing . Among its most treasured See also:

• MSS

MSS. are the codex aureus, a copy of the gospels presented to the See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of St Maximin by Ada, a reputed See also:

• SISTER

sister of See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne, and the codex Egberti of the loth century . At Igel near Trier is a very remarkable Roman See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column, 83 ft. high, adorned with sculptures . It dates from the 2nd century, and was the See also:

• FAMILY

family See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument of the Secundini . At Nennig is a fine Roman See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

mosaic See also:

• PAVEMENT (Lat. pavimentu;n, a floor beaten or rammed hard, from pavire, to beat)

pavement . The See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries of Trier include iron-See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding, See also:

• DYEING (0. Eng. dedgian, dealt ; Mid. Eng. deyen)

dyeing and the manufacture of machinery . There is a school of viticulture and a very considerable See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade in Moselle wines, especially during the See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• AUCTIONS

auctions . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—Trier had had two periods of greatness, firstly as the favourite See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of Constantine the Great and his successors in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, and secondly as the capital of a powerful spiritual electorate .

The Treveri or Treviri, from whom the city derived its name, were one of the most powerful tribes among the See also:

• BELGAE

Belgae, and according to See also:

• JULIUS

Julius See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar, who conquered them in 56 B.c., possessed the best See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry in See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul . Attempts have been made to show that they were of German origin (see BELGAE), but although they were doubtless subject to Germanic influences, they spoke a See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language . Their chiefs, Indutiomarus, who raised a See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion against the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans in 54 B.C., and his successor Cingetorix have Celtic names, and St See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome, who had lived in Trier, declares that their language in his See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day (c . 370) resembled that of the See also:

• GALATIANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Galatians . An insurrection under Julius See also:

• FLORUS
• FLORUS, JULIUS
• FLORUS, PUBLIUS ANNIUS

Florus in A.U . 21 was soon quelled . The Roman city, See also:

• AUGUSTA

Augusta Treverorum, was probably fortified by See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus about 14 B.C., and organized as a See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony about A.D . 5o in the reign of See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

Claudius, but is not mentioned before the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of See also:

• CIVILIS, CLAUDIUS

Civilis in 69 (See also:

• TACITUS, CORNELIUS (c. 55-120)
• TACITUS, MARCUS CLAUDIUS

Tacitus, Hist. iv.) . At first the Treveri resisted the See also:

• APPEAL

appeal of Civilis and his Batavi to join the revolt, and built a defensive See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall from Trier to See also:

• ANDERNACH

Andernach, but soon after the two Treverans, See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

Tutor and Classicus, led their See also:

• FELLOW

fellow tribesmen, aided by the Lingones (See also:

• LANGRES

Langres), in the See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to set up a " Gallic empire." After a brief struggle the rebels were overthrown at Trier by See also:

• CEREALIS (CERIALIS), PETILLIUS (1st century A.D.)

Cerealis, and 113 senators emigrated to Germany (70) . Towards the end of the 3rd century, the inroads of the See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks having been repelled by the emperor See also:

• PROBUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• PROBUS, MARCUS VALERIUS

Probus, the city rapidly acquired See also:

• WEALTH

wealth and importance . Mainly on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of its strategic position, See also:

• DIOCLETIAN (GAIUs AURELIUS VALERIUS DIOCLETIANUS) (A.D. 245–313)
• DIOCLETIAN, EDICT OF (De Pretiis rerum venalium)

Diocletian on his reorganization of the empire made Trier the capital not only of Belgica Prima, but of the whole " See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese " of Gaul . For a century, from Maximian to See also:

• MAXIMUS
• MAXIMUS, ST (c. 58o-662)

Maximus (286-388), it was (except under See also:

• JULIAN (FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS) (331-363)

Julian, who preferred to reside in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris) the administrative centre from which Gaul, See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain were ruled, so that the poet See also:

• AUSONIUS, DECIMUS MAGNUS (c. 310-395)

Ausonius could describe it as the second See also:

• METROPOLIS (Gr. piir17Pi mother, srGXis, city)

metropolis of the empire, or " See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome beyond the See also:

• ALPS

Alps." Constantine the Great, who generally resided here from 306 to 331, and his successors also, beautifitl the city with public See also:

• WORKS

works, and villas arose upon the hill-sides .

