See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

MARTIN See also:

• VAN

VAN BUREN (1782-1862)  , eighth See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

• UNITED

United States, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Kinderhook, New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, on the 5th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1782, of Dutch descent . His See also:

• FATHER

father was a See also:

• FARMER, RICHARD (1735–1787)

farmer and See also:

• TAVERN

tavern-keeper . His See also:

• EDUCATION

education was limited to that which could be obtained in the See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools and at Kinderhook See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy, and there is testimony to the effect that as See also:

• LATE

late as 1829, when he became secretary of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, he wrote crudely and incorrectly . In 1996 he began the study of See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, completing his preparation in 1802 at New York, where he studied under See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter See also:

• VAN

Van Ness (1778-1826), an eminent lawyer and later See also:

• AARON

Aaron See also:

• BURR, AARON (1756-1836)

Burr's second in the See also:

• DUEL (Ital. duello, Lat. duellum—old form of bellum-from duo, two)

duel with See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton . Van Buren made the acquaintance of Burr, but did not fall under his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . In 1803 he was admitted to the See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar and continued in active and successful practice for twenty-five years . His practice made him financially See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent, and paved the way for his entrance into politics . New York politics after 1800, the See also:

• YEAR

year of the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of See also:

• JEFFERSON
• JEFFERSON, JOSEPH (1829-1905)
• JEFFERSON, THOMAS (1743-1826)

Jefferson and the down-fall of the Federalists, were peculiarly See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter and See also:

• PERSONAL

personal . The Republicans were divided into three factions, followers respectively of See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• CLINTON
• CLINTON, DE WITT (1769-1828)
• CLINTON, GEORGE (1739-1812)
• CLINTON, HENRY FYNES (1781-1852)
• CLINTON, SIR HENRY (c. 1738-1795)

Clinton (and later of his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew, De Witt Clinton), See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert R . See also:

• LIVINGSTON, EDWARD (1764–1836)
• LIVINGSTON, ROBERT R
• LIVINGSTON, WILLIAM (1723-1790)

Livingston and Aaron Burr; and such Federalist See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control as there was from See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to time after 1799 depended upon See also:

• COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition with one or other of these See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups . Van Buren, who See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early allied himself with the Clintonians, was See also:

• SURROGATE (from Lat. surrogare, to substitute for)

surrogate of See also:

• COLUMBIA

Columbia See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county from 18o8 until 1813, when he was removed . In 1812 he entered the state See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

Senate, and he also became a member of the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court for the correction of errors, the highest court in New York until 1847 .

His career in the Senate covered two terms (1812-1820) . In 1815 he became See also:

• ATTORNEY (from O. Fr. atorne, a person appointed to act for another, from atourner, legal Lat. attornare, attorn, literally to turn over to another or commit business to another)

attorney-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, an See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office which he held, still as a member of the Senate, until 1819, when he was displaced to make See also:

• ROOM

room for a Federalist . He had already, in 1808, removed from Kinderhook to See also:

• HUDSON
• HUDSON, GEORGE (180o-1871)
• HUDSON, HENRY
• HUDSON, JOHN (1662–1719)

Hudson, and in 1816 he took up his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence in See also:

• ALBANY
• ALBANY, DUKES OF
• ALBANY, LOUISE MAXIMILIENNE CAROLINE, COUNTESS OF (1752-1824)

Albany, where he continued to reside until he entered See also:

• JACKSON
• JACKSON, ANDREW (1767-1845)
• JACKSON, CYRIL (1746-1819)
• JACKSON, FREDERICK GEORGE (186o– )
• JACKSON, HELEN MARIA (1831–1885)
• JACKSON, MASON (c. 1820-1903)
• JACKSON, THOMAS (1579-1640)
• JACKSON, THOMAS JONATHAN (1824-1863)
• JACKSON, WILLIAM (1730-1803)

Jackson's See also:

