UTAH  ,' one of the Central Western states of the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America . It lies between latitudes 370 and 42° N. and between longitudes 32° and 37° W. from See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington (i.e. about lo9° 1' 34" and 114° 1' 34" respectively W. of See also:

• GREENWICH

Greenwich) . The See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state is bounded wholly by meridians and See also:

• PARALLELS

parallels, and is bordered on the N. by See also:

• IDAHO

Idaho and See also:

• WYOMING

Wyoming, on the E. by Wyoming and See also:

• COLORADO

Colorado, on the S. by See also:

• ARIZONA (from the Spanish-Indian Arizonac, of unknown meaning,—possibly " few springs,"-the name of an 18th-century mining camp in the Santa Cruz valley, just S. of the present border of Arizona)

Arizona, and on the W. by See also:

• NEVADA
• NEVADA (a Spanish word meaning " snow-clad " or " snowy land," originally applied to a snow-capped mountain range on the Pacific slope)

Nevada . Utah has an See also:

• AREA

area of 84,990 sq. m., of which 2806 sq. m. are See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• SURFACE

surface, including See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

Salt, Utah and other lakes . The state has a maximum length of 345 M . N. and S., and a maximum width of about 28o m . E. and W . See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Features.—The eastern portion of Utah consists of high plateaus, and constitutes a See also:

• PART

part of the Colorado See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

Plateau See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province . The remaining western portion of the state is See also:

• LOWER

lower, belongs in the Great See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

Basin province, and is characterized by See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain ranges separated by See also:

• DESERT

desert basins . The high plateaus consist of great blocks of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth's crust which are separated from each other by See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault-lines, and which have been uplifted to different heights . Erosion has See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed deep and sometimes broad valleys along the fault-lines and elsewhere, so that many of the blocks and portions of blocks are isolated from their neighbours . As a See also:

• RULE

rule 1 The name is that of a Shoshonean See also:

• INDIAN

Indian tribe, more commonly called See also:

• UTE
• UTE, or UTAH

Ute.813 the blocks have not been greatly tilted or deformed, but consist of nearly See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal layers of See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone, shales and See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone .

In some cases these sedimentary rocks See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie deeply buried under lavas poured out by volcanoes See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct . The plateau summits rise to elevations of 9000, 10,000 and ii,000 ft., are generally forested, but are too difficult of See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to be much inhabited . The See also:

• PEOPLE

people live along the streams in the valleys between the plateaus . In the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern part of the state the high plateaus are terminated by a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of See also:

• GIANT (O.E. geant, through Fr. giant, O.Fr. gaiant, jaiant, jeant, med. pop. Lat. gagante—cf. Ital. gigante—by assimilation from gigantem, ace. of Lat. gigas, Gr. yiyas)

giant terraces which descend to the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general level of the See also:

• GRAND

Grand See also:

• CANYON (Anglicized form of Span. canon, a tube, pipe or cannon; the Spanish form being also frequently written)

Canyon See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

Platform in See also:

• NORTHERN

northern Arizona . The terraces represent the out-cropping edges of hard sandstone layers included in the series of plateau sediments, and are named according to the See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour of the See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock exposed in the south-facing escarpments, the See also:

• PINK

Pink Cliffs (highest), See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White Cliffs and See also:

• VERMILION

Vermilion Cliffs . A still lower See also:

• TERRACE (Fr. terrace, terrasse, from It. terraccia, terrazzo, Lat. terra, earth)

terrace, terminating in the Shinarump Cliffs, is less conspicuous; but the higher ones afford magnificent scenery . The northernmost member of the high plateaus is a broad See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west trending See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch known as the Uinta Mountains . See also:

• LOCAL

Local glaciation has carved the higher levels of this range into a See also:

• MAZE

maze of amphitheatres containing lakes, separated from each other by aretes and alpine peaks . Among the peaks are See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King's Peaks (13,498 ft. and 13,496 ft.), the highest points in the state; Mt . See also:

• EMMONS, EBENEZER (1800-1863)
• EMMONS, NATHANAEL (1745–1840)

Emmons (13,428 ft.); See also:

• GILBERT
• GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
• GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
• GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
• GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
• GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
• GILBERT, J
• GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
• GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
• GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
• GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
• GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
• GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )

Gilbert See also:

• PEAK, THE

Peak (13,422 ft.) ; Mt . Lovenia (13,250 ft.) ; and Tokewanna Peak (13,200 ft.) . In the south-eastern part of the state are lower desert plateaus, and several mountain See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups which do not properly belong to the plateau See also:

• SYSTEM

system .