The Church added a lustre of a different See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind . See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

Legend associated Trier with the martyrdom of See also:

• PART

part of the Theban See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

legion (c . 286) and with the relics found by St Helena in the Holy See also:

• LAND

Land . St Agritius (d . 332) is the first See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical bishop . Four great See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints of the 4th century are connected with the city . It was the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of the first banishment of St See also:

• ATHANASIUS (293-373)

Athanasius in 336 . A baseless legend relates that he composed the Quicunque Vult while hiding here in a cistern . St See also:

• AMBROSE (AMBROISE), AUTPERT (d.' 778)
• AMBROSE (ANDREY SERTIS-KAMENSKIY) (1708-1771)
• AMBROSE (fl. 119o)
• AMBROSE, ISAAC (1604-1663/4)
• AMBROSE, SAINT (c. 340-307)

Ambrose, one of the greatest sons of Trier, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born here about 340 . St Jerome's mind was first seriously directed to See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion while studying at Trier about 370, and St See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin of See also:

• TOURS

Tours came in 385 to plead with the tryant Maximus for the lives of the heretic See also:

• PRISCILLIAN (d. 385)

Priscillian and his followers . The Franks, who had thrice previously sacked the city, gained permanent See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of it about 455 . Although some Frankish kings resided here, it gradually yielded place to Metz as a Frankish capital .

The great bishop St Nicetius (528-566), who was banished for rebuking the vices of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king See also:

• CLOTAIRE (CHLOTIIACHAR)

Clotaire I. and eulogized by the poet Venantius See also:

• FORTUNATUS
• FORTUNATUS, VENANTIUS HONORIUS CLEMENTIANUS (530-609)

Fortunatus,, repaired the cathedral, and built a splendid See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle for himself . The city passed to See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine in 843, and to the East Frankish See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom in 870 . It was sacked by the Northmen in 881 . Hetti, who occupied the see from 814 to 847, is said to have been the first archbishop of Trier, and Radbod acquired the rights of the See also:

• COUNTS

counts of Trier in 898, thus founding the temporal See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the see . See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert claimed in vain the right to See also:

• CROWN

crown the German king See also:

• OTTO

Otto I. in 936, on the ground of the priority of his see, and in the loth century Archbishop See also:

• DIETRICH, CHRISTIAN WILHELM ERNST (1712-1774)

Dietrich I. obtained the primacy over Gaul and Germany . The temporal power of the archbishops was not gained without opposition . The German kings Otto IV. and See also:

• CONRAD (d. 955)
• CONRAD, JOSEPH (1856– )
• CONRAD, or KONRAD (M. H. Ger. Kuonrdl, i.e. " keen in counsel," Lat. Conradus, It. Corrado, cf. the A.S. Ccenred)

Conrad IV. granted charters to the city, which however admitted the See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction of its archbishop, See also:

• BALDWIN, JAMES MARK (1861– )
• BALDWIN, ROBERT (1804–1858)

Baldwin of Luxemburg, in 1308 . This See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince, a See also:

• BROTHER

brother of the emperor See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VII., ruled from 1307 to 1354, and was the real founder of the power of Trier . His predecessor Diether III. of See also:

• NASSAU

Nassau had See also:

• LEFT

left his lands heavily encumbered with See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt . Baldwin raised them to great prosperity by his See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy and foresight, and chiefly as a result of the active See also:

• POLITICAL

political and military support he rendered to the emperors Henry VII., See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis the Bavarian and See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles IV. enlarged his dominiots almost to their ultimate extent . He assumed the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• ARCHCHANCELLOR (Lat. Archicancellarius; Ger. Erz kanzler)

archchancellor of Gaul and See also:

• ARLES
• ARLES, KINGDOM OF

Arles (or See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy), and in 1315 admitted the claim of the archbishop of Cologne to the highest place after the archbishop of See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz among the spiritual princes of the empire . Thenceforward the elector of Trier held the third place in the electoral See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college .

