TYPHUS See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

FEVER (from Gr. ri 4 os, See also:

• SMOKE (from O. Eng. smeocan, to smoke, reek, cf. Dutch meek, Ger. Schmauch, probably allied to Gr. vol9caiv)

smoke or mist, in allusion to the stupor of the disease)  , an acute infectious disease of highly contagious nature, lasting for about fourteen days, and characterized mainly by See also:

• GREAT

great prostration of strength,severe See also:

• NERVOUS

nervous symptoms, and a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar eruption on the skin . It has received numerous other names, such as pestilential, putrid, jail, See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever, exanthematic typhus, &c . It appears to have been known for many centuries as a destructive malady, frequently appearing in epidemic See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, in all countries in 'See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, under the conditions to be afterwards referred to . The best accounts of the disease are those given by old See also:

• ENGLISH

English writers, who narrate its ravages in towns and describe many " See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black assizes," in which it was communicated by prisoners brought into See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court to the See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges, jurymen, court officials, &c., with fatal effect . Typhus fever would seem to have been observed in almost all parts of the See also:

• WORLD

world; but it has most frequently prevailed in temperate or See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold climates . The conditions concerned in its See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production include both the predisposing and the exciting . Of the former the most powerful are those influences which See also:

• LOWER

lower the See also:

• HEALTH

health of a community, especially overcrowding and poverty . Hence this fever is most frequently found to affect the poor of large cities and towns, or to appear where large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of persons are living crowded together in unfavourable hygienic conditions, as has often been seen in prisons, workhouses, &c . Armies in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field are also liable to suffer from this disease; for instance, during the See also:

• CRIMEAN

Crimean See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War it caused an enormous mortality among the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French troops . Recently, however, an important See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of view of the connexion of typhus fever has arisen . See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor See also:

• MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF ST
• MATTHEW, ST (MaOOaior or MarOaIos, probably a shortened form of the Hebrew equivalent to Theodorus)
• MATTHEW, TOBIAS

Matthew See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

Hay (See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of Public Health, See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1907) attributes the spread of typhus fever to fleas . His observations are based on the epidemic in See also:

• ABERDEEN
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE GORDON, 1ST EARL O (1637-1720)
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE HAMILTON GORDON, 4TH EARL

Aberdeen .

He sums up his conclusions in the following manner: (1) Every See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case in hospital examined by Professor Hay and his assistants was See also:

• FLEA (O. Eng. fleah, or flea, cognate with flee, to run away from, to take flight)

flea bitten, and those of the See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff who complained of flea bites were attacked . Care was exercised to distinguish between flea bites and petechiae . (2) Where a patient was apparently See also:

• FREE

free from bites it was found he had been in contact with verminous families . (3) The disease did not spread in clean houses with clean inhabitants, even when a typhus patient remained in the dwelling during his entire illness . (4) All nurses or wards-maids who were attacked were in contact with the patients when they were first admitted . No See also:

• NURSE (a shortened form of the earlier " nourice," adapted through the French from Lat. nutrix, nu/rite, to nourish)

nurse, wards-maid or See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor who had been in See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close contact with the cases when cleaned contracted the disease: (5) An See also:

• AMBULANCE (from the Fr. ambulance, formerly hopital ambulant, derived from the Lat. amlrulare, to move about)

ambulance See also:

• DRIVER, SAMUEL ROLLES (1846– )

driver who complained of being pestered by fleas contracted typhus fever, but when the ambulance staff were adequately protected from fleas no other cases See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed . Typhus is now regarded as certainly due to the See also:

• ACTION

action of some specific micro-organism (see PARASITIC DISEASES), but the See also:

• BACTERIOLOGY

bacteriology is still imperfect . In 1891 Jaroslav Hlava, of See also:

• PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)

Prague, found in the See also:

• BLOOD

blood of 20 out of 33 cases of typhus a well-defined organism which he termed the strepto-bacillus . Lewaschew in 1892 found in the blood and See also:

• SPLEEN (Gr. o-1rXilv)

spleen of typhus patients small See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round highly refractive actively-moving bodies lying between the corpuscles . Sometimes these bodies were flagellate . Dubieff and See also:

• BRUHL
• BRUHL, HEINRICH, COUNT VON (1700-1763)

Bruhl also found a diplococcus in the blood which they named the diplococcus exanthematicus . The course of typhus fever is characterized by certain well-marked stages .

