See also:

• VANDALS (Lat. Vandili or Vandilii)

VANDALS (See also:

• LAT

Lat. Vandili or Vandilii)  , a See also:

• TERM

term used by See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early writers only as a collective designation for a See also:

• GROUP

group of See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic tribes including, according to See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny, the Burgundians and the Goths . As a tribal name Vandali occurs first in connexion with the Marcomannic See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War . The See also:

• PEOPLE

people to whom 'the name is there applied seem to be identical with those formerly ,known as Lugii . Another tribe called Silingae by See also:

• PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

Ptolemy likewise appears among the See also:

• VANDALS (Lat. Vandili or Vandilii)

Vandals at a later See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . Both these tribes appear to have inhabited the upper See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of the See also:

• ODER (Lat. Viadua; Slavonic, Vjodr)

Oder, and the name of the Silingae is preserved in See also:

• SILESIA

Silesia . The Vandals figure in the earliest legends both of the Goths and the Lembo rds, both of whom they are said to have encountered unsuccessfully . They first came into contact with the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans during the Marcomannic War . In the time of See also:

• AURELIAN [Lucius DoMITIus AURELIANUS]

Aurelian they invaded See also:

• PANNONIA

Pannonia, and during the reign of See also:

• PROBUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• PROBUS, MARCUS VALERIUS

Probus we find them fighting in See also:

• DACIA

Dacia . In the time of See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine I., according to Jordanes, they suffered a See also:

• GREAT

great defeat at the hands of Geberich, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of the Goths, their own king Visimar being killed, and the survivors were allowed by the Romans to See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle in Pannonia . Here they seem to have remained in subjection to the Romans for about sixty years . In the See also:

• YEAR

year 406 they moved westward, according to some writers at the instigation of See also:

• STILICHO, FLAVIUS (?-4o8)

Stilicho, who is himself said to have been of Vandal origin, and See also:

• CROSSING

Crossing the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine at See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz proceeded towards See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul . A portion of the nation is, however, said to have remained behind, and See also:

• PROCOPIUS

Procopius tells a See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story that these remnants sent an See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy to See also:

• GAISERIC

Gaiseric, asking that their kinsfolk in See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa should renounce their claims to the lands which their forefathers had held in the old homes of the See also:

• RACE

race .

- (F . G . M . B.) In Gaul the Vandals fought a great See also:

• BATTLE

battle with the See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks, in which they were defeated with the loss of 2000 men, and their king Godegisel was slain . In 409 his son Gunderic led them across the See also:

• PYRENEES [Span. Pirineos, Fr. Pyrenees]

Pyrenees . They appear to have settled in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain in two detachments . One, the Asdingian Vandals, occupied See also:

• GALICIA (Ger. Galizien; Pol. Halicz)
• GALICIA (the ancient Gallaecia or Callaecia, KaMauci,a or KaXau da)

Galicia, the other, the Silingian, See also:

• ANDALUSIA, or ANDALUCIA

Andalusia . Twenty years of bloody and purposeless warfare with the armies of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire and with their See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-barbarians, the Goths and the Suevi, followed . The Silingian Vandals were well-nigh exterminated, but their Asdingian brethren (with whom were now associatedthe remains of a Turanian people, the See also:

• ALANI (Gr. 'AXavoi, 'AAavvoi ; Chinese 'O-lan-na; since the 9th century A.U. they have been called As, Russ. Jasy, Georgian Ossi)

Alani, who had been utterly defeated by the Goths) marched across Spain and took See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of Andalusia . In 428 or 429 the whole nation set See also:

• SAIL

sail for Africa, upon an invitation received - by their king from See also:

• BONIFACIUS (d. 432)

Bonifacius, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of Africa, who had fallen into disgrace with the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• RAVENNA
• RAVENNA, EXARCHATE OF

Ravenna . Gunderic was now dead, and supreme See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power was in the hands of his See also:

• BASTARD (O. Fr. bastard, mod. bdtard = fits de bast, "pack-saddle child," from bast, saddle)

bastard See also:

