UTOPIA  , an ideal See also:

• COMMONWEALTH

commonwealth, or an imaginary See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country whose inhabitants are supposed to exist under the most perfect conditions possible . Hence the terms Utopia and Utopian are also used to denote any visionary See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of reform or social theory, especially those which fail to recognize defects inherent in human nature . The word first occurs in See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas More's Utopia, which was originally published in Latin under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title De Optima Reipublicae Statu, deque Nova Insula Utopia (See also:

• LOUVAIN (Flem. Leuven)

Louvain, 1516) . It was compounded by More (q.v.) from the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek ob, not, and Taros, a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, meaning therefore a place which has no real existence, an imaginary country . The See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of a Utopia is, even in literature, far older than More's See also:

• ROMANCE

romance; it appears in the See also:

• TIMAEUS (c. 345—c. 250 B.e.)

Timaeus of See also:

• PLATO

Plato and is fully See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed in his See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic . The idealized description of See also:

• SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta in See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch's See also:

• LIFE

life of See also:

• LYCURGUS
• LYCURGUS (c. 396–325 B.C.)
• LYCURGUS (Gr. AvKofpyor)

Lycurgus belongs to the same class of See also:

• LITERARY

literary Utopias, though it professes to be See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical . A similar idea also occurs in legends of See also:

• WORLD

world-wide currency, the best known of these being the Greek, and the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval Norse, See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic and Arab legends which describe an earthly See also:

• PARADISE (Gr. lrap6BEwos)

Paradise in the Western or See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic Ocean (see See also:

• ATLANTIS, ATALANTIS, or ATLANTICA

ATLANTIS) . Few of these survived after the exploration of the Atlantic by See also:

• COLUMBUS
• COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER [in Spanish CRISTOBAL COLON] (c. 1446, or perhaps rather 1451, -15o6)

Columbus, Vasco da Gama and others in the 15th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century; but in literature More's Utopia set a new See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion . An ideal See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of society is described in the writings of See also:

• HOBBES, THOMAS (1588–1679)

Hobbes, Sir See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• FILMER, SIR ROBERT (d. 1653)

Filmer and J . J . See also:

• ROUSSEAU, JACQUES (1633-1693)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN BAPTISTE (1671-1741)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN JACQUES (1712-1778)
• ROUSSEAU, PIERRE ETIENNE THEODORE (1812–1867); French painter of the Barbizon school, was born in Paris on the 15th of April 1812, of a bourgeois family which included one or two artists. At first he received a business training, but soon displayed aptitu

Rousseau . In See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

Bacon's New Atlantis (1624–29) See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science is the See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key to universal happiness; Tommaso See also:

• CAMPANELLA, TOMMASO (1568-1639)

Campanella's Civitas See also:

• SOLIS, ANTONIO DE (1610-16S6)

Solis (1623) portrays a communistic society, and is largely inspired by the Republic of Plato; See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• HARRINGTON
• HARRINGTON, EARLS OF
• HARRINGTON, or HARINGTON, JAMES (16'1-'677)

Harrington's Oceana (1656), which had a profound See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence upon See also:

• POLITICAL

political thought in See also:

• AMERICA

America, is a See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical See also:

• TREATISE

treatise rather than a romance, and is founded on the ideas that See also:

• PROPERTY

property, especially in See also:

• LAND

land, is the basis of political See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, and that the executive should only be controlled for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period by the same See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man or men .

See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard de See also:

• MANDEVILLE, BERNARD DE (1670-1733)
• MANDEVILLE, GEOFFREY DE (d. 1144)

Mandeville's See also:

• FABLE (Fr. fable, Lat. fabula)

Fable of the Bees is unique in that it describes the downfall of an ideal commonwealth . Other Utopias are the " Voyage en Salente " in See also:

• FENELON, BERTRAND DE SALIGNAC

Fenelon's Telemaque (1699); See also:

• ETIENNE, CHARLES GUILLAUME (1778-1845)

Etienne See also:

• CABET, ETIENNE (1788-1856)

Cabet's Voyage en Icarie (184o); Bulwer See also:

• LYTTON, EDWARD GEORGE EARLE LYTTON, BULWERLYTTON, 1ST BARON (1803-1873)
• LYTTON, EDWARD ROBERT

Lytton's The Coming See also:

• RACE

Race (1871); See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel See also:

• BUTLER
• BUTLER (or BOTELER), SAMUEL (1612–168o)
• BUTLER (through the O. Fr. bouteillier, from the Late Lat. buticularius, buticula, a bottle)
• BUTLER, ALBAN (1710-1773)
• BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1818-1893)
• BUTLER, CHARLES (1750–1832)
• BUTLER, GEORGE (1774-1853)
• BUTLER, JOSEPH (1692-1752)
• BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY (1862– )
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1774-1839)
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1835-1902)
• BUTLER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS (1838– )
• BUTLER, WILLIAM ARCHER (1814-1848)

Butler's Erewhon (1872) and Erewhon Revisited (1901); See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• BELLAMY, EDWARD (1850-1898)
• BELLAMY, GEORGE ANNE (1727-1788)
• BELLAMY, JOSEPH (1719-1790)

Bellamy's Looking Backward (1888) ; See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• MORRIS
• MORRIS [MORRISON], CLARA (1849– )
• MORRIS, GOUVERNEUR (1752–1816)
• MORRIS, JOHN (1810-1886)
• MORRIS, RICHARD (1833–1894)
• MORRIS, ROBERT (1734–1806)
• MORRIS, SIR LEWIS (1833–1907)
• MORRIS, WILLIAM (1834-1896)

Morris's See also:

• NEWS

News from Nowhere (189o) ; H . G . See also:

• WELLS
• WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1798?–1879)
• WELLS, DAVID AMES (1828—1898)
• WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE (1866— )
• WELLS, SIR THOMAS SPENCER, 1ST BART

Wells's Anticipations (1901), A See also:

• MODERN

Modern Utopia (1905) and New Worlds for Old (1908) . Many Utopias, such as the Fable of the Bees and Erewhon, are designed to satirize existing social conditions as well as to depict a more perfect See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization . There are See also:

• SEPARATE

separate articles on all the authors mentioned above . A large number of the more See also:

• RECENT

recent Utopias have been inspired by socialistic or communistic ideals; among these may be mentioned Freiland, ein soziales Zukunftsbild (189o) and Reise nach Freiland (1893), by the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian political economist Theodor Hertzka (b . See also:

• BUDAPEST

Budapest, 1845), which portray an imaginary communistic See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony in Central See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa .