VALDEMAR II  ., See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark (1170-1241), was the second son of Valdemar I. and See also:

• BROTHER

brother of Canute VI., whom he succeeded on the 12th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1202 . Already during his brother's lifetime, as See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• SCHLESWIG (Dan. Slesvig)

Schleswig, Valdemar had success-fully defended Denmark against See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German aggression . In 1201 he assumed the offensive, conquered See also:

• HOLSTEIN
• HOLSTEIN, FRIEDRICH VON (1837–1909)

Holstein, together with See also:

• HAM

Ham-See also:

• BURG

burg, and compelled See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry of See also:

• SCHWERIN
• SCHWERIN, KURT CHRISTOPH, COUNT VON (1684–1757)

Schwerin to acknowledge the over-lordship of the Danish See also:

• CROWN

crown . Immediately after his See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation, he hastened to his newly won territories, accompanied by the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• CIVIL

civil and ecclesiastical dignitaries of Denmark, and was solemnly acknowledged See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord of Northalbingia (the See also:

• DISTRICT

district lying between the See also:

• EIDER
• EIDER (Icelandic, idur)

Eider and the See also:

• ELBE (the Albis of the Romans and the Labe of the Czechs)

Elbe) at See also:

• LUBECK

Lubeck, See also:

• OTTO

Otto IV., then in difficulties, voluntarily relinquishing all German territory See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of the Elbe to Valdemar, who in return recognized Otto as German See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor . Thus the three bishoprics of Lubeck, Ratzeburg and Schwerin, which hitherto had been See also:

• FIEF

fief of the Reich, now passed under Danish See also:

• SUZERAINTY

suzerainty . Lubeck was a peculiarly valuable See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession . The See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city had been founded in 1158 with the See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express See also:

• OBJECT

object of controlling the Baltic See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . Only through Lubeck, moreover, could supplies and reinforcements be poured into the German military colonies in See also:

• LIVONIA, or LIVLAND (Russian, Liflandia)

Livonia . By closing Lubeck Valdemar had German trade and the German over-seas settlements entirely at his See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy . This See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of things was clearly recognized by German statesmen, and in 1208, when the Emperor Otto See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt more secure upon his unstable See also:

• THRONE

throne, he became overtly hostile to Denmark and would have attempted the recovery of the lost German territory but for the interposition of See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent III., who threatened to excommunicate any German See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince who should attack Valdemar, the equally pious and astute Danish king having undertaken, at the bidding of the See also:

• HOLY

holy see, to See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead a crusade against the See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen Esthonians . Valdemar's position was still further strengthened when See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick II., the successful See also:

• RIVAL

rival of Otto IV., was, in 1215, crowned at See also:

• AIX

Aix-la-Chapelle . Valdemar at once cultivated the friendship of the new emperor; and Frederick, by an imperial brief, issued in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1214 and subsequently confirmed by Innocent III. and See also:

• HONORIUS
• HONORIUS, FLAVIUS (384-423)

Honorius III., formally renounced all the German lands north of the Elbe and Elde, as well as the Wendish lands on the Baltic, in favour of Valdemar .

An See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt by Otto in 1215 to recover Northalbingia was easily frustrated by Valdemar, who henceforth devoted himself to the See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the Danish See also:

• EMPIRE

empire over the eastern Baltic shores . Here, however, he had already been forestalled . At the end of the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the whole of the Baltic littoral fromsemi-See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• POMERANIA (German, Pommern)

Pomerania to orthodox Pleskow was fiercely and obstinately See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan . The connecting See also:

• LINK

link between the western and the eastern Baltic was the isle of See also:

• GOTLAND

Gotland, where German merchants from Lubeck had established a See also:

• DEPOT (from the Fr. depot, Lat. depositum, laid down; the French accent marks are usually dispensed with in English)

depot (the later See also:

• VISBY, or WISBY

Visby) . The See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur-trade with the Esthonians and Livonians proved so lucrative that a German See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony was planted in Livonia itself at what was afterwards See also:

• RIGA (Esth. Ria-Lin)

Riga, and in 1201 for its better See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security the colony was converted into a bishopric . A still firmer footing was gained by the Germans on Livonian See also:

• SOIL

soil when See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

Abbot Theoderick of Riga founded the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

Sword (a See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation confirmed by the pope in 1204), whose See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty it was to convert the heathen Esths and Livs and appropriate as much of their See also:

• LAND

land in the See also:

• PROCESS

process as possible . Two years later Valdemar, urged by See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

Archbishop Anders Suneson, also appeared off the Esthonian See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast and occupied the isle of See also:

• OESEL (in Esthonian Kure-saare or Saare-ma)

Oesel . In 1210 Valdemar led a second expedition eastwards, this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time directed against heathen See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia and See also:

• SAMLAND

Samland, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief result of which was the subjection of Mestwin, duke of Pomerania, the leading chieftain in those parts . Now was to be seen the determining See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power even in those days . Despite its See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior weapons and mode of warfare, the German See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east Baltic colony was constantly in danger of being overborne by the endless assaults of the dogged See also:

• ABORIGINES

aborigines, whose hatred of the See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion of the See also:

