THE See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

UNION See also:

• LEAGUE

LEAGUE OF See also:

• AMERICA

AMERICA  , sometimes called the Loyal See also:

• LEAGUE

League, an organization for See also:

• POLITICAL

political purposes of See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern whites, later of See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern blacks, which originated in See also:

• OHIO

Ohio in 1862 when the Confederate military successes and political disaffection in the Northern states made the outlook for the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North seem doubtful . Within one See also:

• YEAR

year it had spread over eighteen Northern states and among the Unionists of the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South . The See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order raised troops, paid their expenses, sent supplies to the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field and distributed political literature . At the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war it worked for See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical reconstruction of the Southern states, See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment of the Southern leaders, See also:

• CONFISCATION (from Lat. confiscare, to consign to the fiscus, or imperial treasury)

confiscation of See also:

• PROPERTY

property and See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro See also:

• SUFFRAGE (Lat. suffragium)

suffrage . The Southern Unio lists hoped to make it the See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus of a new political party, but this was frustrated by the See also:

• ADMISSION

admission of the blacks for political purposes, after which the Southern whites generally deserted the League . After the Freedmen's See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

Bureau agents and other Northern whites obtained command of the League in the South it became simply a See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine to See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control the votes of the blacks . The League ceased to be important in the North, though headquarters were in New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

City . Each Southern See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state had its See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council and each See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county one or more See also:

• COUNCILS

councils . A constitution and an elaborate See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual were adopted, making it an See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath-See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret order, whose members were sworn to support one another on all occasions, to See also:

• VOTE

vote in elections only for negroes or Northern men, and to overthrow the Southern " See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• OLIGARCHY (Gr. oXiyot, few, apxil, rule)

oligarchy." No ex-Confederate and few Southern Unionists were permitted to join . At each See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting the members were taught from a See also:

• CATECHISM (from Gr. Karnxeiv, teach by word of mouth)

catechism prepared by Radical members of See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress that they must beware of their white neighbours as their worst enemies, that the Democratic party, to which the Southern whites belonged, See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad opposed emancipation and was still opposed to any rights for the negro . In order to prevent moral control of the negroes by former masters, the League, by an " See also:

• EXODUS, BOOK OF
• EXODUS, THE

exodus order," required all negroes who were See also:

• STILT

stilt living with their former masters to find other homes . The negroes were taught the equality of men and the right of the negro to his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master's property .

The votes of blacks, during reconstruction, were controlled by the few white Radical leaders . No negro could safely break away and vote independently . Negroes who voted with the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of the Southern whites were persecuted, beaten or (as in a few cases) killed . The League died out about 187o, but not before it had succeeded, with the Freedmen's Bureau and other forces, in permanently arraying the blacks and whites into opposing political parties . (W . L .