VALENTINIAN I  ., See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West from A.D . 364 to 375, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Cibalis, in See also:

• PANNONIA

Pannonia . He had been an officer of the guard under See also:

• JULIAN (FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS) (331-363)

Julian and See also:

• JOVIAN (FLAVIUS JoVIANUs) (c. 332-364)

Jovian, and had risen high in the imperial service . Of robust See also:

• FRAME

frame and distinguished See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, he possessed See also:

• GREAT

great courage and military capacity . He was chosen emperor in his See also:

• FORTY

forty-third See also:

• YEAR

year by the See also:

• OFFICERS

officers of the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army at See also:

• NICAEA, COUNCIL OF
• NICAEA, or NICE

Nicaea in See also:

• BITHYNIA (BtOvpta)

Bithynia in 364, and shortly after-wards named his See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• VALENS

Valens (q.v.) colleague with him in the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . The two See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers, after passing through the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief cities of the neighbouring See also:

• DISTRICT

district, arranged the See also:

• PARTITION

partition ' Until nearly the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of sending " valentines "—i.e. See also:

• ANONYMOUS

anonymous love-tokens, written or otherwise —on St See also:

• VALENTINE, or VALENTINUS

Valentine's See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day was fairly See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general . They gradually lost their See also:

• ORIGINAL

original significance, and the custom, where it survives, has become completely vulgarized.of the empire at Naissus (Nissa) in Upper See also:

• MOESIA (Gr. Muck and Mveia i)

Moesia . As emperor of the West, Valentinian took See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, Illyricum, See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, the Gauls, See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, leaving to Valens the eastern See also:

• HALF

half of the See also:

• BALKAN

Balkan See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

Peninsula, See also:

• GREECE

Greece, See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, See also:

• SYRIA

Syria and See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor as far as See also:

• PERSIA

Persia . During the See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short reign of Valentinian there were See also:

• WARS

wars in Africa, in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and in Britain, and See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome came into collision with See also:

• BARBARIAN (Gr. fap/3apos)

barbarian peoples of whom we now hear for the first See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time—Burgundians, See also:

• SAXONS

Saxons, See also:

• ALAMANNI, or ALEMANNI, LUIGI (1495-1556)
• ALAMANNI, or ALLEMANNI

Alamanni . The emperor's chief See also:

• WORK

work was guarding the frontiers and establishing military positions . See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan was at first his headquarters for settling the affairs of See also:

• NORTHERN

northern Italy; next year (365) he was at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, and then at See also:

• REIMS
• REIMS (RHEIMS)

Reims, to See also:

• DIRECT

direct the operations of his generals against the Alamanni . This See also:

• PEOPLE

people, defeated at Scarpona (Charpeigne) and Catelauni (Chalons-sur-See also:

• MARNE

Marne) by Jovinus, were driven back to the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine, and checked for a while by a See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of military posts and fortresses .

At the close of 367, however, they suddenly crossed the Rhine, attacked Moguntiacum (See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz) and plundered the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . Valentinian attacked them at Solicinium (Sulz in the See also:

• NECKAR

Neckar valley or See also:

• SCHWETZINGEN

Schwetzingen) with a large army, and defeated them with great slaughter, but his own losses were so considerable that he abandoned the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of following up his success . Later, in 374, he made See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace with their See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, Macrianus, who from that time remained a true friend of the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans . The next three years he spent at See also:

• TRIER (French Troves)

Trier, which he chiefly made his headquarters, organizing the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the Rhine frontier, and personally superintending the construction of numerous forts . During his reign the coasts of See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul were harassed by the Saxon pirates, with whom the Picts and Scots of northern Britain joined hands, and ravaged the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island from the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall of Antorinus to the shores of See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent . In 368 See also:

• THEODOSIUS

Theodosius was sent to drive back the invaders; in this he was completely successful, and established a new See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province, called See also:

• VALENTIA, SIR FRANCIS ANNESLEY, VISCOUNT (1585-166o)

Valentia, in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of the emperor . In Africa the Moorish See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince, Firmus, raised the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of revolt, being joined by the provincials, who had been rendered desperate by the See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty and extortions of See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

• ROMANUS

Romanus, the military See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor . The services of Theodosius were again requisitioned, He landed in Africa with a small See also:

• BAND

band of veterans, and Firmus, to avoid being taken prisoner, committed See also:

• SUICIDE (from Lat. sui, of oneself, and cidium, from cued ere, to kill)

suicide . In 374 the Quadi, a German tribe in what is now See also:

• MORAVIA (Ger., Ma/wen; Czech, Morava)

Moravia and See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary, resenting the erection of Roman forts to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube in what they considered to be their own territory, and further exasperated by the treacherous See also:

• MURDER

murder of their king, See also:

• GABINIUS, AULUS

Gabinius, crossed the See also:

• RIVER

river and laid See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste the province of Pannonia . The emperor in See also:

• APRIL

April of the following year entered Illyricum with a powerful army, but during an See also:

• AUDIENCE (from Lat. audire, to hear)

audience to an See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy from the Quadi at Brigetio on the Danube (near See also:

• PRESSBURG (Hung. Pozsony, Lat. Posonium)

Pressburg) died in a See also:

• FIT

fit of See also:

• APOPLEXY (Gr. arov n i.a, from aroaMvvew, to strike down, to stun)

apoplexy . His general See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration seems to have been thoroughly honest and able, in some respects beneficent . If he was hard and exacting in the See also:

• MATTER

matter of taxes, he spent them in the defence and improvement of his dominions, not in idle show or luxury .