Most interesting among these are the See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry Mountains, formed by the intrusion of molten igneous rock between the layers of sediments, causing the overlying layers to arch up into See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome mountains . Stream erosion has dissected these domes far enough to reveal the core of the igneous rock and to give a rugged See also:

• TOPOGRAPHY
• TOPOGRAPHY (Gr. Toros, place, -partied', to write)

topography . The highest peaks exceed x1,000 ft . By far the greater part of the high plateau See also:

• DISTRICT

district is drained by the Colorado See also:

• RIVER

river and its branches, the most important of which are the See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green, Grand and See also:

• SAN

San Juan, portions of whose courses lie in canyons of remarkable grandeur . The western members of the high plateaus drain into the Great Basin for the most part, and in this drainage system the See also:

• SEVIER, JOHN (1745-1815)

Sevier river is perhaps most prominent . Inasmuch as the streams entering the basin have no outlet to the ocean, their See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters disappear by evaporation, either directly from alluvial slopes over which they pass, or from saline lakes occupying depressions between the mountain ranges . The lower basin portion of Utah is separated from the high plateaus by a series of great fault scarps, by which one descends abruptly to a level of but 5000 or 6000 ft . One of the fault scarps is known as the See also:

• HURRICANE

Hurricane Ledge, and continues as a prominent landmark from a point south of the Grand Canyon in Arizona to the central part of Utah, where it is replaced by other scarps farther east . The See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor of the Basin Region is formed of See also:

• ALLUVIUM

alluvium washed from the high plateaus and mountain ranges, a part of which has accumulated in alluvial fans, and part in the greatly See also:

• EXPANDED

expanded lakes which existed here in the glacial See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . This alluvium gives gently sloping or level desert plains, from which isolated mountain ranges rise like islands from the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . The barren " mud flats," frequently found on the desert floor, result from the drying up of temporary shallow lakes, or playas . See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake See also:

• BONNEVILLE, BENJAMIN L

Bonneville is the name given to the most important of the much greater lakes of the glacial period, whose old See also:

• SHORE

shore-lines are plainly visible on many mountain slopes .

Great Salt Lake (q.v.) is a shrunken remnant of Lake Bonneville . The mountain ranges of the Basin Region are most frequently formed by faulted and tilted blocks of the earth's crust, which have been carved by stream erosion into rugged shapes . Oquirrh, Tintic, See also:

• BEAVER
• BEAVER (from Fr. baviere, a child's bib, from bane, saliva)

Beaver, See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House and See also:

• MINERAL

Mineral Mountains are typical examples of these north-south " basin ranges," which rise abruptly from the desert plains and are themselves partial deserts . The Wasatch Mountain range constitutes the eastern margin of the Great Basin in central and northern Utah, and resembles the true basin ranges in that it is formed by a great See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block of the earth's crust uptilted along a north-south fault-See also:

• LINE

line . Its steep fault scarp faces west, and rises from 4000 to 6000 ft. above the basin floor; the eastern slope is more See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle, but both slopes are much scored by deep canyons, some of which have been modified in See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form by See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient glaciers . Among the highest summits are Timpanogos Peak (11,957 ft.), Mt . See also:

• NEBO, or NABU (" the proclaimer ")

Nebo (11,887 ft.), Twin Peak (11,563 ft.), and Lone Peak (11,295 ft.) . At the western See also:

• BASE

base of the Wasatch are Salt Lake See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

City, See also:

• OGDEN

Ogden, See also:

• PROVO

Provo and other smaller towns, situated where streams issue from the mountains, soon to disappear on the desert plains . In such places See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture is made possible by See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation, and the Mormon villages, both here and farther south along the base of the Hurricane Ledge, depend largely on this See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry . Important See also:

• MINING

mining operations are carried on in the Wasatch Mountains and in a number of the basin ranges . Mercur, Tintic, See also:

• BINGHAM, JOSEPH (1668-1723)

Bingham and See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park City are well-known mining centres . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—In the open See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country the See also:

• MULE (Lat. mulus)

mule See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer, the pronghorn See also:

• ANTELOPE

antelope and the See also:

• COYOTE

coyote are found, and the bison formerly ranged over the north-eastern part of the state; the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side-striped ground-See also:

• SQUIRREL
• SQUIRREL (Fr. ecureuil)

squirrel, Townsend's spermophile, the desert See also:

• PACK (apparently from the root pak-, paq-, seen in Lat. pangere, to fasten; cf. " compact ")
• PACK, OTTO VON (c. 1480-1537)

pack-See also:

• RAT (a word common to Teut. and Rom. languages; probably first adopted in Teut.; the ultimate origin is not known; Skeat suggests the root rad-, to scratch; cf. Ger. Ratte, Dan. rotte, Fr. rat, &c.)

rat and the desert pack-See also:

• RABBIT

rabbit inhabit the See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat country .

