See also:

• VALAIS (Ger. Wallis, Ital. Vallese)

VALAIS (Ger. See also:

• WALLIS, JOHN (1616-1703)

Wallis, Ital. Vallese)  , one of the cantons of See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland . Its name has been explained as meaning the " Walsch " (i.e. non-See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic) See also:

• LAND

land . But it is See also:

• PRETTY

pretty certainly derived from vallis or vallensis pagus, for the region is simply the old Vallis Poenina, or upper valley of the See also:

• RHONE
• RHONE (Fr. Rhone, Lat. Rhodanus)

Rhone from its source in the Rhone See also:

• GLACIER
• GLACIER (adopted from the French; from glace, ice, Lat. glacies)

glacier to the See also:

• GORGE

gorge of St See also:

• MAURICE (1521–1553)
• MAURICE (MAURICIUS FLAVIUS TIBERIUS) (c. 539–602)
• MAURICE [or MAURITIUS], ST (d. c. 286)
• MAURICE, JOHN FREDERICK DENISON (1805-1872)

Maurice, together with the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of the Rhone from that gorge to the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake of See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva . The spelling " Vallais " prevailed till the end of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and was officially superseded See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in the 19th century by " See also:

• VALAIS (Ger. Wallis, Ital. Vallese)

Valais," a See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form that is very rarely found previously . The See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• AREA

area of the See also:

• CANTON
• CANTON (borrowed from the Ital. cantone, a corner or angle)
• CANTON (more correctly KWANG-CHOW Fu)
• CANTON, JOHN (1718-1772)

canton is 2016.6 sq. m . (exceeded only by that of the See also:

• GRISONS (Ger. Graubunden)

Grisons and of See also:

• BERN (Fr. Berne)

Bern), of which, however, only 1107 is reckoned as " productive " (forests covering 297.4 sq. m. and vineyards 10.7 sq. m.), while of the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest no fewer than 375 sq. m . (the most considerable stretch in Switzerland) is occupied by glaciers, and 41; sq. m. by the cantonal See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share of the Lake of Geneva . It is therefore naturally one of the poorest cantons in the See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

confederation . It would be still poorer were it not for its excellent wines, and for the fact that in summer-See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time it is visited by many thousands of travellers, for whom inns have been built in nearly every glen and on many high pastures (See also:

• ZERMATT

Zermatt, Saas, Riffel See also:

• ALP

Alp, Evolena, Arolla, Zinal, Champery, in the Val de Bagnes, in the Lotschen valley, the See also:

• BEL

Bel Alp, the Rieder Alp, the Eggishorn, Binn, and near the Rhone glacier) . It consists of a deep and See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• TRENCH, RICHARD CHENEVIX (1807-1886)

trench, which becomes a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere gorge between See also:

• NIEDERWALD

Niederwald and See also:

• BRIEG

Brieg, the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general direction being See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, till at Martigny the valley makes a See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp See also:

• BEND

bend to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-west . The loftiest point in the canton is the culminating See also:

• SUMMIT

summit or Dufourspitze (15,217 ft.) of See also:

• MONTE

Monte See also:

• ROSA, CARL AUGUST NICHOLAS (1843-1889)
• ROSA, MONTE
• ROSA, SALVATOR (1615-1673)

Rosa, which rises on a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• SPUR (A.S. spura, spora, related to spornan, spurnan, to kick, spurn; cf. M.H.G. sporn, mod. Ger. Sporn)

spur projecting from the See also:

• WATERSHED

watershed, but the highest See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain which is wholly situated in the canton is the Dom (14,942 ft.), the culminating point of the Mischabel range . A railway See also:

• LINE

line runs through the canton from Le Bouveret, on the Lake of Geneva, to (73 m.) Brieg, at the N. mouth of the magnificent Simplon See also:

• TUNNEL (Fr. tonne!, later tonneau, a diminutive from Low Lat. tonna, tunna, a tun, cask)

tunnel (121 m., opened in 1906), the line from St Maurice (about 14 m. from Bouveret) onwards forming the through line from See also:

• LAUSANNE

Lausanne towards See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan .

There are also mountain See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways from Visp up to Zermatt (thence a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch up to the Gornergrat), and from Vernayaz (near Martigny) past Salvan towards See also:

• CHAMONIX

Chamonix, while the new tunnel, begun in 1906, beneath the Lotschen Pass or Lotschberg, connects Kandersteg, in the Bernese Oberland, with Brieg, and thus opens up a new See also:

• DIRECT

direct route from See also:

• LONDON

London and See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris to See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . As the canton is shut in almost throughout its entire length by high mountain ranges it is as a See also:

• RULE

rule only accessible by See also:

• FOOT

foot paths or See also:

• MULE (Lat. mulus)

mule paths across this lofty Alpine barrier . But there are excellent See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage roads over the See also:

• GREAT

Great St See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard Pass (8111 ft.), as well as over the Simplon Pass (6592 ft.), both leading to Italy . At the very See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the Rhone valley two other finely engineered carriage roads give See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to See also:

• URI

Uri over the Furka Pass (7992 ft.) and to the canton of Bern over the Grimsel Pass (7100 ft.) . Being thus shut in it was almost impossible for the canton to extend its boundaries, See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save in 1536, when it won the left bank of the Rhone below the gorge of St Maurice . But at early though unknown See also:

• DATES

dates it acquired and still holds the upper See also:

• BIT (from the verb " to bite," either in the sense of a piece bitten off, or an act of biting, or a thing that bites or is bitten)

bit of the southern slope of the Simplon Pass, as well as the Alpine pastuees on the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern slope of the Gemmi . The See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of Leukerbad, and, to a lesser degree, those of Saxon, attract some summer visitors, the vast See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of whom, however, prefer the glorious scenery of the various high Alpine glens . The canton forms the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of See also:

• SION [Ger. Sitten]

Sion (founded in the 4th century), and has St Theodule (or See also:

• THEODORE
• THEODORE (602-690)
• THEODORE (Fedor) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1741–1796)
• THEODORE (Rus. Fedor, or Feodor)

Theodore) as its See also:

• PATRON

patron See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint . Till 1513 the diocese was in the ecclesiastical See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Moil-tiers in the Tarentaise (See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy), but since then has been immediately dependent on the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope . Within its limits are the three famous religious houses (all now held by See also:

• AUSTIN
• AUSTIN, ALFRED
• AUSTIN, JOHN (179o-1859)
• AUSTIN, SARAH (1793-1867)
• AUSTIN, STEPHEN FULLER (1793-1836)

Austin Canons) of St Maurice (6th century), of the Great St Bernard, and of the Simplon . Since 184o the See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot of St Maurice has See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• BETHLEHEM
• BETHLEHEM (Heb. " House of Bread," or, according to a more questionable etymology, " of [the god] Lakhmu ")

Bethlehem " in partibus infidelium." Ecclesiastical affairs are managed839 without any See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control or interference on the See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, though the cantonal legislature presents to the pope as bishop one of four candidates presented by the See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter of Sion . In 'goo the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population was 114,438, of whom 74,562 were See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French-speaking, 34,339 See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German-speaking, and 5469 See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian-speaking, while 112,584 were Romanists, 1610 Protestants, and 25 See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews .

The linguistic frontier has varied in the course of ages . Nowadays from Sierre (10 m. above Sion) upwards a See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect of German is generally spoken (though it is said that the opening of the Simplon through route has given a considerable impetus to the See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of French among the railway officials), while below Sierre a French dialect (really a Savoyard See also:

• PATOIS

patois) is the prevailing See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue . To a considerable degree the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the Valais is a struggle between the German See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element (pre-dominant politically till 1798) and the French element . See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good wines are produced in the See also:

• DISTRICT

district, especially See also:

• MUSCAT, MUSKAT

Muscat and Vin du Glacier . Otherwise the inhabitants of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main valley (at least from Brieg onwards) are engaged in See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture, though suffering much from the inundations of the Rhone, against which great embankments have been constructed, while many swampy tracts have been drained, and so the See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague of malarial See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever See also:

• ABATED

abated to a certain extent . In the higher valleys the inhabitants are employed in See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral occupations . The number of " See also:

• ALPS

alps " or mountain pastures is 547 (319 in the See also:

• LOWER

Lower Valais and 228 in the Upper Valais, the line of See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division being See also:

• DRAWN

drawn a little above Sierre), capable of sup-porting 50,735 cows (33,192 and 17,543 respectively) and of an estimated See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital value of 10,873,900 fr . (7,969,500 and 2,904,400 respectively), so that, as might be expected for other reasons, the lower portion of the valley where the See also:

• CLIMATE

climate is less rigorous is richer and more prosperous than the upper portion where other conditions prevail . The capital is Sion (q.v.) . Next in point of population came (in 1900) Naters (3953), on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of Italian workmen engaged in•piercing the Simplon tunnel . The neighbouring See also:

• TOWN

town of Brieg had then 2182 inhabitants, and the wide See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune of Monthey 3392 . The canton is divided into 13 administrative districts, which comprise 166 communes .

The cantonal constitution was little advanced till 1907 when it was entirely remodelled . The legislature (See also:

• GRAND

Grand Conseil or See also:

• GROSS

Gross See also:

• RATH, GERHARD VOM (183o-1888)

Rath) is composed of members elected in the proportion of one for every woo (or fraction over 500) citizens, and holds See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office for four years . The executive (Conseil d'Etat or Staatsrath) is composed of five members, named by the Grand Conseil, and holds office for four years . The "obligatory See also:

• REFERENDUM

referendum prevails, while 4000 citizens (6000 in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of a revision of the cantonal constitution) have the right of " initiative " as to legislative projects . The two members of the Federal Stdnderalh are named by the Grand Conseil, but the six members of the Federal Nalionalrath are elected by a popular See also:

• VOTE

vote . The 1907 cantonal constitution has a curious See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision (See also:

• ART

art . 84) that while members of the cantonal legislature are ordinarily elected by all the voters of a Bezirk or district, yet if one or several communes (numbering over 500 inhabitants) demand it, this commune or these communes form a kreis, or cercle and elect a member or members . The Vallis Poenina was won by the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans after a great fight at Octodurus (Martigny) in 57 B.C., and was so thoroughly Romanized that the See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic aboriginal inhabitants and the Teutonic Burgundian invaders (5th century) became See also:

• ROMANCE

Romance-speaking peoples . According to a tradition which can be traced back to the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 8th century, the " Theban See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

legion " was martyred at St Maurice about 285 or 302 . Valais formed part of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of Transjurane See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy (888), which See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell to the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire in 1032, and later of the duchy of Burgundia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor, which was held from the emperors by the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• ZAHRINGEN

Zahringen (See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct 1218) . In 999 See also:

• RUDOLPH
• RUDOLPH (d. 1o8o)
• RUDOLPH, or RAOUL

Rudolph III. of Burgundy gave all temporal rights and privileges to the bishop of Sion, who was later styled " See also:

• PRAEFECT (praefectus)

praefect and See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of the Valais," and is still a See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Empire; the pretended donation of See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne is not genuine . The bishops had much to do in keeping back the Zhhringen, and later the See also:

• COUNTS

counts of Savoy .

The latter, however, succeeded in winning most of the land west of Sion, while in the upper part of the valley there were many feudal lords (such as the lords of Raron, those of La Tour-See also:

• CHATILLON

Chatillon, and the counts of Visp) . About the middle of the 13th century we find See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent communities or " tithings " (dizains or Zehnten) growing up, these, though seven in number, taking their name most probably from a very See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient division of the bishop's manors for administrative and judicial purposes . In the same century the upper part of the valley was colonized by Germans from Hasli (Bern), who thoroughly Teutonized it, though many Romance See also:

• LOCAL

local names still remain . In 1354 the liberties of several of the seven "tithings " (Sion, Sierre, See also:

• LEUK (Fr. Loeche Ville)

Leuk, Raron, Visp, Brieg and Conches) were confirmed by the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

Emperor See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles IV . A little later the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of Savoy became predominant, and the count secured to his See also:

• FAMILY

family the bishopric of Sion, of which he was already the suzerain . His progress was resisted by the tithings, which in 1375-76 crushed the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the house of La Tour-Chatillon, and in 1388 utterly defeated the forces of the bishop, the count and the nobles at Visp, this being a victory of the Teutonic over the Romance element in the land . From 1384 the Morge stream (a little below Sion) was recognized as the boundary between Savoyard or Lower Valais and episcopal or Upper Valais . In 1416-17 the Zehnten of the upper bit of the valley made an See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with See also:

• LUCERNE
• LUCERNE (Ger. Luzern; Ital. Lucerne)
• LUCERNE, LAKE OF
• LUCERNE, PURPLE MEDICK

Lucerne, Uri and See also:

• UNTERWALDEN

Unterwalden, with a view partly to the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of the Val d'Ossola, which was finally lost in 1422, and partly to the successful crushing of the power of the lords of Raron (1420) . By the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of See also:

• WALTHER, BERNHARD (1430-15o4)

Walther von Supersax of Conches as bishop in 1457 the Teutonic element finally won the supremacy . On the outbreak of the Burgundian See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War the bishop of Sion and the tithings made a treaty with Bern . In See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November of the same See also:

• YEAR

year (1475) they seized all Lower or Savoyard Valais up to Martigny, and in 1476 (See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March), after the victory of See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

Grandson, won St Maurice, Evian, Thonon and Monthey . The last three districts were given up in 1477, but won again in 1536, though finally by the treaty of Thonon in 1569 Monthey, Val d'Illiez and Bouveret alone were permanently annexed to the Valais, these conquests being maintained with the help of thdir old See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies, Uri, See also:

• SCHWYZ
• SCHWYZ (modern spelling Schwiz)

Schwyz and Unterwalden .

These conquered districts (or Lower Valais) were always ruled as subject lands by the bishop and tithings of Upper Valais . The Valais took part in the Milanese war of 1512-16, and henceforth was reckoned as an " ally " of the Swiss Confederation . In 1533 a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close alliance was made with the Romanist cantons; but by 1551 the Protestants had won so much ground that See also:

• TOLERATION (from Lat. tolerare, to endure)

toleration was proclaimed by the local See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly . 131 1586 Upper Valais became a member of the See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden See also:

• LEAGUE

League, and finally in 1603-04 the four tithings of Conches, Brieg, Visp and Raron carried the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day in favour of the old faith against those of Leuk, Sierre and Sion . In 1790-91 Lower Valais See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose in revolt; but it was not finally freed till 1798, when the whole of Valais became one of the cantons of the Helvetic See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic . Such- prolonged and fierce resistance was, however, offered to French rule by the inhabitants that in 1802 See also:

• BONAPARTE

Bonaparte declared Valais an independent state under the name of the " Rhodanic Republic," yet in 181o, for strategic reasons, he incorporated it with See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France as the " See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of the Simplon," and it was not freed till the Austrians came in 1813 . In 1815 a local assembly was created, in which each of the seven tithings of Upper and each of the six of Lower Valais (though the latter had nearly See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double the population of the former) elected four members, the bishop being given four votes . This constitution was approved by the Federal Swiss See also:

• DIET

Diet, which thereupon (1815) received the Valais as a full member of the Swiss Confederation . In 1832 the Valais joined the League of See also:

• SARNEN

Sarnen to maintain the Federal Pact of 1815 . In 1839-40 it was convulsed by a struggle between the Conservative and See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

Radical parties, the split into two See also:

• HALF

half cantons being only prevented by the arrival of Federal troops . The constitution was revised in 1839, the local assembly was to be elected according to population (1 member for every r000 inhabitants), and the bishop was given a seat instead of his four votes, while the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy elected one See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy . In 1844 See also:

• CIVIL

civil war raged, many Liberals being slain at the See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge of Trient (May 1844), and the Valais becoming a member of the Sonderbund .

By the 1844 constitution the clergy elected a second deputy . The introduction of the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits embittered matters, and the Valais was the last canton to submit in the Sonderbund War (1847); it contented itself, however, with voting steadily against the See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance of the Federal constitutions of 1848 and 1874 . By the constitution of 1848 all ecclesiastical exemptions from See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation were swept away, and the bishop lost his seat in the assembly . New constitutions were framed in 1852, in 1875 and in 1907 .