1 . The See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of See also:

• INCUBATION

incubation, or the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period elapsing between the reception of the fever See also:

• POISON

poison into the See also:

• SYSTEM

system and the manifestation of the See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of the disease, is believed to vary from a See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week to ten days . During this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, beyond feelings of languor, no particular symptoms are exhibited . 2 . The invasion of the fever is in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general well marked and severe, in the form of a distinct rigor, or of feelings of chilliness lasting for See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours, and a sense of illness and prostration, together with headache of a distressing See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and sleeplessness . Feverish symptoms soon appear and the temperature of the See also:

• BODY

body rises to a considerable height (103°–105°F.), at which it continues with little daily variation until about the period of the crisis . It is, however, of importance to observe certain points connected with the temperature during the progress of this fever . Thus about the seventh See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day the See also:

• ACME (Gr. 6.Kµii, point)

acme of the fever See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat has been reached, and a slight subsidence (I° or less) of the temperature takes See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in favourable cases, and no further subsequent rise beyond this lowered level occurs . When it is otherwise, the case often proves a severe one . Again, when the fever has advanced towards the end of the second week, slight falls of temperature are often observed, See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior to the extensive descent which marks the attainment of the crisis . The See also:

• PULSE

pulse in See also:

• HISTORY

HISTORY] typhus fever is rapid (1oo-12o or more) and at first full, but later on feeble . Its See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition as indicating the strength of the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart's action is watched with anxiety .

The See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue, at first coated with a See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur, soon becomes See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown and dry, while sordes (dried mucus, &c.) accumulate upon the See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth; the appetite is gone; and intense thirst prevails . The bowels are as a See also:

• RULE

rule constipated, and the urine is diminished in amount and high coloured . The physician may make out distinct enlargement of the spleen . 3 . The third stage is characterized by the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of the eruption, which generally shows itself about the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth or fifth day or later, and consists of dark red (mulberry-coloured) spots or blotches varying in See also:

• SIZE

size from See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere points to three or four lines in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter, very slightly elevated above the skin, at first disappearing on pressure, but tending to become both darker in See also:

• HUE

hue and more permanent . They appear chiefly on the See also:

• ABDOMEN (a Latin word, either from abdere, to hide, or from a form adipomen, from adeps, fat)

abdomen, sides, back and limbs, and occasionally on the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face . Besides this characteristic typhus rash, there is usually a general faint mottling all over the See also:

• SURFACE

surface . The typhus rash is rarely absent and is a very important diagnostic of the disease . In the more severe and fatal forms of the fever the rash has all through a very dark See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, and slight subcutaneous haemorrhages (petechiae) are to be seen in abundance . After the appearance of the eruption the patient's condition seems to be easier, so far as regards the headache and discomfort which marked the outset of the symptoms; but this is also to be ascribed to the tendency to pass into the typhous stupor which supervenes about this time, and becomes more marked throughout the course of the second week . On the examination of the blood a marked leucocytosis is See also:

• PRESENT

present This is considered to be diagnostic in doubtful cases when the rash is badly marked . The patient now lies on his back, with a dull dusky countenance, an apathetic or stupid expression, and contracted pupils .

All the febrile symptoms already mentioned are fully developed, and See also:

• DELIRIUM (a Latin medical term for madness, from delirare, to be mad, literally to wander from the lira, or furrow)

delirium, usually of a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low muttering See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, but sometimes See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild and maniacal (delirium ferox), is present both by See also:

• NIGHT

night and day . The peculiar condition to which the See also:

• TERM

term " See also:

• COMA (Gr. K(.7)

coma See also:

• VIGIL (Lat. vigilia, "watch ")

vigil " is applied, in which the patient, though quite unconscious, lies with eyes widely open, is regarded, especially if persisting for any length of time, as an unfavourable See also:

• OMEN (a Latin word, either connected with os, mouth, or more probably with auris (Gr. ois, ear; apparently, meaning " a thing heard " or " spoken ")

omen . Throughout the second week the symptoms continue unabated; but there is in addition great weakness, the pulse becoming very feeble, the breathing shallow and rapid, and often accompanied with bronchial sounds . 4 . A crisis or favourable change takes place about the end of the second or beginning of the third week (on an See also:

• AVERAGE

average the r4th day), and is marked by a more or less abrupt fall of the temperature and of the pulse, together with slight See also:

• PERSPIRATION (Lat. per, through, and spirare, to breathe)

perspiration, a See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge of loaded urine, the return of moisture to the tongue, and by a change in the patient's look, which shows signs of returning intelligence . Although the sense of weakness is extreme, convalescence is in general steady and comparatively rapid . Typhus fever may, however, prove fatal during any stage of its progress and in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early convalescence, either from sudden failure of the heart's action—a condition which is specially See also:

• APT

apt to arise—from the supervention of some nervous symptoms, such as See also:

• MENINGITIS (from Gr. z veyE, a membrane)

meningitis or of deepening coma, or from some other complication, such as See also:

• BRONCHITIS

bronchitis . Further, a fatal result sometimes takes place before the crisis from sheer exhaustion, particularly in the case of those whose See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical or nervous energies have been lowered by hard See also:

• WORK

work, inadequate nourishment and See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep, or intemperance . Occasionally troublesome sequelae remain for a greater or less length of time . Among these may be mentioned See also:

• MENTAL

mental weakness or irritability, occasionally some form of See also:

• PARALYSIS, or PALSY (from Gr. aapal,6a , to relax; Wycliffe has palesy, and another old form of the word is parlesy)

paralysis, an inflamed condition of the lymphatic vessels of one See also:

• LEG
• LEG (a word of Scandinavian origin, from the Old Norwegian leggr, cf. Swed. lagg, Dan. laeg; the O. Eng. word was sceanca, shank)

leg (the swelled leg of fever), prolonged weakness and See also:

• ILL

ill health, &c . See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

Gradual improvement, however, may be confidently anticipated and even ultimately recovery . The mortality from typhus fever is estimated by See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• MURCHISON, SIR RODERICK IMPEY (1792-1871)

Murchison (183o-1879) and others as averaging about 18% of the cases, but it varies much according to the severity of type (particularly in epidemics), the previous health and habits of the individual, and very specially the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age—the proportion of deaths being in striking relation to the advance of See also:

• LIFE

life .