In the mountainous districts and high plateaus are the grizzly, formerly more See also:

• COMMON

common, the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear, the four-striped chipmunk and the yellow-haired See also:

• PORCUPINE (Fr., pore-epic, " spiny pig ")

porcupine . Various See also:

• SPECIES

species of small native mice and voles are abundant . In the marshes of the Salt Lake breed grebes, gulls and terns, and formerly the white See also:

• PELICAN (Fr. Pelican; Lat. Pelecanus or Pelicanus)

pelican . Many ducks breed here, and many others pass through in See also:

• MIGRATION

migration: of the former, the most numerous are mallard and See also:

• TEAL (O.E. tele)

teal; of the latter, pintail, See also:

• SHOVELER

shoveler, See also:

• SCAUP

scaup, See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring-See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck ducks, and mergansers . See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

Wood and glossy ibises are commonly seen, and the white See also:

• IBIS

ibis breeds in See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers; the See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand-See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill See also:

• CRANE (in Dutch, Kraan; O. Ger. Kraen; cognate, as also the Lat. grus, and consequently the Fr. grue and Span. grulla, with the Gr. dpavos)
• CRANE, STEPHEN (1870-1900)
• CRANE, WALTER (1845– )
• CRANE, WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )

crane is less common than formerly . A few varieties of shore birds breed here, as the Western willet, the Bartramian See also:

• SANDPIPER (Ger. Sandpfeifer)

sandpiper, and the long-billed See also:

• CURLEW (Fr. Courlis or Corlieu)

curlew . Gambel's See also:

• PARTRIDGE (Du. Patrijs, Fr. perdrix, from Lat. perdix, apparently onomatopoeic from the call of the bird)
• PARTRIDGE, JOHN BERNARD (1861– )
• PARTRIDGE, WILLIAM ORDWAY (1861– )

partridge is See also:

• RESIDENT

resident in the southern part of the state, and the See also:

• SAGE, RUSSELL (1816-1906)

sage-See also:

• HEN

hen and See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp-tail See also:

• GROUSE

grouse on the plains . The dusky grouse and See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey ruffed grouse are confined to the mountains and plateaus . The See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California See also:

• VULTURE

vulture is very rare; various species of See also:

• HAWKS, FRANCIS LISTER (1798-1866)

hawks and See also:

• GOLDEN

golden and bald eagles are common . The burrowing. See also:

• OWL (O. Eng. Ule, Swed. Uggla, Ger. Eule—all allied to Lat. Ulula, and evidently of imitative origin)

owl is found on the plains, and various species of small birds are characteristic of the different physical divisions of the state . A few lizards are found in the arid districts . The See also:

• TROUT (Salmo trutta)

trout of the Utah mountain streams is considered a distinct species .

See also:

• FLORA

Flora.—Western Utah and vast areas along the Colorado river in the east and south-east are practically treeless . The lower plateaus and many of the basin ranges, as well as the basins them-selves, are deserts . The higher plateaus, the Uinta and Wasatch mountains, bear forests of See also:

• FIR

fir, spruce and See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine, and the lower slopes are dotted with pinon, See also:

• JUNIPER

juniper, and scrub See also:

• CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

cedar . On the slopes of mountain valleys grow cedars, See also:

• DWARF (A.S. dweorg, D. dwerg, Icel. dvergr)

dwarf maples and occasional oaks . Willows and cottonwoods grow along streams . The west slope of the Wasatch has been largely denuded of its forests to See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply the demands of the towns at its base . Among other See also:

• PLANTS

plants common to the state are the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder, See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• HOP (Ger. Hopfen, Fr. houblon)

hop, dwarf See also:

• SUNFLOWER

sunflower, and several species of greasewood and cacti . The sagebrush, See also:

• ARTEMISIA
• ARTEMISIA (159o-1642)

artemisia, is characteristic of the desert areas . Bunch grass is abundant on the hillsides the See also:

• YEAR

year See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round, and affords valuable pasturage . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—On See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of its great diversity in topography, the state of Utah is characterized by a wide range in See also:

• CLIMATIC

climatic conditions . Extremely See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather may occur on the lofty plateaus and mountain ranges, while the intervening valleys and basins have a milder climate . The mean temperature of the state ranges from 58° in the extreme south to 42° in the north .

