VARNA  , a fortress, seaport, departmental capit'al and episcopal See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• BULGARIA
• BULGARIA, EASTERN

Bulgaria; on the See also:

• BAY

Bay of Varna, an inlet of the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, in 43° 12' N. and 27° 56' E . Pop . (1906) 37,155 . Varna is built on the hilly See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north See also:

• SHORE

shore of the bay, overlooking the See also:

• ESTUARY (from the Lat. aestuarium, a place reached by aestus, the tide)

estuary of the See also:

• RIVER

river Devna or Pravadi, which flows seaward through a magnificent valley surrounded by mountains . It is the eastern See also:

• TERMINUS

terminus of the Varna-See also:

• RUSTCHUK (Bulg. Russe); the capital of the department of Rustchuk, Bulgaria, on the right bank of the Danube, where it receives the E. Lem. Pop. (r906) 33

Rustchuk railway, opened in 1867, and is connected with all parts of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom by branches of this See also:

• LINE

line . The so-called " Varna See also:

• QUADRILATERAL

quadrilateral," which has played an important See also:

• PART

part in Bulgarian military See also:

• HISTORY

history, consists of the fortresses of Varna, See also:

• SHUMLA (Bulgarian Shumen, Turkish Shumna)

Shumla, Rustchuk and See also:

• SILISTRIA (Bulgarian Silistra)

Silistria (q.v.) . Varna is the third city of the kingdom in See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, after See also:

• SOFIA (Bulgarian Sredetz, the middle town, a name now little used)

Sofia and See also:

• PHILIPPOPOLIS (Bulgarian, Plovdiv; Turkish, Felibe)

Philippopolis, and ranks with See also:

• BURGAS (sometimes written Burghaz, Bourgas or Burgas, and, in the middle ages, Pyrgos)

Burgas as one of the two See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal seaports . Its deep and capacious bay is sheltered from northerly and north-easterly winds, and the construction of See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour See also:

• WORKS

works has greatly increased the facilities for See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . The principal exports a e See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle and See also:

• DAIRY

dairy produce, See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain, See also:

• LAMB (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Lamm)
• LAMB, CHARLES (1775–1834)

lamb and See also:

• GOAT (a common Teut. word; O. Eng. gat, Goth. gaits, Mod. Ger. Geiss, cognate with Lat. haedus, a kid)

goat skins, and See also:

• CLOTH

cloth (shayak); the imports include See also:

• COAL

coal, See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and machinery, textiles, See also:

• PETROLEUM (Lat. Petra, rock, and oleuin, oil)

petroleum and chemicals . In 1907 the See also:

• PORT

port was entered by 869 See also:

• SHIPS

ships of 926,449 tons, the largest number of vessels being Bulgarian and the greatest See also:

• TONNAGE

tonnage Austro-Hungarian . See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

Wine is largely produced in the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department, and in the city there are breweries, distilleries, tanneries and cloth factories; See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton-See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning was introduced by a See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• FIRM

firm . There is a large and commercially important See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of Greeks; the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews, See also:

• TURKS

Turks and See also:

• GIPSIES, or GYPSIES

gipsies are also numerous .

Much of the city has been constructed since 1878, and the See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks, See also:

• POST

post See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college for'girls and See also:

• NATIONAL

National See also:

• BANK

Bank are handsome modernbuildings . Near Varna is the summer See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Bulgaria . Varna has been identified with the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Milesian colony of Odessus on the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• MOESIA (Gr. Muck and Mveia i)

Moesia Inferior . It figures largely in the history of more See also:

• RECENT

recent times, and See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close by was fought in 1444 the See also:

• BATTLE

battle in which See also:

• MURAD, or AMURATH

Murad II. slew See also:

• WLADISLAUS (WLADISLAW)

Wladislaus III. of See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland and See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary, and routed his forces commanded by See also:

• HUNYADI, LASZLO (1433—1457)

Hunyadi Janos . Varna was occupied in 1828 by the Russians, in 1854 by the See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies, who here organized the invasion of the See also:

• CRIMEA (ancient Tauris or Tauric Chersonese, called by the Russians by the Tatar name Krym or Crim)

Crimea, and in 1877 by the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian troops summoned to the de-fence of See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey against the Russians . By the treaty of See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin (1878) it was ceded to Bulgaria . It has See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been the seat of a See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan and since 187o of a Bulgarian See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop .