See also:

• VALLA, LORENZO, or LAURENTIUS (c. 1406-1457)

VALLA, LORENZO, or See also:

• LAURENTIUS, PAUL (1554-1624)

LAURENTIUS (c. 1406-1457)  , See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian humanist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, of parents from the See also:

• NEIGHBOUR (O. Eng. neahgebiir, from Walt, " nigh," " near ")

neighbour-See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

hood of See also:

• PIACENZA (Lat. Placentia)

Piacenza, about 1406, his See also:

• FATHER

father, Luca delle Vallea, being an See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate . He was educated at Rome, attending the classes of eminent professors, among them Leonardi See also:

• BRUNI, LEONARDO (1369-1444)

Bruni and Giovanni See also:

• AURISPA

Aurispa (c . 1369-1459), from whom he learned Latin and See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek . In 1431 he became a See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest, and after trying vainly to secure a position as apostolic secretary in Rome he went to Piacenza, whence he proceeded to See also:

• PAVIA (anc. Ticinum, q.v.)

Pavia, where he obtained a professorship of eloquence . See also:

• VALLA, LORENZO, or LAURENTIUS (c. 1406-1457)

Valla wandered from one university to another, accepting See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short engagements and lecturing in many cities . During this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period he made the acquaintance of See also:

• ALPHONSO

Alphonso V. of See also:

• ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

Aragon, whose service he entered about 1435 . Alphonso made Valla his private secretary, defended him against the attacks of his numerous enemies, and at a later date encouraged him to open a school in See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples . By this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time Valla had won a high reputation by his See also:

• DIALOGUE

dialogue De Voluptate, and by his See also:

• TREATISE

treatise De Elegantiis Latinae Linguae . In the former See also:

• WORK

work he contrasted the principles of the See also:

• STOICS

Stoics with the tenets of See also:

• EPICURUS (342–270 B.C.)

Epicurus, openly proclaiming his sympathy with those who claimed the right of See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• INDULGENCE (Lat. indulgentia, indulgere, to grant, concede)

indulgence for See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man's natural appetites . It was a remarkable utterance . Here for the first time the paganism of the See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance found deliberate expression in a work of scholarly and philosophical value . De Elegantiis was no less See also:

• ORIGINAL

original, although in a different See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere of thought .

This work subjected the forms of Latin See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar and the rules of Latin See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style and See also:

• RHETORIC (Gr. psroperctj TEXvq, the art of the orator)

rhetoric to a See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical examination, and placed the practice of See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition upon a See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis and inductive reasoning . The same originality and critical acumen were displayed in his treatise on the Donation of See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine (De falso credita et ementita Constantini donatione declamatio), written in 1439 during the pontificate of See also:

• EUGENIUS

Eugenius IV., in which the nature of the forged document known as the Constitutum Constantini was for the first time exposed (see DONATION OF CONSTANTINE) . From Naples Valla continued his See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war against the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church . He showed that the supposed See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ to Abgarus was a See also:

• FORGERY (derived through the French from Latin fabricare, to construct)

forgery, and by throwing doubt upon the authenticity of other See also:

• SPURIOUS

spurious documents, and by questioning the utility of monastic See also:

• LIFE

life, he aroused the anger of the faithful . He was compelled to appear before an inquisitory tribunal composed of his enemies, and he only escaped by the See also:

• SPECIAL

special intervention of Alphonso . He was not, however, silenced; he ridiculed the Latin of the See also:

• VULGATE (from Lat. vulgus, the common people)

Vulgate and accused St See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine of See also:

• HERESY

heresy . In 1444 he visited Rome, but in this See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city also his enemies were numerous and powerful, and he only saved his life by flying in disguise to See also:

• BARCELONA

Barcelona, whence he returned to Naples . But a better See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune attended him after the See also:

• DEATH

death of Eugenius IV. in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1447 . Again he journeyed to Rome, where he was welcomed by the new See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope, See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas V., who made him an apostolic secretary, and this entrance of Valla into the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CURIA

Curia has been justly called " the See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph of See also:

• HUMANISM (from Lat. humanus, human, connected with holm)

humanism over orthodoxy and tradition." Valla also enjoyed the favour of Pope See also:

• CALIXTUS, GEORG (1586-1656)
• CALIXTUS, or CALLISTUS

Calixtus III . He died in Rome on the 1st of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1457 . All the older See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

biographical notices of Valla are loaded with See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long accounts of his many See also:

• LITERARY

literary and theological disputes, the most famous of which was the one with See also:

• POGGIO (1380-1459)

Poggio (q.v.), which took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place after his See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement in Rome . It is almost impossible to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a just estimate of Valla's private life and See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character owing to the clouds of dust which were stirred up by this and other controversies, in which the most virulent and obscene See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language was employed .

He appears, however, as a vain, jealous and quarrelsome man, but he combined the qualities of an elegant humanist, an acute critic and a venomous writer, who had committed himself to a violent polemic against the temporal See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of Rome . In him posterity honours not somuch the See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar and the stylist as the man who initiated a bold method of See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism, which he applied alike to language, to See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical documents and to ethical opinions . See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther had a very high See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion of Valla and of his writings, and See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal See also:

• BELLARMINE (Ital. Bellarmino), ROBERTO FRANCESCO ROMOLO (1542-1621)

Bellarmine calls him praecursor Lutheri, while See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• JEBB, JOHN (1736–1786)
• JEBB, SIR RICHARD CLAVERHOTJSE (1841–1905)

Jebb says that his De Elegantiis " marked the highest level that had yet been reached in the critical study of Latin." Collected, but not quite See also:

• COMPLETE

complete, See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of Valla's See also:

• WORKS

works were published at See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel in 1540 and at See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice in 1592 fol., and De Elegantiis was reprinted nearly sixty times between 1471 and 1536 . For detailed accounts of Valla's life and work see G . Voigt, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Wiederbelebung See also:

• DES

des classischen Alterthums (1880-81); J . A . See also:

• SYMONDS, JOHN ADDINGTON (184o-180, English critic and poet, was born at Bristol, on the 5th of October 184o. He was the only son of John Addington Symonds, M.D. (1807—1871)
• SYMONDS, WILLIAM SAMUEL (1818-1887)

Symonds, Renaissance in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy (1897-99) ; G . See also:

• MANCINI, PASQUALE STANISLAO (1817-1888)

Mancini, Vita di Lorenzo Valla (See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, 1891); M. von See also:

• WOLFF (less correctly WOLF), CHRISTIAN (1679-1754)
• WOLFF, CASPAR FRIEDRICH (1733-1794)
• WOLFF, JOSEPH (1795–1862)

Wolff, Lorenzo Valla (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1893) ; J . See also:

• BURCKHARDT, JAKOB (1818–1897)
• BURCKHARDT, JOHN LEWIS [JOHANN LUDWIG] (1784-1817)

Burckhardt, Kultur der Renaissance (186o) ; J . Vahlen, See also:

• LAURENTIUS, PAUL (1554-1624)

Laurentius Valla (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 187o) ; L . Pastor, Geschichte der Papste, See also:

• BAND

Band ii . See also:

• ENGLISH

English trans. by F .

I . Antrobus (1892) ; the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck's Realencyklopadie, Band xx . (Leipzig, 1908) ; and J . E . See also:

• SANDYS, FREDERICK (1832-1904)
• SANDYS, GEORGE (1578-1644)
• SANDYS, SIR EDWIN (1561-1629)

Sandys, Hist. of Class . Schol. ii . (1908), pp . 66-7o .