Though himself a See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain and almost illiterate soldier, he was a founder of See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, and he also provided medical attendance for the poor of Rome, by appointing a physician for each of the fourteen districts of the city . He was an orthodox See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic, but he permitted See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute religious freedom to all his subjects . Against all abuses, both See also:

• CIVIL

civil and ecclesiastical, he steadily set his See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face, even against the increasing See also:

• WEALTH

wealth and worldliness of the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy . The great blot on his memory is his cruelty, which at times was frightful, and showed itself in its full fierceness in the See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment of persons accused of See also:

• WITCHCRAFT

witchcraft, soothsaying or magical practices . See See also:

• AMMIANUS, MARCELLINUS

Ammianus See also:

• MARCELLINUS, ST

Marcellinus See also:

• XXV

xxv.-See also:

• XXX

xxx.; See also:

• GIBBON
• GIBBON, EDWARD (1737–1794)

Gibbon, Decline and Fall, See also:

• CHAP

chap . 25; T . See also:

• HODGKIN, THOMAS (1831- )

Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, bk. i. chap . 3; H . See also:

• SCHILLER, JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON (1759-18o5)

Schiller, Geschichte der romischen .f(aiserzeit (See also:

• GOTHA

Gotha, 1883-87), bk. iii. chap. iv . 27-30; H . See also:

• RICHTER, ADRIAN LUDWIG (1803-1884)
• RICHTER, ERNST FRIEDRICH EDUARD (1808–1879)
• RICHTER, EUGEN (1839–1906)
• RICHTER, HANS (1843– )
• RICHTER, JEREMIAS BENJAMIN (1762–1807)
• RICHTER, JOHANN PAUL FRIEDRICH (1763–1825)

Richter, Das westromische Reich (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1865), pp . 24o-68 .

After his See also:

• DEATH

death, his son, VALENTINIAN II., an See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant of four years of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, with his half-brother See also:

• GRATIAN (FLAvrus GRATIANUS AUGUSTUS)

Gratian (q.v.) a lad of about' seventeen, became the emperors of the West . They made Milan their See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home; and the empire was nominally divided petween them, Gratian taking the trans-Alpine provinces, Hhilst Italy, Illyricum in See also:

• PART

part, and Africa were to be under jhe See also:

• RULE

rule of Valentinian, or rather of his See also:

• MOTHER

mother, Justina . Justina was an Arian, and the imperial See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court at Milan pitted Itself against the Catholics, under the famous See also:

• AMBROSE (AMBROISE), AUTPERT (d.' 778)
• AMBROSE (ANDREY SERTIS-KAMENSKIY) (1708-1771)
• AMBROSE (fl. 119o)
• AMBROSE, ISAAC (1604-1663/4)
• AMBROSE, SAINT (c. 340-307)

Ambrose, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of that city . But so great was his popularity that the court was decidedly worsted in the contest, and the emperor's authority materially shaken . In 387 See also:

• MAGNUS, HEINRICH GUSTAV (1802-1870)

Magnus See also:

• MAXIMUS
• MAXIMUS, ST (c. 58o-662)

Maximus (q.v.), who had commanded a Roman army in Britain, and had in 383 (the year of Gratian's death) made himself See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of the northern provinces, crossed the See also:

• ALPS

Alps into the valley of the Po and threatgned Milan . The emperor and his mother fled to Theodosius, the emperor of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East and See also:

• HUSBAND

husband of Galla, Valentinian's See also:

• SISTER

sister . Valentinian was restored in 388 by Theodosius, through whose See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence he was converted to Orthodox Catholicism . Four years later he was murdered at See also:

• VIENNE
• VIENNE, COUNCIL OF

Vienne in Gaul, probably at the instigation of his Frankish general See also:

• ARBOGAST (d. 394)

Arbogast, with whom he had quarrelled . See Gibbon, Decline and Fall, chap . 27; Schiller, Geschichte der romischen Kaiserzeit, bk. iii. vol. iv. pp . 32, 33 ;L . See also:

• RANKE, LEOPOLD VON (1795-1886)

Ranke,Weltgeschichte, bk. iv. vol. i. chap .

6 ; and especially H . Richter, Das westromische Reich unter den Kaisern Gratian, Valentinian II. and Maximus (Berlin, 1865), pp . 577-65o, where full references to authorities are given .