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See also: ancient city of See also: Germany, formerly the capital of an archbishopric and electorate of the See also: empire, and now the seat of a See also: Roman Catholic See also: bishop and the chief See also: town of a governmental department in the Prussian province of the Rhine
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Pop
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(1885) 33,019, (1905) 46,709 (86% Roman Catholics)
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It is situated on the right See also: bank of the Moselle, about 6 m. from the frontier of Luxemburg and 69 m
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S.W. of See also: Coblenz, on the See also: main lines of railway from Coblenz to See also: Metz and from Cologne to See also: Saarbrucken
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The city lies in a fertile valley shut in by See also: vine-clad hills, and the picturesque red See also: sandstone buildings of the old town are interspersed with orchards and gardens
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On the See also: north, See also: east and See also: south boulevards with gardens follow the See also: line of the See also: medieval walls, which have mostly disappeared
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The Roman city extended much farther south and east
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See also: Trier contains more important Roman remains than any other place in See also: northern See also: Europe
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Perhaps the See also: oldest remains are some of the piers and buttresses of the See also: bridge over the Moselle, which may date from about 28 B.C
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The well-preserved amphitheatre just outside the See also: modern town to the south-east was probably built in the reign of Trajan or See also: Hadrian
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Its eastern See also: side is built into the See also: hill, its longer diameter is 76 yds., and it accommodated seven or eight thousand spectators
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In 306 the emperorSee also: Constantine the See also: Great caused multitudes of Frankish prisoners to be thrown to the beasts here, and in 313 made a similar spectacle of the See also: captive Bructeri
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The most remarkable Roman See also: building in Trier is the Porta See also: Nigra, the north See also: gate of the city, a huge fortified gateway, 115 ft. long, i5 to 93 ft. high and 29 ft. deep, built of sandstone blocks blackened with age (whence the name), and held together with iron clamps
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The age of this building is very uncertain; it has been assigned to See also: dates ranging from the 1st to the 4th century A.D
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It is also called the Simeonstor, after a See also: Greek See also: hermit who inhabited it
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On his See also: death in 1035 Archbishop See also: Poppo converted the gate into two churches, one above the other, but all the additions except the apse have now been removed
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In the south-east corner of the city are the picturesque ruins of the Roman imperial palace, and near the bridge are the extensive substructures of the 4th-century Roman See also: baths, 66o ft. in length
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On the Constantinsplatz stands the magnificent brick See also: basilica, probably of the age of Constantine, though the south and east walls are modern
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Having been converted into a palace for the Frankish See also: kings and their deputies, it passed in 1197 to the archbishops, and was restored (1846–1856) and turned into a See also: Protestant See also: church
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The adjoining barracks were formerly the elector's palace
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Another Roman basilica forms the nucleus of the
See also: cathedral
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Built under the emperors Valentinian I. and See also: Gratian as a See also: quadrilateral See also: hall with four huge granite columns (now removed) in the centre, it was converted into a church about the close of the 4th century, and restored by Bishop Nicetius about 550
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It is the most important pre-Carolingian church in Germany
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Archbishop Poppo and his successors in the I1th and 12th centuries extended the cathedral westwards and added an apse at each end . The vaulting of the See also: nave and aisles and the beautiful cloisters were added in the 13th century
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In the vaults are buried twenty-six archbishops and electors
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Among the monuments are those of the electors See also: Richard von Greiffenklau (d
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1531) and Johann von Metzenhausen (d
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1540), See also: fine examples of See also: German See also: Renaissance See also: work
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The most famous of the See also: relics preserved in the cathedral is the " See also: Holy Coat of Trier," believed by the devout to be the seamless robe of the Saviour, and said to have been discovered and presented to the city by the empress See also: Helena
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Since 1512 it has been periodically exhibited
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The See also: exhibition of 1844, which was attended by more than a million pilgrims, aroused protests, resulting in the formation of the See also: sect of German Catholics (q.v.)
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In 1891 nearly two million pilgrims viewed the coat, and eleven miraculous See also: cures were claimed
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The cloisters connect the cathedral with the church of Our Lady (Liebfrauenkirche), a beautiful building in the See also: form of a circle intersected by a See also: cross, with a lofty vault, built 1127–1143, and said to be the oldest See also: Gothic church in Germany
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The earliest churches were without the walls
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Of these St See also: Matthias in the south, now represented by a 12th-century building, has a Christian cemetery of the Roman age
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In the market-place is the market cross, said to date from 958, and a beautiful Renaissance fountain, the Petersbrunnen, erected in 1595
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Close by are the Steipe or Rotes Haus, formerly the town hall, of the 15th century, and the Frankenturm or propugnaculum, of the loth century, said to be the oldest See also: stone domestic building in Germany
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The Provincial Museum (1885–1889) contains many Roman and medieval antiquities
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The town library contains about 100,000 volumes, including some valuable examples of early printing
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Among its most treasured
See also: MSS. are the codex aureus, a copy of the gospels presented to the abbey of St Maximin by Ada, a reputed See also: sister of Charlemagne, and the codex Egberti of the loth century
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At Igel near Trier is a very remarkable Roman See also: column, 83 ft. high, adorned with sculptures
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It dates from the 2nd century, and was the See also: family monument of the Secundini
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At Nennig is a fine Roman mosaic pavement
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The See also: industries of Trier include iron-founding, dyeing and the manufacture of machinery
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There is a school of viticulture and a very considerable See also: trade in Moselle wines, especially during the See also: annual See also: auctions
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See also: History.—Trier had had two periods of greatness, firstly as the favourite residence of Constantine the Great and his successors in the west, and secondly as the capital of a powerful spiritual electorate
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The Treveri or Treviri, from whom the city derived its name, were one of the most powerful tribes among the See also: Belgae, and according to See also: Julius Caesar, who conquered them in 56 B.c., possessed the best cavalry in See also: Gaul
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Attempts have been made to show that they were of German origin (see BELGAE), but although they were doubtless subject to Germanic influences, they spoke a See also: Celtic language
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Their chiefs, Indutiomarus, who raised a See also: rebellion against the See also: Romans in 54 B.C., and his successor Cingetorix have Celtic names, and St See also: Jerome, who had lived in Trier, declares that their language in his See also: day (c
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370) resembled that of the See also: Galatians
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An insurrection under Julius
Florus in A.U
.
21 was soon quelled
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The Roman city, See also: Augusta Treverorum, was probably fortified by See also: Augustus about 14 B.C., and organized as a colony about A.D
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5o in the reign of See also: Claudius, but is not mentioned before the war of See also: Civilis in 69 (Tacitus, Hist. iv.)
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At first the Treveri resisted the See also: appeal of Civilis and his Batavi to join the revolt, and built a defensive See also: wall from Trier to See also: Andernach, but soon after the two Treverans, Tutor and Classicus, led their See also: fellow tribesmen, aided by the Lingones (See also: Langres), in the attempt to set up a " Gallic empire." After a brief struggle the rebels were overthrown at Trier by Cerealis, and 113 senators emigrated to Germany (70)
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Towards the end of the 3rd century, the inroads of the Franks having been repelled by the emperor Probus, the city rapidly acquired See also: wealth and importance
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Mainly on account of its strategic position, See also: Diocletian on his reorganization of the empire made Trier the capital not only of Belgica Prima, but of the whole " diocese " of Gaul
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For a century, from Maximian to See also: Maximus (286-388), it was (except under Julian, who preferred to reside in See also: Paris) the administrative centre from which Gaul, Britain and See also: Spain were ruled, so that the poet Ausonius could describe it as the second metropolis of the empire, or " See also: Rome beyond the See also: Alps." Constantine the Great, who generally resided here from 306 to 331, and his successors also, beautifitl the city with public See also: works, and villas arose upon the hill-sides
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The Church added a lustre of a different kind .See also: Legend associated Trier with the martyrdom of See also: part of the Theban See also: legion (c
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286) and with the relics found by St Helena in the Holy See also: Land
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St Agritius (d
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332) is the first See also: historical bishop
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Four great See also: saints of the 4th century are connected with the city
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It was the scene of the first banishment of St See also: Athanasius in 336
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A baseless legend relates that he composed the Quicunque Vult while hiding here in a cistern
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St See also: Ambrose, one of the greatest sons of Trier, was See also: born here about 340
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St Jerome's mind was first seriously directed to See also: religion while studying at Trier about 370, and St See also: Martin of
See also: Tours came in 385 to plead with the tryant Maximus for the lives of the heretic See also: Priscillian and his followers
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The Franks, who had thrice previously sacked the city, gained permanent possession of it about 455
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Although some Frankish kings resided here, it gradually yielded place to Metz as a Frankish capital
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The great bishop St Nicetius (528-566), who was banished for rebuking the vices of See also: king
See also: Clotaire I. and eulogized by the poet Venantius Fortunatus,, repaired the cathedral, and built a splendid See also: castle for himself
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The city passed to See also: Lorraine in 843, and to the East Frankish See also: kingdom in 870
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It was sacked by the Northmen in 881
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Hetti, who occupied the see from 814 to 847, is said to have been the first archbishop of Trier, and Radbod acquired the rights of the See also: counts of Trier in 898, thus founding the temporal power of the see
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Robert claimed in vain the right to See also: crown the German king See also: Otto I. in 936, on the ground of the priority of his see, and in the loth century Archbishop Dietrich I. obtained the primacy over Gaul and Germany
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The temporal power of the archbishops was not gained without opposition
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The German kings Otto IV. and See also: Conrad IV. granted charters to the city, which however admitted the jurisdiction of its archbishop, Baldwin of Luxemburg, in 1308
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This See also: prince, a See also: brother of the emperor See also: Henry VII., ruled from 1307 to 1354, and was the real founder of the power of Trier
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His predecessor Diether III. of
See also: Nassau had See also: left his lands heavily encumbered with See also: debt
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Baldwin raised them to great prosperity by his energy and foresight, and chiefly as a result of the active See also: political and military support he rendered to the emperors Henry VII., See also: Louis the Bavarian and
See also: Charles IV. enlarged his dominiots almost to their ultimate extent
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He assumed the title of archchancellor of Gaul and
See also: Arles (or See also: Burgundy), and in 1315 admitted the claim of the archbishop of Cologne to the highest place after the archbishop of See also: Mainz among the spiritual princes of the empire
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Thenceforward the elector of Trier held the third place in the electoral See also: college
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After Baldwin's death the prosperity of Trier was checked by See also: wars and disputes between See also: rival claimants to the see, and in1456 the estates See also: united for the purpose of restoring See also: order, and secured the right of electing their archbishops
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Throughout the See also: middle ages the sancta civitas Trevirorum abounded in religious See also: foundations and was a great seat of monastic learning
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The university, founded in 1473, existed until 1797
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The elector Richard von Greiffenklau (1467—1531) successfully opposed the See also: Reformation, and inaugurated the exhibitions of the holy coat, which called forth the denunciations of See also: Luther, but have continued since his day to bring wealth and celebrity to the city
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In the latter See also: half of the 16th century the direction of See also: education See also: fell into the hands of the See also: Jesuits
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During the See also: Thirty Years' War the elector See also: Philip Christopher von Sbtern favoured
See also: France, and accepted French See also: protection in 1631
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The French in the following See also: year expelled both Spaniards and Swedes from his territories, but in See also: March 1635 the Spaniards recaptured Trier and took the elector prisoner
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He remained in captivity for ten years, but was reinstated by the French in 1645 and confirmed in his possessions by the
See also: peace of Westphalia
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The French again temporarily took Trier in 1674 and 1688
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The last elector and archbishop, See also: Clement See also: Wenceslaus (1768—1802), granted toleration to the Protestants in 1782, established his residence at Coblenz in 1786, and fled from the French in 1794
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By the peace of See also: Luneville in 18or France annexed all the territories of Trier on the left bank of the Rhine, and in 1802 the elector abdicated
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A new bishopric was created for the French department of the Sarre, of which Trier was the capital
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The Treveran territories on the right bank of the Rhine were secularized and given to Nassau- See also: Weilburg in 1803, and in 1814 nearly the whole of the former electoral dominions were given to Prussia
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A bishopric was again founded in 1821, with nearly the same boundaries as the old archbishopric, but it was placed under Cologne
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The See also: area of the former electoral principality was 3210 sq. m., and its population in the 18th century was from 250,000 to 300,000
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Roughly speaking, it was a broad See also: strip of territory along the See also: lower See also: Saar and the Moselle from its confluence with that See also: river to the Rhine, with a See also: district on the right bank of the Rhine behind See also: Ehrenbreitstein
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The chief towns in addition to Trier were Coblenz, See also: Cochem, Beilstein, Oberwesel, Lahnstein and Sayn
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Far more extensive was the territory under the spiritual authority of thy' See also: arch-bishop which included the bishoprics of Metz, See also: Toul and See also: Verdun, and after 177 7 also those of See also: Nancy and St Die
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See E
.
A
.
Freeman's article "AugustaTreverorum" in the See also: British Quarterly Review for See also: July 1875; See also: Hettner, Das romische Trier (Trier, 1880) ; J
.
N. von Wilmowsky, Der Dom zu Trier in seinen drei Hauptperioden (Trier, 1874) ; S
.
Beissel, Geschichte der trierer Kirchen (Trier, 1888) ; " Gesta Treverorum " (ed
.
G
.
Waitz), in Mon . Germ. hisi. viii., See also: xxiv
.
; J
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N. von Hontheim, Historia trevirensis diploviatica et pragmatics (3 vols., Augsburg, 1750) ; See also: Marx, Geschichte See also: des Erzstifts Trier (5 vols., Trier, 1858—1864) ; Leonardy, Geschichte des trierischen See also: Landes und Volkes (See also: Saarlouis, 1871); Woerl, Fiihrer durch die Stadt Trier (8th ed., See also: Leipzig, 1898)
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(A
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B
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