See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

Winter temperatures as See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low as 36° below zero are known for the higher altitudes; in the south, summer temperatures of 110° and higher have been recorded . At Salt Lake City the mean winter temperature is 31 °, the mean summer temperature 73° . Corresponding figures for St See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George, in the south-western part of the state, are 38 and 8o° . In general Utah may be said to have a true See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental climate, although the presence of Great Salt Lake has a modifying effect on the climate of that portion of the Basin Region in which it lies . Killing frosts occur See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September and as See also:

• LATE

late as the last of May, and in the higher valleys they may occur at any See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . The mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual precipitation is only I I in., the greater part of which occurs in the form of See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow in the winter months, summer being the dry See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season . At Salt Lake City the annual precipitation is 15.8 in., of which 2 in. fall in summer . For St George the figures are: annual precipitation, 6.6 in.; summer, 1.3 in . Both Salt Lake City and St George are near the boundary between the Basin Region and the high plateaus . Well out in the basin deserts the precipitation is still less; and the same holds true for the low desert plateaus in the south-eastern part of the state, where Hite has an annual precipitation of only 2.3 in., of which 0.4 in. falls in the summer . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, the precipitation on the high plateaus probably exceeds 30 in. in places . In the inhabited parts of the state, irrigation is generally necessary for agriculture .

See also:

• SOIL

Soil.—The alluvium of the desert basins furnishes much See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good soil, which produces abundant crops where irrigated . See also:

• ALKALI

Alkali soils are also common in the basins, but when water is available they can often be washed out and made productive . Very See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich floodplain soils occur along the larger streams . Vast areas of unreclaimable desert exist in the west and south-east . In the protected valleys between the high plateaus alluvial soils are cultivated; but the plateau summits are relatively inaccessible, and, being subject to summer frosts, are not cultivated . Comparatively poor, sandy soil is found on the lower desert plateaus in the south-east, where See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population is scanty . Forests.—The See also:

• FOREST

forest resources of Utah are of little value: the See also:

• TOTAL

total wooded area was about 10,000 sq. m. in 1900, or about 121 % of the See also:

• LAND

land area of the state . The only See also:

• TIMBER

timber of commercial importance is found in the Uinta Range in the north-eastern corner of the state, and is chiefly yellow pine . The timber of the Wasatch Range is small and scattering . In 1910 there were in the state fourteen See also:

• NATIONAL

national forests varying in See also:

• SIZE

size from 1,250,610 acres (the Uinta reserve), 947,490 acres (the See also:

• ASHLEY, WILLIAM JAMES (186o- )

Ashley reserve), and 786,080 acres (the Manti reserve), down to the smallest Pocatello (10,720) on the Idaho border . The total area of these reserves was 7,436,327 acres . Irrigation.—Under the Federal Reclamation Fund, established in 1902, $830,000 was allotted to Utah in 1902-9, and $200,000 more in 1910, for the development of the See also:

• STRAWBERRY (Fragaria)

Strawberry Valley project .

This project, which was about one-third completed in the beginning of 1910, provides for the irrigation in Strawberry Valley (Utah and Wasatch counties, S. of Provo), of 6o,00o acres, by a 6800-acrereservoir of See also:

• I10

I10,000 See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

acre-feet capacity, on Strawberry river; by a See also:

• TUNNEL (Fr. tonne!, later tonneau, a diminutive from Low Lat. tonna, tunna, a tun, cask)

tunnel, 19,000 ft. long, connecting the See also:

• RESERVOIR

reservoir with See also:

• DIAMOND

Diamond See also:

• FORK (Lat. furca)

Fork, a tributary of See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish Fork river; by a storage See also:

• DAM

dam, 5o ft. high, of 6o,00o cub. yds. contents, diverting water from Spanish Fork river into two canals, one on each side of the river, for the irrigation of land in the valley of Utah lake ; by a hydro-electric See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power plant about 3 m. below the diversion dam ; and by the enlargement of existing See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal systems . The diversion dam, the power canal, and the first unit of the power plant were completed in 1909 . Irrigation of the arid western regions of the United States began in the Great Basin of Utah when the Mormon pioneers in 1847 diverted the waters of City See also:

• CREEK
• CREEK (Mid. Eng. crike or creke, common to many N. European languages)

Creek upon the parched soil of Salt<Lake Valley . In 1900 nearly 90 % of the land reclaimed by irrigation in the whole state See also:

• LAY

lay within the Great Basin . Between 1889 and 1899 the number of irrigators in the state (exclusive of Indian reservations) increased from 9724 to 17,924, or 84.3 %, and the number of acres irrigated from 263,473 to 629,293, or 138.8 % . In 1900, of the total improved acreage (1,029,226 acres) 61.2 % (629,293 acres) was irrigated; and in 1899, of the 686,374 acres in crops, 537,588 acres, or78.3% . Agriculture.—The number of farms in Utah (not including those of less than 3 acres and of small productivity) in 188o was 9452; in 1890, 10,517 ; and in 1900, 19,007: their See also:

• AVERAGE

average size in 1880 was 69.4 acres; in 189o, 125.9 acres; and in 1900, 216.6 acres . The total number of all farms in the state in 1900 was 19,387; and the number of white farmers, 19,144 . The greatest number of farms were between Too acres and 500 acres—1916 in 1880, and 5565 in 1900 . Other holdings were as follows: between 20 acres and 50 acres, 3688 in 1880, and 5261 in 1900; between 50 acres and 100 acres, 2056 in 188o and 3741 in 1900; less than 10 acres, 434 in 188o and 1622 in 1900; 1000 acres and more, 9 in 188o and 248 in 1900 . The proportion of farms operated by owners decreased from 95.4 % (9019 farms) in 188o to 91.2 % 7,674 farms) in 1900; those operated by See also:

• CASH

cash tenants increased from 0.6 % (6o farms) in 1880 to 2.6 % (506 farms) in 1900, and those operated by See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share tenants from 4% (373 farms) in 1880 to 6.2 % (1207 farms) in 1900 . The total area of farms increased from 655,524 acres in 1880 to 4,116,951 acres in 1900, but the proportion of improved land decreased from 63.5% (416,1'05 acres) in 188o to 25.1 % (1,032,117 acres) in 1900, indicating the great increase in land used for grazing .

The value of See also:

• FARM

farm See also:

• PROPERTY

property, including land with improvements, implements and machinery, and live-stock was $19,333,569 in 188c and $75,1i5,141 in 1900; the average value per farm was $2045 in 188o and $3878 in 1900; and the average value, per acre of farm land was $29.49 in 1880 and $18.26 in 1900 . The value of all farm products was $3,337,410 in 1879 and $16,502,051 in 1899, and the amount expended for fertilizers increased only from $11,394 to $14,300 . In 1899 See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

hay and See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain furnished the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal income from 35.4 % of all farms in the state, and live-stock from 28.1% of all farms . In 1899, 255,699 acres, or 37.3 % of the acreage of all crops, was sown to cereals, which were valued at $2,386,789, or 29 % of the value of all crops . The See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of cereals (which grow chiefly in the northern counties of the state) was 130,842 bu. in 1849, 770,287 bu. in 1869, 2,395,744 bu. in 1889, and 5,381,125 bu. in 1899 . The principal cereal was See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, the value of which was $1,575,o64 (3,413,470 bu.) in 1899, and $5,481,000 (6,090,000 bu.) in 1909.1 The value and product of oats in 1899 was $553,847 (1,436,225 bu.), and in 1909, $1,319,000 (2,536,000 bu.); of Indian See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn, in 1899, $121,872 (250,020 bu.), and in 1909, $355,000 (408,000 bu.); of See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, in 1899, $I2I,826 (252,140 bu.), and in 1909, $343,000 (520,000 bu.); of See also:

• RYE

rye in 1899, $13,761 (28,630 bu.), and in 1909, $46,000 (66,000 bu.) .. The value of the hay and See also:

• FORAGE

forage See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop in 1899 was $3,862,820, or 46.9 % of the value of all crops, and its acreage was 388,043 acres, or 56.5% of the acreage of all crops; in 1909, the acreage in hay was 375,000 acres, and its value was $9,792,000 . See also:

• ALFALFA

Alfalfa (or See also:

• LUCERNE
• LUCERNE (Ger. Luzern; Ital. Lucerne)
• LUCERNE, LAKE OF
• LUCERNE, PURPLE MEDICK

lucerne) formed the principal part of the hay crop in 1899, and was produced chiefly in the counties of Utah (95,316 tons), Salt Lake (91,266 tons), Cache (64,543 tons) and Boxelder (50,019 tons), all in the northern part of the state . The See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable crop in 1899 occupied 24,042 acres, or 3.5 % of the acreage of all crops, and its value was $1,250,713, or 15.2 % of the value of all crops . The product of potatoes increased very rapidly from 519,497 bu. in 1889 to 1,483,570 bu. valued at $487,816 in 1899, and to 2,700,000 bu. valued at $1,161,000 in 1909 . The production of other vegetables in 1899 was as follows: water-melons, 620,440; See also:

• MUSK (Med. Lat. muscus, late Gr. µbvXos, possibly Pers. mushk, from Sansk. mushka, the scrotum)

musk-melons, 516,500; tomatoes, 254,052 bu.; cabbages, 997,690 heads, and sweet corn, 16,192 bu . For the important See also:

• SUGAR

sugar-See also:

• BEET

beet crop, see below under Manufactures .

On Gunnison and See also:

• HAT

Hat islands in Great Salt Lake are valuable See also:

• GUANO (a Spanish word from the Peruvian huanu, dung)

guano deposits which are used as fertilizers for vegetable gardens . The value of live-stock on farms and ranges in 1890 was $9,914,766; on farms in 1900, $21,474,241 . The number of neat See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle in 1900 was 343,690, valued at $7,152,844; on See also:

• JANUARY

January 1, 1910,E 415,000, 1 1909 See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics are from the Year See also:

• BOOK

Book of the U.S . See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

Department of Agriculture . 2 These 1910 figures for live-stock are taken from the Year Book (1909) of the United States Department of Agriculture . valued at $8,976,000, of which 88,000 were milch cows valued at $2,992,000 . The number and value of other live-stock were as follows: See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep, in 1900, 3,818,423 ($10,256,488), and on January I, 1910, 3,177,000 ($13,026,000); horses, in 1900, 115,884 ($3,396,313), and in 1910, 130,000 ($11,050,000); mules, in 1900, 2116 ($58,850), and in 1910, 3000 ($240,000); See also:

• SWINE

swine, in 1900, 65,732 ($293,115), and in 1910, 61,000 ($549,000) . The total value of See also:

• DAIRY

dairy products in 1899 was $1,522,932 . The principal products were: See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk, in 1890, 8,614,694 gals., and in 1899, 25,124,642 gals . (received from sales, $645,550); See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter, in 189o, I,759,354 lb and in 1899, 2,812,122 lb (received from sales, $214,910) ; See also:

• CHEESE (Lat. caseus)

cheese, in 189o, 163,539 lb, and in 1899, 169,215 lb (received from sales, $122,933) . The value of all poultry raised in 1899 was $262,503; the product of eggs was 3,387,340 doz., and their value, $424,628 . The product of See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool in 1890 (exclusive of wool shorn after the 1st of See also:

• JUNE

June) was 9,685,513 lb, in 1900, 17,050,977 lb, and in 1910, 14,850,000 lb .

The value of the See also:

• HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey and See also:

• WAX

wax produced in 1899 was $94,364 . Honey was a large crop with the early settlers, who put a hive and honey-bees on the state-See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

seal of Deseret and of Utah . Mining.—The mineral resources of Utah are varied and valuable, but their development was retarded for many years by the policy of the Mormon See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, which practically forbade its members to do any mining; more recently the development has been slow be-cause of inadequate transportation facilities, and the inaccessibility of some of the deposits . In 1902 the state ranked fourteenth among the states in the value of its mineral products, $12,378,350, and took thirteenth See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank in 1907, with a product of $38,099,756, but dropped to the fifteenth rank in 1908, when the total value of its product was $26,422,121.1 The value of products manufactured from minerals in 1902 was "•,123,228, or 43.1% of all the manufactures in the state . The relative importance of mining and manufacturing may be shown thus: In 1902 the mines and quarries of the state employed 5712 wage-earners and paid to them $5,089,122, and in 1900 manufacturing See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries employed 6615 wage-earners, who received $3,388,370 in See also:

• WAGES (the plural of " wage," from Late Lat. wadium, a pledge, O. Fr. wagier, gagier)

wages . Systematic prospecting for the See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious metals did not begin in Utah until 1862, when See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel See also:

• PATRICK, SIMON (1626–1707)
• PATRICK, ST

Patrick E . See also:

• CONNOR (or O'CONNOR), BERNARD (1666-1698)

Connor (1820-1891) of the Third California See also:

• INFANTRY

Infantry established See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

Camp See also:

• DOUGLAS
• DOUGLAS, GAVIN (1474?-1522)
• DOUGLAS, JOHN (1721—1807.)
• DOUGLAS, SIR CHARLES
• DOUGLAS, SIR HOWARD
• DOUGLAS, STEPHEN ARNOLD (18,3–1861)

