ULM  , a fortress-See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, in the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• WURTTEMBERG

Wurttemberg, situated on the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube, in a fertile See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the Swabian See also:

• ALPS

Alps, 58 m. by See also:

• RAIL

rail S.E. of See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart and 63 m . N.W. of See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich . Pop . (19os), 51,680 . Ulm still preserves the dignified and old-fashioned See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of a See also:

• FREE

free imperial See also:

• TOWN

town, and contains many See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval buildings of historic and of See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic See also:

• INTEREST

interest . Among these are the town See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall, of the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, in the Transition See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style from See also:

• LATE

late See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic to See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance, restored in See also:

• RECENT

recent years; the Kornhaus; the Ehingerhaus or Neubronnerhaus, now containing the See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial museum; and the See also:

• COMMANDERY (through the Fr. commanderie, from med. Lat. commendaria, a trust or charge)

commandery of the See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order. built in 1712–1718 on the site of a habitation of the order dating from the 13th century, and now used as See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks . The magnificent See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Gothic See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral is capable of containing 30,000 See also:

• PEOPLE

people . Begun in 1377, and carried on at intervals till the 16th century, the See also:

• BUILDING

building was See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long left unfinished; but in 1844 the See also:

• WORK

work of restoration and completion was begun, being completed in 189o . Ulm cathedral has See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double aisles and a pentagonal apsidal See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir, but no transepts . Its length (outside measurement) is 464 ft., its breadth 159 ft.; the See also:

• NAVE

nave is 136 ft. high and 47z wide; the aisles, which are covered with See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• NET

net-vaulting, are 68 ft. in height . The massive and richly decorated square See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower in the centre of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• FACADE

facade, which for centuries terminated in a temporary See also:

• SPIRE

spire, was completed in 189o, according to the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original plans, by the addition of an octagonal See also:

• STOREY (equivalents are Fr. etage, Ital. piano, Ger. Stock)

storey and a tall open spire (528 ft.), the loftiest ecclesiastical erection in the See also:

• WORLD

world, outstripping the twin See also:

• SPIRES (Ger. Speyer or Speier)

spires of See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne cathedral by 21 ft . The towers of the choir, rebuilt in the course of the restoration, are 282 ft. high .

The cathedral contains some See also:

• FINE

fine stained See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass, the largest See also:

• ORGAN

organ in Germany (1856), and a number of interesting old paintings and carvings by Jorg Syrlin the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder, Jorg Syrlin the younger, Burkhard Engelberger, and other masters of the Swabian school . It belongs to the See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church . Trinity church See also:

• DATES

dates from 1617–1621, and there are also four See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic churches and a See also:

• SYNAGOGUE (avvaywyii)
• SYNAGOGUE, UNITED

synagogue . The Danube, joined by the See also:

• ILLER

Iller just above the town and by the Blau just below, here becomes navigable, so that Ulm occupies the important commercial position of a terminal See also:

• RIVER

river-See also:

• PORT

port . Hence there is See also:

• WATER

water communication with the See also:

• NECKAR

Neckar, and so to the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine and into the interior of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . The See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market for See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather and See also:

• CLOTH

cloth is important, and Ulm is famous for its vegetables (especially See also:

• ASPARAGUS

asparagus), See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, See also:

• BEER

beer, See also:

• PIPE

pipe-See also:

• BOWLS

bowls and sweet cakes (Ulmer Zuckerbrot) . See also:

• BLEACHING

Bleaching, See also:

• BREWING

brewing and See also:

• BRASS
• BRASS (O. Eng. braes)

brass-See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding are carried on, as well as a large See also:

• MISCELLANY

miscellany of manufactures . Ulm has long been a fortress of the first See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank . In 1844–1859 the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

Confederation carefully fortified it, and in 1876the new German See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire added a comprehensive See also:

• OUTER

outer See also:

• GIRDLE (O. Eng. gyrdel, from gyrdan, to gird; cf. Ger. Gurtel, Dutch gordel, from giirten and gorden; "gird" and its doublet " girth " together with the other Teutonic cognates have been referred by some to the root ghar—to seize, enclose, seen in Gr. )(s

girdle of detached forts, culminating in the powerful citadel of Wilhelmsburg . The long straight lines of See also:

• WORKS

works which stretched to the See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau of the Michelsberg and formed the outworks of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main fortress on the left bank of the Danube were See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased in 'goo by the municipal authorities, in order to be levelled and laid out in streets for the See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the town in this direction . The fortifications also of Neu-Ulm, on the Bavarian See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the Danube, were ordered to be razed and devoted to municipal purposes . The citadel of Wilhelmsburg remains, and also the defences on the left bank of the Danube, further extended and strengthened .

Ulm is the basis of operations for the German See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army behind the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• FOREST

Forest, and can easily shelter a force of 1oo,000 men; its See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison is 5600 . Ulm is mentioned as early as 854, and under the Carolingian sovereigns it was the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of several assemblies . It became a town in 1027, and was soon the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the duchy of See also:

• SWABIA, SUABIA

Swabia . Although burned down by See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry the See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

Lion, it soon recovered from this disaster and became a free imperial town in 1155 . Towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages it appears several times at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of leagues of the Swabian towns . Its See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade and See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce prospered and in the 15th century it attained the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of its prosperity, ruling over a See also:

• DISTRICT

district about 300 sq . M. in extent, and having a See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of about 6o,000 . In 1803 it lost its freedom and passed to See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria, being ceded to Wurttemberg in 1809 . In See also:

• OCTOBER

October 18o5 See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General Mack with 23,000 Austrians capitulated here to See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon . Ulm is remarkable in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of German literature as the spot where the See also:

• MEISTERSINGER (Ger. for " master-singer ")

Meistersinger lingered longest, preserving without See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text and without notes the traditional See also:

• LORE
• LORE, AMBROISE DE (1396-1446)

lore of their See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft . In 183o there were twelve Meistersinger alive in Ulm, but in 1839 the four survivors formally made over their insignia and gild See also:

• PROPERTY

property to a See also:

• MODERN

modern singing society and closed the See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of the Meistergesang in Germany . See E .

Nubling, Ulms See also:

• HANDEL, GEORGE FREDERICK (1685–1759)

Handel and Gewerbe See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im Mittelalter (Ulm, 1892–1900) ; G . See also:

• FISCHER
• FISCHER, EMIL (1852– )
• FISCHER, ERNST KUNO BERTHOLD (1824–1907)

Fischer, Geschichte der Stadt Ulm (Stuttgart, 1863) ; Pressel, Ulmisches Urkundenbuch (Stuttgart, 1873) ; and Ulm and sein See also:

• MUNSTER
• MUNSTER, SEBASTIAN (1489-1552)

Munster (Ulm, 1877) ; Schultes, Chronik von Ulm (Stuttgart, 1881 and 1886) ; Hassler, Ulms Kunstgeschichte im Mittelalter (Stuttgart, 1872) ; and Das rote See also:

• BACH, JOHANN SEBASTIAN (1685–1750)
• BACH, KARL PHILIPP EMANUEL (1714-1788)

Bach der Stadt Ulm, edited by C . Mollvo (1904) .