After Baldwin's death the prosperity of Trier was checked by See also:

• WARS

wars and disputes between See also:

• RIVAL

rival claimants to the see, and in1456 the estates See also:

• UNITED

united for the purpose of restoring See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, and secured the right of electing their archbishops . Throughout the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages the sancta civitas Trevirorum abounded in religious See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations and was a great seat of monastic learning . The university, founded in 1473, existed until 1797 . The elector Richard von Greiffenklau (1467—1531) successfully opposed the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation, and inaugurated the exhibitions of the holy coat, which called forth the denunciations of See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther, but have continued since his day to bring wealth and celebrity to the city . In the latter See also:

• HALF

half of the 16th century the direction of See also:

• EDUCATION

education See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into the hands of the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits . During the See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty Years' War the elector See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip See also:

• CHRISTOPHER, SAINT (Christophorus, Christoferus)

Christopher von Sbtern favoured See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and accepted See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• PROTECTION

protection in 1631 . The French in the following See also:

• YEAR

year expelled both Spaniards and Swedes from his territories, but in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1635 the Spaniards recaptured Trier and took the elector prisoner . He remained in captivity for ten years, but was reinstated by the French in 1645 and confirmed in his possessions by the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of See also:

• WESTPHALIA (Ger. Westfalen)
• WESTPHALIA, TREATY OF

Westphalia . The French again temporarily took Trier in 1674 and 1688 . The last elector and archbishop, See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement See also:

• WENCESLAUS (1361-1419)

Wenceslaus (1768—1802), granted See also:

• TOLERATION (from Lat. tolerare, to endure)

toleration to the Protestants in 1782, established his residence at Coblenz in 1786, and fled from the French in 1794 . By the peace of See also:

• LUNEVILLE

Luneville in 18or France annexed all the territories of Trier on the left bank of the Rhine, and in 1802 the elector abdicated . A new bishopric was created for the French department of the Sarre, of which Trier was the capital .

The Treveran territories on the right bank of the Rhine were secularized and given to Nassau-See also:

• WEILBURG

Weilburg in 1803, and in 1814 nearly the whole of the former electoral dominions were given to See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia . A bishopric was again founded in 1821, with nearly the same boundaries as the old archbishopric, but it was placed under Cologne . The See also:

• AREA

area of the former electoral principality was 3210 sq. m., and its See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population in the 18th century was from 250,000 to 300,000 . Roughly speaking, it was a broad See also:

• STRIP

strip of territory along the See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• SAAR

Saar and the Moselle from its confluence with that See also:

• RIVER

river to the Rhine, with a See also:

• DISTRICT

district on the right bank of the Rhine behind See also:

• EHRENBREITSTEIN

Ehrenbreitstein . The chief towns in addition to Trier were Coblenz, See also:

• COCHEM

Cochem, Beilstein, Oberwesel, Lahnstein and Sayn . Far more extensive was the territory under the spiritual authority of thy' See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-bishop which included the bishoprics of Metz, See also:

• TOUL

Toul and See also:

• VERDUN

Verdun, and after 177 7 also those of See also:

• NANCY

Nancy and St See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die . See E . A . See also:

• FREEMAN
• FREEMAN, EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1823-1892)

Freeman's See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article "AugustaTreverorum" in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Quarterly See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review for See also:

• JULY

July 1875; See also:

• HETTNER, HERMANN THEODOR (1821-1882)

Hettner, Das romische Trier (Trier, 1880) ; J . N. von Wilmowsky, Der Dom zu Trier in seinen drei Hauptperioden (Trier, 1874) ; S . Beissel, Geschichte der trierer Kirchen (Trier, 1888) ; " Gesta Treverorum " (ed . G .

See also:

• WAITZ, GEORG (1813-1886)
• WAITZ, THEODOR (1821-1864)

Waitz), in Mon . Germ. hisi. viii., See also:

• XXIV

xxiv . ; J . N. von See also:

• HONTHEIM, JOHANN NIKOLAUS VON (1701-1790)

Hontheim, Historia trevirensis diploviatica et pragmatics (3 vols., See also:

• AUGSBURG
• AUGSBURG, CONFESSION OF
• AUGSBURG, WAR OF THE LEAGUE OF

Augsburg, 1750) ; See also:

• MARX, HEINRICH KARL (1818-1883)

Marx, Geschichte See also:

• DES

des Erzstifts Trier (5 vols., Trier, 1858—1864) ; Leonardy, Geschichte des trierischen See also:

• LANDES

Landes und Volkes (See also:

• SAARLOUIS

Saarlouis, 1871); Woerl, Fiihrer durch die Stadt Trier (8th ed., See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1898) . (A . B .