• CABINET

cabinet in 1829 . As a member of the state Senate he supported the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War of 1812 and See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up a See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act for the enrolment of See also:

• VOLUNTEERS

volunteers . He was chosen to draft the See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution of thanks voted by the legislature to General See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew Jackson after the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of New See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans . He See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke with De Witt Clinton in 1813, but nevertheless favoured, in 1817, Clinton's See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan for the See also:

• ERIE

Erie See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

Canal . His attitude towards See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery at the moment was shown by his See also:

• VOTE

vote, in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1820, for a resolution opposing the See also:

• ADMISSION

admission of See also:

• MISSOURI

Missouri as a slave state . In the same year he was chosen a presidential elector . It is at this point that Van Buren's connexion began with so-called "See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine politics," a connexion which has made his name odious to some historians of the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . He was a leading member of the " Albany regency," a See also:

• GROUP

group of politicians who for more than a See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation controlled the politics of New York and powerfully influenced those of the nation, and which did more than any other agency to make the " spoils See also:

• SYSTEM

system ". a recognized See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure in See also:

• NATIONAL

national, state and See also:

• LOCAL

local affairs . Van Buren did not originate the system, for it was already well See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed when he entered public See also:

• LIFE

life; but the See also:

• NICKNAME

nickname of " Little Magician " which presently attached to him testifies to the skill with which he exploited it, and to the popular impression which his See also:

• POLITICAL

political methods produced . In See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1821 he was elected to the United States Senate .

Before taking his seat he served also as a member of the state constitutional See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention, where he opposed the See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant of universal See also:

• SUFFRAGE (Lat. suffragium)

suffrage . His course in the Senate was not altogether consistent, though in this respect he is not to be judged more harshly than some of his associates . He at first favoured See also:

• INTERNAL

internal improvements, and in 1824 proposed a constitutional See also:

• AMENDMENT (through the O. Fr. amender, to correct, from Lat. mendum, a fault)

amendment to authorize such undertakings, but the next year took ground against them . He voted for the See also:

• TARIFF (adapted in English from the French; the word comes through the Spanish tarifa, a list or schedule of prices, from the Arabic, ta'rifa, information, an inventory, 'arf, know-ledge)

tariff of 1824, then gradually abandoned the protectionist position . In the presidential election of 1824 he appeared as a strong sup-See also:

• PORTER
• PORTER, BENJAMIN CURTIS (1843– )
• PORTER, DAVID (1780-1843)
• PORTER, DAVID DIXON (1813-1891)
• PORTER, ENDYMION (1587–1649)
• PORTER, HENRY (ft. 1596-1599)
• PORTER, HORACE (1837– )
• PORTER, JANE (1776–1850)
• PORTER, MARY (d. 1765)
• PORTER, NOAH (1811–1892)

porter of William H . See also:

• CRAWFORD, EARLS OF
• CRAWFORD, FRANCIS MARION (1854–1909)
• CRAWFORD, THOMAS (1814–1857)
• CRAWFORD, WILLIAM HARRIS (1772–1834)

Crawford, and received the electoral vote of See also:

• GEORGIA

Georgia for See also:

• VICE

vice-president; but he shrewdly kept out of the acrimonious controversy which followed the choice of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• QUINCY
• QUINCY, JOSIAH (1744–1775)

Quincy See also:

• ADAMS
• ADAMS, ANDREW LEITH (1827-1882)
• ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS (1807-1886)
• ADAMS, HENRY (1838— )
• ADAMS, HENRY CARTER (1852— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT (i858— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT BAXTER (1850—1901)
• ADAMS, JOHN (1735–1826)
• ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY (1767-1848)
• ADAMS, SAMUEL (1722-1803)
• ADAMS, THOMAS (d. c. 1655)
• ADAMS, WILLIAM (d. 162o)

