See also:

• TUAREG, or TAWAREK (more properly Tawarik, the collective form of tarki, from Arabic terek, to give up)

TUAREG, or TAWAREK (more properly Tawarik, the collective See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of tarki, from Arabic See also:

• TEREK

terek, to give up)  , the name given to the western and central Saharan See also:

• BERBER

Berber peoples, in reference possibly to their See also:

• ABANDONMENT (Fr. abandonnement, from abandonner, to abandon, relinquish; abandonner was originally equivalent to mettred banddn, to leave to the jurisdiction, i.e. of another, bandon being from Low Latin bandum, bannum, order, decree, " ban ")

abandonment of See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity or their See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home in See also:

• MAURETANIA

Mauretania . They See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call themselves Imoshagh (" the See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble See also:

• PEOPLE

people "), another See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of Amazigh . They inhabit the See also:

• DESERT

desert from See also:

• TUAT

Tuat to See also:

• TIMBUKTU (French spelling Tombouctou)

Timbuktu and from See also:

• FEZZAN (the ancient Phazania, or country of the Garamantes)

Fezzan to See also:

• ZINDER

Zinder . The See also:

• TUAREG, or TAWAREK (more properly Tawarik, the collective form of tarki, from Arabic terek, to give up)

Tuareg See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country covers about 1,500,000 sq. m., less than 3000 acres of which are cultivated . There are only some See also:

• HALF

half-dozen commercial places in the whole See also:

• SAHARA

Sahara to which the Tuareg resort . These are the centres from which the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade routes radiate, See also:

• WARGLA

Wargla, Timbuktu, See also:

• GHAT, or RHAT

Ghat, See also:

• GHADAMES, GADAMES

Ghadames, Murzuk and Insalah . The Tuareg, at any See also:

• RATE

rate the noble class, are regarded as among the purest of the Berber See also:

• STOCKS

stocks, but with the See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of See also:

• ISLAM

Islam they have become largely Arabized in See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners and customs, though the See also:

• NOMAD (Gr. voµas, voµabes, wandering)

nomad Tuareg preserve in singular purity the Tamashek See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect of the Berber See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language . Their See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour is the reddish yellow of See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Europeans, the uncovered parts of the See also:

• BODY

body being, however, darker through exposure . Their See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair is See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black, and silky, beards black and thin; eyes black, some-times See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue; noses small; hands delicate, but bodies See also:

• MUSCULAR

muscular . They are a tall people, the chiefs being especially noted for their powerful build . They See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress generally in a black See also:

• TUNIC (0. Eng. tunice, tunical, taken, before the Norman con-quest, directly from Lat. tunica, of which the origin is unknown)

tunic (some tribes See also:

• WEAR

wear See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white), See also:

• TROUSERS

trousers girt with a woollen See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt, and wear as See also:

• TURBAN

turban a See also:

• CLOTH

cloth called litham, the end of which is See also:

• DRAWN

drawn over the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face, allowing nothing to be seen but the eyes and the tip of the See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose . The purpose of this is to protect the See also:

• THROAT (O. Eng. protu, prote or }Prota, possibly from preotan, to press, whence threat, or, with loss of initial s, connected with strut, to swell)

throat and lungs from the See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand .

These cloths are dark blue or white: the former being worn most by the nobles, the latter by the See also:

• COMMON

common people . To this difference of colour is due the terms " black " and " white " Tuareg . The Tuareg seldom remove their masks or face-cloths . Even abroad they wear them, and have been seen so dressed in the streets of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . The See also:

• ARABS

Arabs call them " People of the See also:

• VEIL (O.Fr. veile, mod. voile, from Lat. velum, cloth, awning, sail)

Veil." The Tuareg are divided into five See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main tribes or confederations of tribes: the Azgar (Asjer) about Ghat and Ghadames; the Kelui around See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

Air; the Hoggar (Ahaggar) in the mountains of that name and in the centre of the Sahara; the Awellimiden in the desert See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of Timbuktu; and the Arrerf Ahnet, a See also:

• RECENT

recent offshoot of the Hoggars living in the See also:

• ADRAR (Berber for "uplands ")

Adrar'n Ahnet region north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of the Hoggar See also:

• MASSIF

massif . Owing to their nomadic See also:

• LIFE

life their See also:

• POLITICAL

political organization is not so democratic as that of other Berber peoples; chiefs and the members of the popular See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly are nominally elective; practically, however, the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief is hereditary in a ruling See also:

• FAMILY

family . On a chief's See also:

• DEATH

death the office goes, with-the approval of the tribesmen, to the eldest son of his eldest See also:

• SISTER

sister, in no See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case to any of his sons . The Tuareg are nominally Mahommedans, and belong to the Malikite See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the See also:

• SUNNITES

Sunnites . The Senussite See also:

• SECT

sect, however, has many adherents, but more because of the Tuareg hatred of foreigners than from devoutness . A very few perform, by way of See also:

• TRIPOLI
• TRIPOLI (Tarabulus el-Gharb, i.e. Tripoli of the West)
• TRIPOLI, or TARABULUS (anc. Tripolis)

Tripoli, the See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage to See also:

• MECCA (Arab. Makkah)

Mecca . They have not many mosques, and these are merely small See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone enclosures a few feet high, with a See also:

• NICHE (through Fr. niche from Ital. nicchia, nicchio, shell; possibly from Lat. mitulus, a sea-mussel; cf. " napkin " from mappa)

niche at one end towards Mecca . There are a number of desert monasteries, huge camps pitched in a circle .

Here the See also:

• MARABOUT (the French form of the Arab. murdbit, " one who pickets his horse on a hostile frontier "; cf. Portug.marabute; Span. morabito)

marabout lives surrounded by his followers, shifting the " monastery " as the requirements of his flocks compel . In these monasteries many Tuareg See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children receive their See also:

• EDUCATION

education . Socially the Tuareg are divided into five classes, viz.: Thaggaren or nobles; Marabouts or priests; Imghad or See also:

• SERFS, SERROS

serfs; Ireghenaten or See also:

• CROSS

cross-breeds; and the slaves . The nobles are all pure-blooded, and provide the tribal chiefs . They do no See also:

• MANUAL

manual See also:

• WORK

work, but almost live in the See also:

• SADDLE (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Sattel, Dut. zadel, also in Russ. siedlo and Lat. sella, for sedla; it is not derived directly from Lat. sedile, which means a chair, but all the words are to be referred to the root sad-, which gives

saddle, either convoying those caravans which have paid See also:

• BLACKMAIL

blackmail for safe passage, or making raids on trade-routes or even outlying Arab settlements . Before the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French occupation they sometimes penetrated into the very See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart of See also:

• ALGERIA
• ALGERIA (Algerie)

Algeria and See also:

• TUNISIA (Regency of Tunis)

Tunisia . Among the Imghad See also:

• SERFDOM (from Fr. serf, Lat. servus, a servant or slave)

serfdom is hereditary, and whole tribes are vassals to the nobles . They cannot be sold or freed like slaves, though they may be inherited . Most of them have See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence and See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act as " squires " to the nobles on their pillaging expeditions . The cross-breeds are the descendants of mixed marriages between the nobles and serfs . These follow their See also:

• MOTHER

mother's status . The slaves are chiefly Sudanese negroes .

They are well treated and are practically members of the Tuareg family, but the Tuareg never intermarry with them . The Tuareg weapons are a straight two-edged See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword about 4 ft. long, a See also:

• DAGGER

dagger boundto the See also:

• LEFT

left forearm by a See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring, and a slender See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• LANCE

lance some 9 ft. long barbed for about a See also:

• FOOT

foot . On his right See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm the Tuareg See also:

• WARRIOR

warrior wears a heavy stone to give increased See also:

• WEIGHT

weight to his lance and sword-See also:

• PLAY

play or to See also:

• PARRY (from Fr. parer, to ward off)
• PARRY, SIR CHARLES HUBERT HASTINGS, BART
• PARRY, SIR WILLIAM EDWARD (179o–1855)

parry blows . Muskets are common, no noble or freedman being without one . Besides this the Tuareg carry leathern See also:

• SHIELDS, JAMES (181b-1879)

shields . In See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting, wooden missiles like boomerangs are used . Among the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low-See also:

• CASTE (through the Fr. from Span. and Port. casta, lineage, Lat. cast us, pure)

caste See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill tribes of Hoggar bows and arrows are the only weapons . Little is known of the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the Tuareg . The name is that given them by the Arabs . They are the descendants of those See also:

• BERBERS

Berbers who were driven into the desert by the See also:

• GREAT

great Arab invasion of North See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa in the See also:

• FIRTH, CHARLES HARDING (1857– )
• FIRTH, MARK (1819-1880)

firth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . See also:

• IBN

Ibn Khaldun in the r4th century locates them to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south and west of Tunisia . They were constantly at See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with the Arabs on the north, and the See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

Negro peoples of the See also:

• SUDAN (Arabic Bilad-es-Sudan, country of the blacks)

Sudan on the south .

For their relations with the French, with whom they came into contact after the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of Algeria, see SAHARA .