TVER  , a See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of the same name, 104 M. by See also:

• RAIL

rail N.W. of See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow, on both See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the See also:

• VOLGA (known to the Tatars as Etil, Jill or Atel; to the Finnish tribes as Rau, and to the ancients as Rha and Oarus)

Volga (here crossed by a floating See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge) at its confluence with the Tvertsa . The See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low right See also:

• BANK

bank is protected from inundations by a See also:

• DAM

dam . Pop . (1885), 39,28o; (1900), 45,644 . Tver is an archiepiscopal see of the Orthodox See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church . The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest church See also:

• DATES

dates from 1564, and the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral from 1689 . A public See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden occupies the site of the former fortress . The See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city possesses a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good archaeological museum, housed in a former imperial See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace . The See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries have See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed greatly, especially those in See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• WORKS

works being cotton and See also:

• FLOUR

flour See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills, but there are also machinery works, See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass works, saw-mills, tanneries, railway See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage works and a steamer-See also:

• BUILDING

building See also:

• WHARF

wharf . Among the domestic industries are See also:

• NAIL (O. Eng. naegal, cf. Dutch, Ger., Swed. nagel; the word is also related to Lat. unguis, Gr. ovu, Sans. nakhas)

nail-making and the manufacture of See also:

• HOSIERY

hosiery for export to Moscow and St See also:

• PETERS (or PETER), HUGH (1598–166o)
• PETERS, KARL (1856– )

Peters-See also:

• BURG

burg . The See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic of the town is considerable, Tver being an intermediate See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place for the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade of both capitals with the governments of the upper Volga . Tver dates its origin from 118o, when a fort was erected at the mouth of the Tvertsa to protect the Suzdal principality against See also:

• NOVGOROD
• NOVGOROD (formerly known as V elikiy-Novgorod, Great Novgorod)

Novgorod .

In the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century it became the capital of an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent principality, and remained so until the end of the 15th century . See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael, See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of Tver, was killed (1318) fighting against the See also:

• TATARS (the common form Tartars is less correct)

Tatars, as also was See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander his son . It See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long remained an open question whether Moscow or Tver would ultimately gain the supremacy in See also:

• GREAT

Great Russia, and it was only with the help of the Tatars that the princes of the former eventually succeeded in breaking down the See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of Tver . In 1486, when the city was almost entirely burned down by the Muscovites, the son of See also:

• IVAN (JOHN)

Ivan III. became prince of Tver; the final See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation to Moscow followed four years later . In 1570 Tver had to endure, for some See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason now difficult to understand, the vengeance of Ivan the Terrible, who ordered the See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre of 90,000 inhabitants of the principality . In 1609-1612 the city was plundered both by the followers of the second false See also:

• DEMETRIUS

Demetrius and by the Poles .