Douglas near Salt Lake City . He permitted many members of his See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment who had been prospectors in California to prospect the territory, with the result that mines were located at See also:

• STOCKTON
• STOCKTON, FRANCIS RICHARD (1834–1902)

Stockton, Bingham Canyon, Little Cottonwood and elsewhere; but attempts to See also:

• SMELT (Osmerus eperlanus; Fr. eperlan; Scotch sparling or spirling)

smelt See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead-See also:

• SILVER

silver ore near Stockton about 1866 were not successful, and the mining of precious metals did not become an established industry in the Territory until about 1870 . Ores of good quality are now known to be quite generally distributed throughout the state . In 1902 the state ranked third in the value of its See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and silver production, $8,500,904; in 1908 it ranked See also:

• SIXTH

sixth in gold, $3,946,700 (a decrease of $1,174,900 since 1907), and See also:

• FOURTH

fourth in silver, $4,520,600 (a decrease of $3,007,900 since 1907) . In 1908 the richest producers of gold were Salt Lake (60,872.63 oz.), Juab (58,679.17 oz.) and Tooele (41,969.96 oz.) counties, which produced about nine-tenths of the total for the state; in Salt Lake and Juab counties the principal source was See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper ore, but in Tooele See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county almost all the gold was from siliceous ores . For the whole state, of a total of 179,054.60 OZ. in 1908, III,o86•I2 were from copper ore, 47,439.15 from siliceous ores, and 19,986.36 from lead ores .

In the same year the largest producing gold mines were the Centennial See also:

• EUREKA

Eureka in Juab county, the Mercur in Tooele county, and the Utah Consolidated and the Utah Copper in Salt Lake county . The principal silver regions in 1908 were the Tintic, in Juab and Utah counties, and the Park City, in See also:

• SUMMIT

Summit and Wasatch counties . Of the total production, 8,451,338 oz . (valued at $4,479,209) in 1908, 2,748,289 oz . (of which more than two-thirds was from copper ores) were from Juab county; 2,463,735 OZ . (all but 9586 oz., which were from lead See also:

• ZINC

zinc ore, being from lead ores) were from Summit and Wasatch counties; 1,561,983 oz . (all from lead ore, except 1158 oz. from copper ore) were from Utah county; 1,125,209 oz . (704,358 from copper ore, 329,276 from lead ore, 47,130 from copper-lead ore and 44,445 from siliceous ore) were from Salt Lake county; and 378,373 oz . (of which 341,375 oz. were from lead ore) were from Tooele county . The principal source of the silver was the lead ores See also:

• MINED

mined, from which in 1908 about two-thirds of the total of the silver was secured . Far larger in value than either gold or silver, and larger than both together, was the output of copper in Utah in 1907 ($12,851,377) and in 1908 ($I I,463,383) . Up to 1905 the output of silver in the state was greater than that of copper .

In the production of copper in 1908 Utah ranked fourth among the states . Most of the See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal was produced in the Bingham, or West Mountain district, Salt Lake county, where there were four mines in 1908 with an output of more than i,000,000 lb; the Tintic district in Juab county; the Frisco district in Beaver county; and the Lucin district 1 The 1907 and 1908 statistics are from the Mineral Resources of the United States, published by the United States See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

Geological Survey.in Boxelder county . In 1908 more than two-thirds of the total output was from the low-grade See also:

• PORPHYRY (IlopcPisptos) (A.D. 233-c. 304)

porphyry ores mined at New-house, Beaver county, and at Bingham, Salt Lake county . There are copper smelters at See also:

• GARFIELD, JAMES ABRAM (1831-1881)

Garfield, Copperton and See also:

• BINGHAMTON

Binghamton . An See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-See also:

• SMOKE (from O. Eng. smeocan, to smoke, reek, cf. Dutch meek, Ger. Schmauch, probably allied to Gr. vol9caiv)

smoke See also:

• INJUNCTION (from Lat. injungere, to fasten, or attach to, to lay a burden or charge on, to enjoin)

injunction in 1908 closed the furnaces in.the immediate vicinity of Salt Lake City . The production of copper in 1883 was 341,885 lb; in 1890, 1,006,636 lb; in 1895, 2,184,708 lb; in 1900, 18,354,726 lb; in 1904, 46,417,234 lb; in 1907, 64,256,884 lb; and in 1908, 81,843,812 lb 2 Third in value (less than copper or silver) in 1908, but usually equalling silver in value, was the state's output of lead . The maxi-mum production, 125,342,836 lb, was in 1906; in 1908 the output was 88,777,498 lb (valued at $3,728,655) . The decrease in output and value is largely due to the lower See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price of lead in the See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market and the higher smelting See also:

