BERNHARDUS [BERNHARD VAREN] See also:

• BERNHARDUS [BERNHARD VAREN] VARENIUS (1622-165o)

VARENIUS (1622-165o)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German geographer, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• HITZACKER

Hitzacker on the See also:

• ELBE (the Albis of the Romans and the Labe of the Czechs)

Elbe, in the See also:

• LUNEBURG

Luneburg See also:

• DISTRICT

district of See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover . His See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early years (from 1627) were spent at See also:

• UELZEN

Uelzen, where his See also:

• FATHER

father was See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court preacher to the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• BRUNSWICK
• BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig)
• BRUNSWICK, KARL WILHELM FERDINAND, DUKE OF (1735-18o6)

Brunswick . See also:

• VARENIUS, BERNHARDUS [BERNHARD VAREN] (1622-165o)

Varenius studied at the gymnasium of See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg (1640-42), and at See also:

• KONIGSBERG (Polish Krolewiec)

Konigsberg (1643-45) and See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden (1645-49) See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities, where he devoted himself to See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics and See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine, taking his medical degree at Leiden in 1649 . He then settled at See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam, intending to practise medicine . But the See also:

• RECENT

recent discoveries of See also:

• TASMAN, ABEL JANSZOON (c. 1603-1659)

Tasman, Schouten and other Dutch navigators, and his friendship for Blaeu andother geographers, attracted Varenius to See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography . He died in 165o, aged only twenty-eight, a victim to the privations and miseries of a poor See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar's See also:

• LIFE

life . In 1649 he published, through L . See also:

• ELZEVIR

Elzevir of Amsterdam, his Descriptio Regni Japoniae, an excellent compilation . In this was included a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation into Latin of See also:

• PART

part of Jodocus Schouten's See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of See also:

• SIAM (known to its inhabitants as Muang Thai)

Siam (Appendix de religione Siamensium, ex Descriptione Belgica lodoci Schoutenii), and chapters on the religions of various peoples . Next See also:

• YEAR

year (r65o) appeared, also through Elzevir, the See also:

• WORK

work by which he is best known, his Geographia Generalis, in which he endeavoured to See also:

• LAY

lay down the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general principles of the subject on a wide scientific basis, according to the knowledge of his See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . The work is divided into—(1) See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute geography, (2) relative geography and (3) See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative geography . The first investigates mathematical facts See also:

• RELATING

relating to the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth as a whole, its figure, dimensions, motions, their measurement, &c .

The second part considers the earth as affected by the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun and stars, climates, seasons, the difference of apparent See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time at different places, See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations in the length of the day, &c . The third part treats briefly of the actual divisions of the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the earth, their relative positions, globe and See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map-construction, See also:

• LONGITUDE (from Lat. longitudo, " length ")

longitude, See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation, &c . Varenius, with the materials at his command, dealt with the subject in a truly philosophic spirit; and his work See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long held its position as the best See also:

• TREATISE

treatise in existence on scientific and comparative geography . The work went through many See also:

• EDITIONS

editions . See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

Isaac See also:

• NEWTON
• NEWTON, ALFRED (1829–1907)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1725-1807)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1823-1895)
• NEWTON, SIR CHARLES THOMAS (1816-1894)
• NEWTON, SIR ISAAC (1642-1727)

Newton introduced several important improvements into the See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge edition of 1672 ; in 1715 Dr Jurin issued another See also:

• CAM (CAO), DIOGO (fl. 1480-1486)

Cam-See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge edition with a valuable appendix; in 1733 the whole work was translated into See also:

• ENGLISH

English by See also:

• DUGDALE, SIR WILLIAM (16o5-1686)

Dugdale; and in 1736 Dugdale's second edition was revised by See also:

• SHAW, GEORGE BERNARD (1856– )
• SHAW, HENRY WHEELER (1818–1885)
• SHAW, LEMUEL (1781–1861)
• SHAW, RICHARD NORMAN (1831– )

Shaw . In 1716 an See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian edition appeared at See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples; in 1750 a Dutch translation followed; and in 1755 a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French version, from Shaw's edition, came out at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . Among later geographers d'See also:

• ANVILLE, JEAN

Anville and A. von See also:

• HUMBOLDT, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH ALEXANDER, BARON
• HUMBOLDT, KARL WILHELM VON (1767-1835)

Humboldt especially See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to Varen's See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius and services to See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science . See Breusing, `` Lebensnachrichten.von Bernhard Varenius " (Geogr . Mittheil., 188o) ; H . Blink's See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper on Varenius in Tijdschr. See also:

• VAN

van het Nederl . Aandrijksk . Genotschap (1887), See also:

• SER

ser. ii. pt .

3; and F . Ratzel's See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article " Bernhard Varenius," in Alln'n'.eine I2eutscba . R~nara4hie, yol. xxxix . (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1895) .