TYRTAEUS  , See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek elegiac poet, lived at See also:

• SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 7th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C . According to the older tradition he was a native of the See also:

• ATTIC (i.e. "in the Attic style ")

Attic deme of Aphidnae, and was invited to Sparta at the See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion of the Delphic See also:

• ORACLE (Lat. oraculum, from ora' to pray; the corresponding Greek word is uavreiov or Xpnuri7pwov)

oracle to assistthe Spartans in the second Messenian See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . According to a later version, he was a lame schoolmaster, sent by the Athenians as likely to be of the least assistance to the Spartans (See also:

• JUSTIN (JUNIANUS JUSTINUS)

Justin iii . 5; See also:

• THEMISTIUS (317--?387)

Themistius, Orat. xv . 242; Diod . Sic. xv . 67) . A fanciful explanation of his lameness is that it alludes to the elegiac See also:

• COUPLET

couplet, one See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse of which is shorter than the other . According to See also:

• PLATO

Plato (See also:

• LAWS

Laws, p . 629 A), the citizenship of Sparta was conferred upon Tyrtaeus, although See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus (ix . 35) makes no mention of him among the foreigners so honoured . Basing his inference on the ground that Tyrtaeus speaks of himself as a See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen of Sparta (Fr .

2), See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo (viii . 362) is inclined to reject the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of his Athenian origin . SuIdas speaks of him as " Laconian or Milesian "; possibly he visited See also:

• MILETUS (mod. Palatia)

Miletus in his youth, where he became See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar with the Ionic See also:

• ELEGY

elegy . Busolt, who suggests that Tyrtaeus was a native of Aphidnae in See also:

• LACONIA
• LACONIA (Gr. AaKWVLK1])

Laconia, conjectures that the entire See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend may have been concocted in connexion with the expedition sent to the assistance of Sparta in her struggle with the revolted See also:

• HELOTS (Gr. eYAwres or eiXiorat)

Helots at Ithome (464) . However this may be, it is generally admitted that Tyrtaeus flourished during the second Messenian war (c . 65o B.C.) —a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of remarkable musical and poetical activity at Sparta, when poets like See also:

• TERPANDER

Terpander and Thaletas were welcomed —that he not only wrote See also:

• POETRY

poetry but served in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field, and that he endeavoured to compose the See also:

• INTERNAL

internal dissensions of Sparta (See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle, Politics, v . 6) by inspiring the citizens with a patriotic love for their fatherland . About twelve fragments (three of them See also:

• COMPLETE

complete poems) are preserved in Strabo, See also:

• LYCURGUS
• LYCURGUS (c. 396–325 B.C.)
• LYCURGUS (Gr. AvKofpyor)

Lycurgus, See also:

• STOBAEUS, JOANNES

Stobaeus and others . They are mainly elegiac and in the Ionic See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect, written partly in praise of the Spartan constitution and' See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• THEOPOMPUS (b. c. 380)

Theopompus (Ebvopla), partly to stimulate the Spartan soldiers to deeds of heroism in the field (`Tsro8ilsacthe See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title is, however, later than Tyrtaeus) . The See also:

• INTEREST

interest of the fragments preserved from the Ebvoµia is mainly See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical, and connected with the first Messenian war . ' The `TsroOiKat, which are of considerable merit, contain exhortations to bravery and a warning against the disgrace of cowardice . The popularity of these elegies in the Spartan See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army was such that, according to See also:

• ATHENAEUS

Athenaeus (xiv .

63o F), it became the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom for the soldiers to sing them See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp fires at See also:

• NIGHT

night, the polemarch rewarding the best See also:

• SINGER, SIMEON (1846-1906)

singer with a piece of flesh . Of the marchingsongs ('Eµ0arr7pca), written in the anapaestic measure and the Doric dialect, only scanty fragments remain (Lycurgus, In Leocratem, p . 211, § 107; See also:

• PAUSANIAS

Pausanias iv . 14, 5 . 15, 2; fragments in T . See also:

• BERGK, THEODOR (1812—1881)

Bergk, Poetae lyrici graeci, ii.) . Verrall (Classical See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review, See also:

• JULY

July 1896, May 1897) definitely places the lifetime of Tyrtaeus in the middle of the 5th century B.c., while Schwartz (See also:

• HERMES
• HERMES, GEORG (1775-1831)

Hermes, 1899, xxxiv.) disputes the existence of the poet altogether; see also Macan in Classical Review (See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1897) ; H . Weil, Etudes sur l'antiquite grecque (1900), and C . Giarratani, Tirteo e i suoi carmi (1905) . There are See also:

• ENGLISH

English verse See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations by R . Polwhele (1792) and imitations by H . J .

See also:

• PYE, HENRY JAMES (1745-1813)

Pye, poet See also:

• LAUREATE (Lat. laureatus, from laurea, the laurel tree)

laureate (1795), and an See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian version by F . See also:

• CAVALLOTTI, FELICE (1842-1898)

Cavallotti, with See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text, introduction and notes (1898) . The fragment beginning TeOvapivac yap KaX6v has been translated by See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER (1788–1866)
• CAMPBELL, BEATRICE STELLA (Mrs PATRICK CAMPBELL) (1865– )
• CAMPBELL, GEORGE (1719–1796)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN
• CAMPBELL, JOHN (1708-1775)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN CAMPBELL, BARON (1779-1861)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN FRANCIS
• CAMPBELL, LEWIS (1830-1908)
• CAMPBELL, REGINALD JOHN (1867— )
• CAMPBELL, THOMAS (1777—1844)

Campbell, the poet . The edition by C . A . See also:

• KLOTZ, REINHOLD (1807-1870)

Klotz (1827) contains a dissertation on the war-songs of different countries .