• RATE

rate . In 1908 the following mines produced more than 5,000,000 lb each of lead: Silver King at Park City, the Colorado in the Tintic district, the See also:

• DALY, AUGUSTIN (1838-1899)

Daly West and the Daly See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

Judge in the Park City district, and the Old See also:

• JORDAN (the down-comer; Arab. esh-Sheri'a, the watering-place)
• JORDAN, CAMILLE (1771—1821)
• JORDAN, DOROTHEA (1762—1816)
• JORDAN, THOMAS (1612 ?–1685)
• JORDAN, WILHELM (1819–1904)

Jordan and the See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

Telegraph at Bingham, and there were fifteen other mines that produced between I,000,000 and 3,000,000 lb of lead . Zinc has been produced in commercial quantities in Summit, Tooele and Beaver counties . In 1906 the output was 6,474,615 lb, valued at $394,952; in 1908 it was 1,460,554 lb, valued at $68,646, and almost the entire output was from Summit county . The apparently inexhaustible supplies of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron ore in southern Utah, and especially in Iron county, had teen little worked up to 1910 on account of their inaccessibility .

The beds of See also:

• MAGNETITE

magnetite and hematite, in the southern portion of the Wasatch Mountains, are the largest in the western United States; in 1902 the four productive mines in See also:

• MILFORD

Milford, Juab and Utah counties produced 16,24o tons of ore, valued at $27,417 . There are valuable See also:

• MANGANESE (symbol Mn; atomic weight, 54.93 (0=16)], a metallic chemical element. Its dioxide (pyrolusite)

manganese deposits in the sandstone of the eastern plateau . See also:

• COAL

Coal was first discovered in Utah in 1851 along Coal Creek near Cedar City (in what is now Iron county) in the south-western part of Utah, and there was some mining of coal at See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales, Sanpete county, as early as 1855, but there was no general mining until about twenty years later, and the industry was not well established until 1888 . Thereafter its development was rapid, and the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of outcroppings throughout the central and southern parts of the state gave See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of the existence of great bodies of the mineral . The only important region of coal mining in the state up to 1910 was in See also:

• CARSON, CHRISTOPHER [" KIT "] (1809-1868)

Carson county, where more than nine-tenths of the total output of the state was mined in 1907 and in 1908 . The production in 1870 was 5800 tons; in 188o, 14,748 tons (probably an under-estimate); in 189o, 318,159 tons; in 1900, 1,147,027 tons; in 1903, 1,681,409 tons; in 1907, 1,947,607 tons (the maximum); and in 1908, 1,846,792 tons . The total production from 187o to 1908 was 20,683,974 tons, or allowing for coal lost, about 31,000,000 tons, which is estimated to represent 0.016% of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original supply . In 1909 the United States Geological Survey reported workable beds of coal aggregating 13,130 sq. m. in area, and 2000 sq. m. more in which it seemed probable that coal might be found . The shales of Utah, Sanpete, Juab and San Juan counties may furnish a valuable supply of See also:

• PETROLEUM (Lat. Petra, rock, and oleuin, oil)

petroleum if transportation facilities are improved; and there are rich supplies of See also:

• ASPHALT, or ASPHALTUM

asphalt—19,o33 tons (valued at $100,324) was the output for 1908 . Salt is obtained by See also:

• SOLAR, SOLLER (Lat. solarium, Fr.• galetas, Ital. solaio)

solar evaporation chiefly of the waters of Great Salt Lake and other brine found in that vicinity; at Nephi City, Juab county; near Gunnison, Sanpete county; in Sevier and Millard counties, and at Withee Junction in See also:

• WEBER, CARL MARIA FRIEDRICH ERNEST VON (1786–1826)
• WEBER, WILHELM EDUARD (1804-1891)

Weber county . The value of this product in 1907 was $199,779 (345,557 bbls.), and in 1908, $169,833 (242,678 bbls.) . Of other non-metallic products, among" the most important were limestone—valued in 1902 at $186,663, and in 1908 at $253,088—and sandstone—valued in 1902 at $105,o11 and in 1908 at $25,097 .

Some See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble is quarried at Beaver in Beaver county, and Utah See also:

• ONYX

onyx has been used for interior decoration, notably in the city and county See also:

• BUILDING

building of Salt Lake City . The See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)