• BROTHER

brother, Who is generally known in See also:

• HISTORY

history as Genseric, -though the more correct See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of his name is Gaiseric . This See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short of stature and with limping gait, but with a great natural capacity for war and dominion, reckless of human See also:

• LIFE

life and unrestrained by See also:

• CONSCIENCE (Lat. con-scientia, literally " knowledge of a thing shared with another person " or " complete knowledge," and derivatively " consciousness in general)
• CONSCIENCE, HENDRIK (1812-1883)

conscience or pity, was for fifty years the See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero of the Vandal race and the terror of See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople and See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome .

Probably in the See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month of May 428 he assembled all his people on the See also:

• SHORE

shore of Andalusia, and numbering the See also:

• MALES

males among them from the greybeard down to the newborn See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant found them to amount to 8o,000 souls . The passage was effected in the See also:

• SHIPS

ships of Bonifacius, who, however, soon returning to his old See also:

• LOYALTY

loyalty, besought his new See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies to depart from Africa . They, of course, refused, and Bonifacius turned against them, too See also:

• LATE

late, however, to repair the See also:

• MISCHIEF

mischief which he had caused . Notwithstanding his opposition, the progress of the Vandals was rapid, and by May 430 only three cities of See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Africa—See also:

• CARTHAGE
• CARTHAGE (Phoenician Kart-hadshat, " New City "; Gr. Kapxn5c; v, Lat. Carthago or Carchedon)
• CARTHAGE, SYNODS OF

Carthage, See also:

• HIPPO

Hippo and See also:

• CIRTA (mod. Constantine, q.v.)

Cirta—remained untaken . The See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of Hippo (May 430 to See also:

• JULY

July 431), memorable for the last illness and See also:

• DEATH

death of St See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine, which occurred during its progress, ended unsuccessfully for the Vandals . At length (3oth See also:

• JANUARY

January 435) See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace was made between the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor Valentinian III. and Gaiseric . The emperor was to retain Carthage and the small but See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich proconsular See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province in which it was situated, while Hippo and the other six provinces of Africa were abandoned to the Vandal . Gaiseric observed this treaty no longer than suited his purpose . On the 19th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 439, without any See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of war, he suddenly attacked Carthage and took it . The Vandal occupation of this great See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, the third among the cities of the Roman empire, lasted for ninety-four years . Gaiseric seems to have counted the years of his See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty from the date of its See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture . Though most of the remaining years of Gaiseric's life were passed in war, See also:

• PLUNDER

plunder rather than territorial See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest seems to have been the See also:

• OBJECT

object of his expeditions .

He made, in fact, of Carthage a pirate's stronghold, whence he issued forth, like the See also:

• BARBARY

Barbary pirates of a later See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, to attack, as he himself said, " the dwellings of the men with whom See also:

• GOD

God is angry," leaving the question who those men might be to the decision of - the elements . Almost alone among the Teutonic invaders of the empire he set himself to form a powerful See also:

• FLEET

fleet, and was probably for See also:

• THIRTY

thirty years the leading maritime power in the Mediterranean . ' Gaiseric's celebrated expedition against Rome (455), undertaken in response to the See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call of Eudoxia, widow of Valentinian, was only the greatest of his marauding exploits . He took the city without difficulty, and for fourteen days, in a See also:

• CALM

calm and business-like manner, emptied it of all its movable See also:

• WEALTH

wealth . The sacred vessels of the Jewish See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple, brought to Rome by See also:

• TITUS
• TITUS, FLAVIUS SABINUS VESPASIANUS
• TITUS, THE EPISTLE TO

Titus, are said to have been among the spoils carried to Carthage by the conqueror . Eudoxia and her two daughters were also carried into captivity . One of the princesses, Eudocia, was married to See also:

• HUNNERIC (d. 484)

Hunneric, eldest son of Gaiseric; her See also:

• MOTHER

mother and See also:

• SISTER

sister, after long and tedious negotiations, were sent to Constantinople . There does not seem to be in the story of the capture of Rome by the Vandals any See also:

• JUSTIFICATION

justification for the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of wilful and object-less destruction of public buildings which is implied in the word " vandalism." It is probable that this charge See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew out of the fierce persecution which was carried on by Gaiseric and his son against. the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic Christians, aid which is the darkest stain on their characters . This persecution is described with great vividness, and no doubt with some exaggeration, by the nearly contemporary See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor Vitensis . Churches were burned; bishops and priests were forced by cruel and revolting tortures to reveal the hiding-places of the sacred vessels; the rich provincials who were employed about the court, and who still adhered to the Catholic faith, were racked and beaten, and put to death . The bishops were almost universally banished, and the congregations were forbidden to elect their successors, so that the greater part of the churches of Africa remained " widowed " for a whole See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation . In 476, at the very See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of Gaiseric's life, by a treaty concluded with the Eastern emperor, the bishops were permitted to return .

There was then a short See also:

• LULL (or LvLLY), RAIMON, or RAYMOND (c. 1235-1315)

lull in the persecution; but on the death of Gaiseric (477) and the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of Hunneric it See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out again with greater violence than ever, the ferocity of Hunneric being more thoroughly stupid and brutal than the calculating See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty of his See also:

• FATHER

father . On the death of Hunneric (484) he was succeeded by his See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin Gunthamund, Gaiseric having established seniority among his own descendants as the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to his See also:

• THRONE

throne . Gunthamund (484–96) and his brother Thrasamund (496–523), though Arians, See also:

• ABATED

abated some of the rigour of the persecution, and maintained the See also:

• EXTERNAL

external See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit of the See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy . Internally, however, it was rapidly declining, the once chaste and See also:

• HARDY, ALEXANDRE (1569?-1631)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS DUFFUS (1804-1878)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS MASTERMAN
• HARDY, THOMAS (1840- )

hardy Vandals being demoralized by the fervid See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of Africa and the sinful delights of their new See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, and falling ever See also:

• LOWER

lower into See also:

• SLOTH

sloth, effeminacy and See also:

• VICE

vice . On the death of Thrasamund, Hilderic (523–31), the son of Hunneric and Eudocia, at length succeeded to the throne . He adhered to the creed of his mother rather than to that of his father; and, in spite of a See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath sworn to his predecessor that he would not restore the Catholic churches to their owners, he at once proceeded to do so and to recall the bishops . Hilderic, elderly, Catholic and timid, was very unpopular with his subjects, and after a reign of eight years he was thrust into See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison by his warlike cousin Gelimer (531-34)• The wrongs of Hilderic, a Catholic, and with the See also:

• BLOOD

blood of See also:

• THEODOSIUS

Theodosius in his See also:

• VEINS

veins, afforded to Justinian a long-coveted pretext for overthrowing the Vandal dominion, the latent weakness of which was probably known to the statesmen of Constantinople . A great expedition under the command of See also:

• BELISARIUS (c. 505–565)

Belisarius (in whose See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train was the historian Procopius) sailed from the See also:

• BOSPORUS, or BOSPHORUS (Gr. Boo-iopos=ox-ford, tradition-ally connected with Io, daughter of Inachus, who, in the form of a heifer, crossed the Thracian Bosporus on her wanderings)

Bosporus in See also:

• JUNE

June 533, and after touching at Catana in See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily finally reached Africa in the beginning of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September . Gelimer, who was strangely ignorant of the plans of Justinian, had sent his brother Tzazo with some of his best troops to quell a See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion in See also:

• SARDINIA (Gr. 'IXs'o"uva, from a fancied resemblance to a footprint in its shape, Ital. Sardegna)

Sardinia (that See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island as well as the Balearic Isles forming part of the Vandal dominions), and the landing of Belisarius was entirely unopposed . He marched rapidly towards Carthage and on the 13th of September was confronted by Gelimer at Ad Decimum, so m. from Carthage . The battle did not reflect any great credit either on See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine or Vandal generalship . It was in fact a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of blunders on both sides, but Belisarius made the fewest and victory remained with him .

On the 14th of September 533 the imperial See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general entered Carthage and See also:

• ATE

ate the feast prepared in Gelimer's See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace for its See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord . Belisarius, however, was too late to See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save the life of Hilderic, who had been slain by his See also:

• RIVAL

rival's orders as soon as the See also:

• NEWS

news came of the landing of the imperial See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army . Still Gelimer with many of the Vandal warriors was at See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty . On the return of Tzazo from Sardinia a force was collected considerably larger than the imperial army, and Gelimer met Belisarius in battle at a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place about 20 M. from Carthage, called Tricamarum (See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 533)• This battle was far more stubbornly See also:

• CON

con- tested than that of Ad Decimum, but it ended in the utter rout of the Vandals and the See also:

• FLIGHT

flight of Gelimer . He took See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in a See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain fortress called Pappua on the Numidian frontier, and there, after enduring great hardships in the squalid dwellings of the See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

Moors, surrendered to his pursuers in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 534• The well-known stories of his See also:

• LAUGHTER

laughter when he was introduced to Belisarius, and his See also:

• CHANT (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. cantare, to sing; an old form is " chaunt ")

chant, " Vanitas vanitatum," when he walked before the triumphal See also:

• CAR (Late Lat. carra)

car of his conqueror through the streets of Constantinople, probably point to an See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect disordered by his reverses and hardships . The Vandals who were carried See also:

• CAPTIVE (from Lat. capere, to take)

captive to Constantinople were enlisted in five squadrons of See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry and sent to serve against the Parthians under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title " Justinian Vandali." Four See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred escaped to Africa and took part in a See also:

• MUTINY
• MUTINY (from an old verb " mutine," O. Fr. mutin, meutin, a sedition; cf. mod. Fr. emeute; the original is the Late Lat. mota, commotion, from movere, to move)

mutiny of the imperial troops, which was with difficulty quelled by Belisarius (536) . After this the Vandals disappear from history . The overthrow of their See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom undoubtedly rendered easier the spread of Saracen conquest along the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern shore of Africa in the following See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . In this as in many other See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields Justinian sowed that See also:

• MAHOMET (strictly MUHAMMAD, commonly also MOHAMMED)

Mahomet might reap . (T . H.) See Pliny, Natural History, iv . 99; See also:

• TACITUS, CORNELIUS (c. 55-120)
• TACITUS, MARCUS CLAUDIUS

Tacitus, Germania, cc .

2, 43; Ptolemy, ii. c . 11, §§ 18 ff.; See also:

• JULIUS

Julius Capitolinus, De See also:

• BELLO, ANDRES (1781–1865)

Bello Marcomannico, 17; Vopiscus, Probus, 18; See also:

• DEXIPPUS, PUBLIUS HERENNIUS (c. A.D. 210-273)

Dexippus, Excerpta, pp . 19 ff . (See also:

• BONN

Bonn); and Jordanes, 4, 16, 22; Proeopius, De Bello Vandalico, a first-See also:

• RATE

rate authority for contemporary events, must be used with caution for the history of the two or three generations before his time . The chroniclers Idatius, Prosper and Victor Tunnunensis See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply some facts, and for the persecution of the Catholics Victor Vitensis and the Vita Augustini of Posidius may be consulted . See also E See also:

• GIBBON
• GIBBON, EDWARD (1737–1794)

Gibbon, Decline and Fall, chaps. xxxiii. and xli . ; Papencordt, Geschichte der vandalischen Herrschaft in Afrika (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin . 1837) ; T . See also:

• HODGKIN, THOMAS (1831- )

Hodgkin, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and her Invaders (188o-99) ; L . See also:

• SCHMIDT, H
• SCHMIDT, HEINRICH JULIAN (1818-1886)
• SCHMIDT, KARL VON (1817-1875)
• SCHMIDT, WILHELM ADOLF (1812-1887)

Schmidt, Geschichte der Wandalen (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1901) ; and F . Martroye, L'Occident d l'epoque byzantine (1904) .