TRINODA See also:

• NECESSITAS (Gr. 'Avery Ktj )

NECESSITAS  , the name used by See also:

• MODERN

modern historians to describe the threefold See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation of serving in the See also:

• HOST

host (See also:

• FYRD

fyrd), repairing and constructing See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges (bryc-geweorc), and the construction and See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of fortresses (burhbot), to which all freeholders were subject in Anglo-Saxon times . The obligations are usually mentioned in charters as the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole exceptions to grants of immunities; sometimes, however, a See also:

• FOURTH

fourth obligation (singalare praeiium contra (ilium) is reserved, as in the See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter granted by Wiglaf of See also:

• MERCIA

Mercia on the 28th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 831 (See also:

• COD

Cod. See also:

• DIP (Old Eng. dyppan, connected with the common Teutonic root seen in " deep ")

dip. i . 294) . Ceolwulf's charter of 822 to See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

Arch-See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop Wilfred is remarkable, as the military service is there restricted to expeditiones contra paganos ostes (ibid. i . 272) . The threefold obligation is first mentioned in a Latin charter (expeditions pontis arcisue constructione) of doubtful authenticity, which professes to have been granted by See also:

• EADBALD (d. 64o)

Eadbald of See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent in A.D . 626 (Cod. dip. v . 2), but it is not until the 8th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century that it appears in documents which are generally admitted to be genuine . Although there were corresponding obligations in the Frankish See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire which were called by See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles the Bald (antiquam et aliarum gentium consuetudinem), See also:

• STUBBS [STUBBES], PHILIP (c. 1555-c. 161o)
• STUBBS [STUnnE], JOHN
• STUBBS, WILLIAM (1825-1901)

Stubbs held that the arguments which refer them to a See also:

• ROMAN

Roman origin want both congruity and continuity . The phrase " trinoda See also:

• NECESSITAS (Gr. 'Avery Ktj )

necessitas " is not to be found in the Anglo-Saxon See also:

• LAWS

laws and charters; and See also:

• SELDEN, JOHN (1584–1654)

Selden was probably the first historian of See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence who used it . " These three exceptions," he says, " are noted by the See also:

• TERM

term of a three-knotted See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity in an old charter wherein See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King Cedwalla granted to See also:

• WILFRID (c. 634-709)

Wilfrid, the first bishop of Shelsey in See also:

• SUSSEX
• SUSSEX, EARLS OF
• SUSSEX, KINGDOM OF (SO Seaxe, i.e. the South Saxons)
• SUSSEX, THOMAS RADCLYFFE [or RATCLYFFE], 3RD EARL OF (c. 1525-1583)

Sussex, the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Paganham." This charter is an 1th-century copy of a lost See also:

• ORIGINAL

original, but the words to which Selden referred are plainly written as trimoda necessitas not irinodanecessitas . Du Cange gives two examples of the word trimoda in See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval Latin, in which See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language it meant " triple "; but he cites no medieval example of trinoda; and in classical Latin the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form is unknown, while trinodis (ter-nodus, " triple-knotted ") occurs only rarely (See also:

• OVID [PUBLIUS OvID1us NASO] (43 B.C.–A.D. 17)

Ovid .

Her. iv . 115; Fast. i . 575) . See Du Cange, Glossarium; W . Stubbs, The Constitutional See also:

• HISTORY

History of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, i . 86, 87; J . M . See also:

• KEMBLE
• KEMBLE, JOHN MITCHELL (1807-1857)

Kemble, Codex anglo-saxonicus, passim; Selden, See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• JANUS

Janus (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1682), p . 43; See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter de See also:

• GRAY
• GRAY (or GREY), WALTER DE (d. 1255)
• GRAY, ASA (1810-1888)
• GRAY, DAVID (1838-1861)
• GRAY, ELISHA (1835-1901)
• GRAY, HENRY PETERS (1819-18/7)
• GRAY, HORACE (1828–1902)
• GRAY, JOHN DE (d. 1214)
• GRAY, JOHN EDWARD (1800–1875)
• GRAY, PATRICK GRAY, 6TH BARON (d. 1612)
• GRAY, ROBERT (1809-1872)
• GRAY, SIR THOMAS (d. c. 1369)
• GRAY, THOMAS (1716-1771)

Gray See also:

• BIRCH
• BIRCH (Betula)
• BIRCH, SAMUEL (1813–1885)
• BIRCH, THOMAS (1705-1766)

Birch, Cartularium saxonicum, passim; Facsimiles of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

Ancient Charters in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum, pt. iv . See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

Cotton MS . See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus, ii . 86 .

(G . J .