• CROSS

Cross as preached by the knights is very intelligible; and in 1218 See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert of Riga was driven to See also:

• APPEAL

appeal for assistance to King Valdemar . Valdemar cheerfully undertook a new crusade " for the See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of the Blessed Virgin and the remission of my own sins." In 1218 he set See also:

• SAIL

sail for See also:

• ESTHONIA (Ger. Ehstland and Ehshland, Esthonian Eestimae and Meie-maa, also Viroma and Rahvama; Lettish Iggaun Senna)

Esthonia with one of the largest fleets ever seen in See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters, including a Wendish contingent led by Prince Vitslay . Landing at Lyndantse (the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• REVAL, or REVEL (Russ. Revel, formerly Kolyvan; Esthonian, Tallina and Tannilin)

Reval) in north Esthonia, Valdemar at once received the submission of the inhabitants, but three days later was treacherously attacked in his See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp and only saved from utter destruction by his own See also:

• PERSONAL

personal valour and the descent from See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven, at the See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical moment, of a red banner with a See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white cross on it, the Dannebrog (Danes' See also:

• CLOTH

Cloth), of which we now hear for the first time, and which henceforth was to precede the Danish armies to victory till its See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture by the Ditmarshers, three See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred years later .

This victory was followed by the foundation of Reval and the occupation of Harrien and Wirland, the northern districts of Esthonia, by the Danes . Valdemar was now, after the king of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, the most powerful potentate in the north of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . The See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-western Baltic was a Danish Mediterranean, and Danish territory extended from the Elbe to See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake See also:

• PEIPUS, or CHUDSKOYE OZERO

Peipus . But this scattered and heterogeneous empire required a large See also:

• STANDING

standing See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army and a strong central See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government to hold it together . It is doubtful whether even the See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius of Valdemar would have proved equal to such a stupendous task . He never had the opportunity of attempting it . In May 1223 he was seized at midnight in his See also:

• TENT

tent on the isle of See also:

• LYE (0. Eng. leag, cf. Dutch loog, Ger. Lauge, from the root meaning to wash, see in Lat. lavare, and Eng. " lather," froth of soap and water, and " laundry ")

Lye., whither he had come to See also:

• HUNT, ALFRED WILLIAM (183o-1896)
• HUNT, HENRY (1i73-1835)
• HUNT, HENRY JACKSON (1819-1889)
• HUNT, JAMES HENRY LEIGH (1784-1859)
• HUNT, ROBERT (1807-1887)
• HUNT, THOMAS STERRY (1826-1892)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HENRY (1790—1864)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HOLMAN (1827-1910)
• HUNT, WILLIAM MORRIS (1824-1879)

hunt, by his See also:

• VASSAL (Fr. vassal, vassaut, vassault, &c,)

vassal and See also:

• GUEST (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Gast, and Swed. gust; cognate with Lat. hostis, originally a stranger, hence enemy; cf. " host " )
• GUEST, EDWIN (1800–188o)

guest Count Henry of Schwerin, and conveyed with his son and many other valuable hostages to the inaccessible See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of Dannenbergon-Elbe . In this See also:

• DUNGEON

dungeon he languished for two and a See also:

• HALF

half years, and, despite all the efforts of Pope Honorius III. on his behalf, was ultimately forced to pay a heavy See also:

• RANSOM (from Lat. redemptio, through Fr. rancon)

ransom, and surrender Northalbingia and all his Wendish conquests except See also:

• RUGEN

Rugen . On his See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release Valdemar attempted to retrieve his position by force of arms, but was utterly defeated at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Bornheved (22nd of See also:

• JULY

July 1227), which deserves a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place among the decisive battles of See also:

• HISTORY

history, for it destroyed at once and for ever the Danish dominion of the Baltic and established the See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of Lubeck, to the immense detriment in the future of all the Scandinavian states . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand Valdemar, by prudent See also:

• DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy, contrived to retain the greater portion of Danish Esthonia (compact of Stensby, 1238) . With rare resignation Valdemar devoted the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of his See also:

• LIFE

life to the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• WORK

work of domestic reform . His noblest achievement in this respect is the codification of the Danish See also:

• LAWS

laws known as the Jydske Lov (See also:

• JUTLAND (Danish Jylland)

Jutland See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

Code), which he lived to see completed a few days before his See also:

• DEATH

death at Vordingborg on the 28th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1241 .

Valdemar was twice married, his first See also:

• CONSORT (Lat. consors, a companion)

consort being Dragomir (Dagmar) of Bohemia, his second Berengaria of See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal . All his four sons, Valdemar, See also:

• ERIC

Eric, See also:

• ABEL (better ABELL), THOMAS (d. 1540)
• ABEL (Hebrew for breath)
• ABEL, KARL FRIEDRICH (1725-1787)
• ABEL, NIELS HENRIK (1802-1829)
• ABEL, SIR FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, BART

Abel and See also:

• CHRISTOPHER, SAINT (Christophorus, Christoferus)

Christopher became See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of Denmark . See Danmarks Riges Historie, vol. i. pp . 736-849 (See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen, 1897-1905) . (R . N .