TURBINE (

See also:

• LAT

Lat. turbo, a whirlwind, a whirling

See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion ,or

See also:

• OBJECT

object, a

See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top)  , in engineering, a machine which applies the energy of a jet of water or steam to produce the rotation of a shaft . It consists essentially of a wheel or chamber provided with a number of blades or vanes upon which the fluid jet impinges; the impelled fluid causes the blades to rotate and also the shaft to which they are attached . Water turbines are treated under HYDRAULICS, and steam turbines under STEAM ENGINE . TURBOT' (Rhombus maximus or Psetta maxima), one of the largest and most valuable of the flat-fishes or Pleuronectidae . The turbot, which rarely exceeds a length of two feet, has great width of body, and is scaleless, but is covered with conical bony tubercles . The eyes are on the left side of the body, the lower being slightly in advance of the upper; the mouth is large and armed with teeth of uniformly minute size . The turbot is found all round the coasts of Europe (except in the extreme north), preferring a flat sandy bottom with from to to 50 fathoms of water . The broad banks off the Dutch coast are a favourite resort . It is a voracious fish, and feeds on other fish, crustaceans and molluscs . It seems to constantly change its abode, wandering northward during the summer, and going into deeper water in the cold season . The eggs of the turbot, like those of the majority of flat-fishes, are pelagic and buoyant . They are small and very numerous, varying from five to ten millions in fish of 18 to 21 lb weight .

The

young fish are symmetrical and . swim ' The word " turbot " is of great antiquity, perhaps of Celtic origin; it is preserved in French in the same form as in English, and is composed of two words, of which the second is identical with the " but in halibut and with the German " Butte," which signifies flat-fish . The German name for the turbot is " Steinbutte." vertically like the young of other Pleuronectids, but they reach a much larger size before metamorphosis than species of other genera, specimens from a in. to 1 in. in length being frequently taken swimming at the surface of the water and not completely converted into the adult condition . Specimens one year old are from 3 to 4 in. long, some perhaps larger . About 186o it was estimated that the Dutch supplied turbot to the London market to the value of £8o;000 a year . In 1900 the total weight of turbot landed on English and Welsh coasts for the year was according to the Board of Trade returns 60,715 cwt. valued at £252,680 . The turbot is also common, though not abundant, in the Mediterranean, and is replaced in the Black Sea by an allied species with much larger bony tubercles (Rh. maeoticus) . Both species grow to a large size, being usually sold at from 5 to 10 lb; but the common turbot is stated to attain to a weight of 30 lb .