Online Encyclopedia

VARNA

Online Encyclopedia
Originally appearing in Volume V27, Page 922 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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VARNA  , a fortress, seaport, departmental capit'al and episcopal

city of Bulgaria; on the
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Bay of Varna, an inlet of the Black Sea, in 43° 12' N. and 27° 56' E . Pop . (1906) 37,155 . Varna is built on the hilly north
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shore of the bay, overlooking the estuary of the
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river Devna or Pravadi, which flows seaward through a magnificent valley surrounded by mountains . It is the eastern
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terminus of the Varna-Rustchuk railway, opened in 1867, and is connected with all parts of the
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kingdom by branches of this
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line . The so-called " Varna
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quadrilateral," which has played an important
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part in Bulgarian military
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history, consists of the fortresses of Varna, Shumla, Rustchuk and Silistria (q.v.) . Varna is the third city of the kingdom in population, after Sofia and Philippopolis, and ranks with Burgas as one of the two
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principal seaports . Its deep and capacious bay is sheltered from northerly and north-easterly winds, and the construction of
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modern harbour
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works has greatly increased the facilities for trade . The principal exports a e cattle and
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dairy produce, grain, lamb and goat skins, and
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cloth (shayak); the imports include
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coal, iron and machinery, textiles, petroleum and chemicals . In 1907 the
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port was entered by 869
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ships of 926,449 tons, the largest number of vessels being Bulgarian and the greatest
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tonnage Austro-Hungarian . Wine is largely produced in the department, and in the city there are breweries, distilleries, tanneries and cloth factories; cotton-spinning was introduced by a
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British
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firm . There is a large and commercially important colony of Greeks; the Jews,
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Turks and gipsies are also numerous .

Much of the city has been constructed since 1878, and the

barracks,
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post office, college for'girls and
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National
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Bank are handsome modernbuildings . Near Varna is the summer palace of the king of Bulgaria . Varna has been identified with the ancient Milesian colony of Odessus on the coast of Moesia Inferior . It figures largely in the history of more
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recent times, and close by was fought in 1444 the
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battle in which Murad II. slew Wladislaus III. of Poland and Hungary, and routed his forces commanded by Hunyadi Janos . Varna was occupied in 1828 by the Russians, in 1854 by the allies, who here organized the invasion of the Crimea, and in 1877 by the
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Egyptian troops summoned to the de-fence of
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Turkey against the Russians . By the treaty of Berlin (1878) it was ceded to Bulgaria . It has long been the seat of a Greek metropolitan and since 187o of a Bulgarian bishop .

End of Article: VARNA
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JOHN VARLEY (1778-1842)
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KARL AUGUST VARNHAGEN VON ENSE (1785-1858)

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