Thus, while in See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children under fifteen the See also:

• DEATH

death-See also:

• RATE

rate is only 5 %, in persons over fifty it is about 46% . The treatment of typhus fever includes the prophylactic See also:

• MEASURES

measures of See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the sanitation of the more densely populated See also:

• POR

por-Treatment. tions of towns . Where typhus has broken out in a crowded See also:

• DISTRICT

district the prompt removal of the patients to a fever hospital and the thorough disinfection and cleansing of the infected houses are to be recommended . Where, however, a single case of accidentally caught typhus occurs in a member of a See also:

• FAMILY

family inhabiting a well-aired See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, the See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance of it being communicated to others in the dwelling is small; nevertheless every precaution in the way of See also:

• ISOLATION

isolation and disinfection should be taken . The treatment of a typhus patient is conducted upon the same general principles as in typhoid . See also:

• COMPLETE

Complete isolation should be maintained throughout the illness, and due attention given to the See also:

• VENTILATION (Lat. ventilare, from ventus, wind)

ventilation and cleansing of the sick chamber . Open-See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air treatment when practicable greatly reduces the temperature . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element in the treatment of this fever is See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• NURSING

nursing, and especially509 the See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of nutriment, of which the best form is See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk, although See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain soup may also be given . The See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food should be administered at stated intervals, not, as a rule, oftener than once in one and a See also:

• HALF

half or two hours, and it will frequently be necessary to rouse the patient from his stupor for this purpose . Sometimes it is impossible to administer food by the mouth, in which case recourse must be had to nutrient enemata . Alcoholic stimulants are not often required, except in the case of elderly and weakly persons who have become greatly exhuasted by the attack and are threatening to collapse . When the pulse shows unsteadiness and undue rapidity, and the first See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound of the heart is but indistinctly heard by the See also:

• STETHOSCOPE (Gr. vrijOos, chest, and UK07r6.v, to look, examine)

stethoscope, the prompt administration of stimulants (of which the best form is pure spirit) will often succeed in averting danger .

Should their use appear to increase the restlessness or delirium they should be discontinued and the diffusible (ammoniacal or ethereal) forms tried instead . Many other symptoms demand special treatment . The headache may be mitigated by removing the See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair and applying cold to the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head . The sleeplessness, with or without delirium, may be combated by quietness, by a moderately darkened See also:

• ROOM

room (although a distinction between day and night should be made as regards the amount of admitted light), and by soothing and See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle dealing on the See also:

• PART

part of the nurse . Opiate and sedative medicines in any form, although recommended by many high authorities, must be given with great caution, as their use is often attended with danger in this fever, where coma is apt to supervene . When resorted to, probably the safest form is a See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of the bromide of See also:

• POTASSIUM [symbol K (from kalium), atomic weight 39.114 0=16)]

potassium or ammonium with a guarded amount of See also:

• CHLORAL

chloral . Alarming effects sometimes follow the administration of See also:

• OPIUM (Gr. amov, dim. from Orbs, juice)

opium . Occasionally the deep stupor calls for remedies to rouse the patient, and these may be employed in the form of See also:

• MUSTARD

mustard or See also:

• CANTHARIDES, or SPANISH FLIES

cantharides to the surface (calves of legs, nape of See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck, over region of heart, &c.), of the cold affusion, or of enemata containing See also:

• TURPENTINE (in M. Eng. turbentine, adapted through the O. Fr. turbentine or terebentine from Lat. terebinthina, sc. resina, resin of the terebinth, Gr. eepiOtvOos or eippavOos)

turpentine . The height of the temperature may be a serious symptom, and antipyretic remedies appear to have but a slight See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence over it as compared to that which they possess in typhoid fever, acute See also:

• RHEUMATISM (from Gr. /56µa, flux)

rheumatism, &c . See also:

• HUGO, GUSTAV VON (1764–1844)
• HUGO, VICTOR MARIE (1802-1885)

Hugo Wilhelm von Ziemssen (1829–1902) strongly recommends See also:

• BATHS

baths in hyperpyrexia, the temperature of the See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

bath being gradually reduced by the addition of See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice . Cold sponging of the hands and feet and exposed parts, or cold to the head, may often considerably lower the temperature . Throughout the progress of a case the condition of the See also:

• BLADDER (from A.S. blaeddre, connected with bl¢wan, to blow, cf. Ger. blase)

bladder requires special attention, owing to the patient's drowsiness, and the regular use of the catheter becomes, as a rule, necessary with the advance of the symptoms .