Adams . He early recognized the availability of Andrew Jackson, however, as a presidential See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate, and after the election sought to bring the Crawford and Jackson followers together, at the same time strengthening _1is control as a party See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader in the Senate . Always notably courteous in his treatment of opponents, he showed no bitterness either towards J . Q . Adams or See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

Clay, and voted for Clay's See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation as secretary of state notwithstanding the " corrupt bargain " See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge; at the same time he opposed internal improvements and declined to support the proposal for a See also:

• PANAMA

Panama See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress . As chairman of the judiciary See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee, he brought forward a number of See also:

• MEASURES

measures for the improvement of judicial procedure, and in May 1826 joined with See also:

• BENTON, THOMAS HART (1782-1858)

Benton in presenting a See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report on executive patronage . In the debate on the " tariff of abominations" in 1828 he took no See also:

• PART

part, but voted for the measure in obedience to instructions from the New York legislattlre—an See also:

• ACTION

action which was cited against him as late as the presidential See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of 1844 .

Van Buren was not an orator, but his more important speeches show careful preparation and his opinions carried See also:

• WEIGHT

weight; and the oft-repeated charge that he refrained from declaring himself on See also:

• CRUCIAL (from Lat. crux, a cross)

crucial questions is hardly See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne out by an examination of his senatorial career . In February 1827 he was re-elected to the Senate by a large See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority . He was now one of the recognized managers of the Jackson campaign, and a tour of See also:

• VIRGINIA
• VIRGINIA, or VERGINIA
• VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Virginia, the Carolinas and Georgia in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1827 won support for Jackson from Crawford . In 1828 Van Buren was elected See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of New York for the See also:

• TERM

term beginning on the 1st of January 1829, and resigned his seat in the Senate . But on the 5th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March he was appointed by President Jackson secretary of state, an office which probably had been assured to him before the election, and he resigned the governorship . As secretary of state he took care to keep on See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good terms with the " See also:

• KITCHEN (O.E. cycene; this and other cognate forms, such as Dutch keuken, Ger. Kiuche, Dan. kokken, Fr. cuisine, are formed from the Low Lat. cucina, Lat. coquina, coquere, to cook)

kitchen cabinet," the group of politicians who acted as Jackson's advisers, and won the lasting regard of Jackson by his courtesies to Mrs John H . See also:

• EATON, DORMAN BRIDGMAN (1823-1899)
• EATON, MARGARET
• EATON, THEOPHILUS (c. 15go-1658)
• EATON, WILLIAM (1764-1811)
• EATON, WYATT (1849-1896)

Eaton, wife of the secretary of war, with whom the wives of the cabinet See also:

• OFFICERS

officers had refused to See also:

• ASSOCIATE (Lat. associates, from ad, to, and sociare to join)

associate . He did not oppose Jackson in the See also:

• MATTER

matter of removals from office, but was not himself an active '' spoilsman," and protested strongly against the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel Swartwout (1783—1856), who was later a defaulter to a large amount as See also:

• COLLECTOR

collector of the See also:

• PORT

port of New York . He skilfully avoided entanglement in the Jackson-See also:

• CALHOUN, JOHN CALDWELL (1782-185o)

Calhoun imbroglio . No See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic questions of the first magnitude arose during his service as secretary of state, but the See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long-See also:

• STANDING

standing claims against See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France was prepared for, and See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade with the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India colonies was opened . In the controversy with the See also:

• BANK

Bank of the United States he sided with Jackson . After the See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach between Jackson and Calhoun, Van Buren was clearly the most prominent candidate for the vice-See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency .

Jackson in December 1829 had already made known his own wish that Van Buren should receive the nomination . In See also:

• APRIL

April 1831 Van Buren resigned, though he did not leave office until See also:

• JUNE

June . In See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August he was appointed See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, and arrived in See also:

• LONDON

London in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September . He was cordially received, but in February learned that his nomination had been rejected by the Senate on the 25th, of January . The rejection, ostensibly attributed in large part to Van Buren's instructions to See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis See also:

• MCLANE, LOUIS (1786-1857)

McLane, the See also:

• AMERICAN

American minister to England, regarding the opening of the West India trade, in which reference had been made to the results of the election of 1828, was in fact the See also:

• WORK

work of Calhoun, the vice-president; and when the vote was taken enough of the majority refrained from voting to produce a tie and give Calhoun his longed-for " vengeance." No greater impetus than this could have been given to Van Buren's candidacy for the vice-presidency . After a brief tour on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

Continent he reached New York on the 5th of See also:

• JULY

July . In May the Democratic convention, the first held by that party, had nominated him for vice-president on the Jackson See also:

• TICKET (O. Fr. esliquet, also estiquette, mod. etiquette, from Ger. sleeken, to stick up)

ticket, notwithstanding the strong opposition to him which existed in many states . No See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform was adopted, the widespread popularity of Jackson being relied upon to win success at the polls . His declarations during the campaign were vague regarding the tariff and unfavourable to the United States Bank See also:

• ANT
• ANT (O. Eng. aemete, from Teutonic a, privative, and maitan, cut or bite off, i.e. " the biter off "; aemete in Middle English became differentiated in dialect use to (mete, then amte, and so ant, and also to emete, whence the synonym " emmet," now only u

ant' ro See also:

• NULLIFICATION

nullification, but he had already somewhat placated the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South by denying the right of Congress to abolish slavery in the See also:

• DISTRICT

District of Columbia without the consent of the slave states . In the election he received 189 electoral votes, while Jackson received 219 for President . Jackson now determined to make Van Buren president in 1836, and See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent all his energies to that end . In May 1835 Van Buren was unanimously nominated by the Democratic convention at See also:

• BALTIMORE
• BALTIMORE, GEORGE CALVERT, 1ST BARON (C. 1580—1632)

Baltimore .

He expressed himself plainly during the See also:

• CANVASS (an older spelling of " canvas ")

canvass on the questions of slavery and the bank, at the same time voting, perhaps with a See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch of bravado, for a See also:

• BILL

bill offered in 1836 to subject abolition literature in the mails to the See also:

• LAWS

laws of the several states . Calhoun, bitterly hostile to the last, objected to the usual vote of thanks to the retiring vice-president, but withdrew his objection . In the election Van Buren received 1,70 electoral votes against 73 for William Henry See also:

• HARRISON
• HARRISON, BENJAMIN
• HARRISON, FREDERIC (1831— )
• HARRISON, JOHN (1693—1776)
• HARRISON, THOMAS (16o6-166o)
• HARRISON, THOMAS ALEXANDER (1853– )
• HARRISON, WILLIAM (1534–1593)
• HARRISON, WILLIAM HENRY (1773–1841)

Harrison, his See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal opponent; butthe popular vote showed a See also:

• PLURALITY (0. Fr. pluralitd, Late Lat. pluralitas, plural number)

plurality of less than 25,000 in' a See also:

• TOTAL

total vote of about 1,500,090 . The election was in fact a victory for Jackson rather than for Van Buren . The details of Van Buren's See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration belong to the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the United States (see UNITED STATES) . He announced his intention " to follow in the footsteps of his illustrious predecessor," took over all but one of Jackson's cabinet, and met with statesmanlike firmness the commercial crisis of 1837, already prepared for before he took office . No See also:

• EXHIBITION

exhibition of ability or courage, however, nor yet the most skilful manipulation of the political machinery of the party, could prevent continued hostility to him and to the methods for which he was widely believed to stand . The state elections of 1837 and 1838 were disastrous for the Democrats, and the partial recovery in 1839 was offset by a second commercial crisis in that year . Nevertheless, Van Buren was unanimously renominated by the Democrats in 184o . Charged with being " a See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man with See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern principles," he was frequently interrogated during the campaign, and his nomination obviously failed to arouse See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm or even inspire confidence . The revolt against Democratic See also:

• RULE

rule was undoubtedly serious, but a study of the popular vote shows that the election of Harrison, the Whig candidate, was less of a revolution than many affected to think . On the expiration of his term Van Buren retired to his See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate at Kinderhook, but he did not with-draw from politics or cease to be a figure of national importance, It was even proposed to make him a member of the Federal Supreme Court in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to get him out of political life .

