TRUCE OF See also:

• GOD

GOD  , an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages to alleviate the evils of private warfare . Throughout the 9th and loth centuries, as the See also:

• LIFE

life-benefices of the later Carolingian See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings were gradually transformed into hereditary fiefs, the insecurity of life and See also:

• PROPERTY

property increased, for there was no central See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to curb the warring See also:

• LOCAL

local magnates . The two See also:

• MEASURES

measures which were adopted by the Church to remedy these conditions—the See also:

• PAX (Lat. for " peace ")

pax ecclesiae or Dei and the'treuga or tre.va Dei—are usually both referred to as the Truce of See also:

• GOD

God, but they are distinct in See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . The latter was a development of the former . The pax ecclesiae is first heard of in the See also:

• YEAR

year 990 at three synods held in different parts of See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern and central See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France—at Charroux, See also:

• NARBONNE

Narbonne and See also:

• PUY

Puy . It enlisted the immediate support of the See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy, particularly the vigorous See also:

• CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

congregation of See also:

• CLUNY, or CLUGNY

Cluny, and of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William V. of See also:

• AQUITAINE

Aquitaine, the most powerful See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord of southern France, who urged its See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption at the See also:

• COUNCILS

Councils of See also:

• LIMOGES

Limoges (994) and See also:

• POITIERS

Poitiers (999) . The See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace decrees of these various synods differed considerably in detail, but in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general they were intended fully to protect non-combatants; they forbade, under See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain of See also:

• EXCOMMUNICATION (Lat. ex, out of, away from; communis, common)

excommunication, every See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of private warfare or violence against ecclesiastical buildings and their environs, and against certain persons, such as clerics, pilgrims, merchants, See also:

• WOMEN

women and peasants, and against See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle and agricultural implements . With the opening of the 11th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, the pax ecclesiae spread over See also:

• NORTHERN

northern France and See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy, and diocesan leagues began to be organized for its See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance . The See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop, or See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count, on whose lands the peace was violated was vested with judicial power, and was directed, in See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case he was himself unable to execute See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence, to summon to his assistance the laymen and even the clerics of the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese, all of whom were required to take a See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath to observe and enforce the peace . At the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council of See also:

• BOURGES

Bourges (1038), the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop decreed that every See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian fifteen years and over should take such an oath and enter the diocesan See also:

• MILITIA (Fr. milice, Ger. Miliz, from Lat. miles, soldier, militia, military service)

militia .