He confidently expected to be nominated for president in 1844, and his famous See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter of the 27th of April, in which he frankly opposed the immediate See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation of See also:

• TEXAS

Texas, though doubtless contributing greatly to his defeat, was not made public until he See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt practically sure of the nomination . In the Democratic convention, though he had a' majority of the votes, he did not have the two.. thirds which the rule of the convention required, and after eight ballots his name was withdrawn . In 1848 he was again nominated, first by the " Barnburner " See also:

• FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction of the Democrats, then by the See also:

• FREE

Free Soilers, with whom the " Barnburners " coalesced, but no electoral vote was won by the party . In the election of 186o he voted for the See also:

• FUSION

fusion ticket in New York which was opposed to See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln, but he could not approve of President See also:

• BUCHANAN
• BUCHANAN, CLAUDIUS
• BUCHANAN, GEORGE (1506–1582)
• BUCHANAN, JAMES (1791-1868)
• BUCHANAN, ROBERT WILLIAMS (1841-1901)

Buchanan's course in dealing with See also:

• SECESSION

secession, and later supported Lincoln . He died in Kinderhook on the 24th of July 1862 . His See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs, to 1834, remain unpublished, but an Inquiry into the Origin and Course of Political Parties in the United States was compiled from it by his sons and published in 1867 . Van Buren married in 1807 Hannah Hoes (1782—1819), by whom he had four sons . Van Buren's son ABRAHAM (1807—1873) graduated at West Point in 1827, served under General See also:

• WINFIELD

Winfield See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott against the See also:

• SEMINOLE
• SEMINOLE (properly Simanoli, " renegade," " runaway," in allusion to their secession from the Creek confederacy)

Seminole See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians in 1836, and was made See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain of the First Dragoons . In 1837 he resigned from the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army to become his father's private secretary, but in 1846, at the outbreak of the war with See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico, he was reappointed with the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major and paymaster . In August 1847 he was breveted See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel for gallant and meritorious conduct at Contreras and Churubusco . In 1854 he retired to private life . Another son, JOHN (1810—1866), graduated at Yale in 1828, was admitted to the bar at Albany in 1830 and was attorney-general of New York in 1845—1846 .

He was popularly known as " See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince John " because of his See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners and See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance . The best See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography of Van Buren is by See also:

• EDWARD

Edward M . Shepard, in the " American Statesmen See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

Series " (revised .ed., See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston, 1899) . The Life by George See also:

• BANCROFT, GEORGE (1800—1891)
• BANCROFT, HUBERT HOWE (1832– )
• BANCROFT, RICHARD (1544–161o)
• BANCROFT, SIR SQUIRE (1841– )

Bancroft (New York, 1889) is highly eulogistic . Von Hoist's United States, See also:

• MACDONALD, FLORA (1722—1790)
• MACDONALD, GEORGE (1824-1905)
• MACDONALD, JACQUES ETIENNE JOSEPH
• MACDONALD, JOHN SANDFIELD (1812-1872)
• MACDONALD, LAWRENCE (1799-1878)
• MACDONALD, SIR HECTOR ARCHIBALD (1852-1903)
• MACDONALD, SIR JOHN ALEXANDER (1815-1891)

MacDonald's Jacksonian See also:

• DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the people, i.e. the commons, and Kparos, rule)

Democracy, See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

Garrison's Westward See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

Extension and T . C . See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith's Parties and Slavery (the last three in the " American Nation Series ") give much See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to Van Buren's public career . The Van Buren See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts are in the Library of Congress . (W .