VARUNA  , in See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• HINDU

Hindu See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology, the greatest, with See also:

• INDRA

Indra, of the gods of the Rig Veda . He is invoked with his See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double See also:

• MITRA, RAJENDRA LALA (1824-1891)

Mitra in some dozen See also:

• HYMNS

hymns . As contrasted with Indra the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war See also:

• GOD

god, Varuna is the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord of the natural See also:

• LAWS

laws, the up-holder of the See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical and moral See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the universe . His See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power is limitless, his anger at wrong-doing unassuageable, and he is omniscient . He makes the See also:

• SUNSHINE

sunshine; the See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind is his breath; See also:

• RIVER

river valleys are hollowed out at his command . Unlike Indra, Varuna has no myths related of him . In the later Vedic See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period he is specially connected with the nocturnal heavens . Ultimately in See also:

• POST

post-Vedic mythology he becomes the Hindu See also:

• NEPTUNE
• NEPTUNE (Lat. NEPTUNUS)

Neptune . The earlier conception of Varuna is singularly similar to that of Ahuramazda, of the Avesta . The name Varuna may be Indo-See also:

• EUROPEAN

European, identifiable, some believe, with the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek ovpavos (See also:

• URANUS
• URANUS (Heaven)

Uranus), and ultimately referable to a See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root See also:

• VAR

var, "to See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover," Varuna thus meaning "the Encompasser." Among Varuna's aliases are Jalapati, " Lord of See also:

• WATER

Water," and and See also:

• BERBERA

Berbera in See also:

• SOMALILAND

Somaliland; he then (early in 1 504 ?) ran across to the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• PORT

port of See also:

• DIU

Diu in See also:

• GUJARAT

Gujarat, afterwards famous as a Portuguese fortress . From Diu he sailed up the Gulf of See also:

• CAMBAY
• CAMBAY, GULF OF

Cambay to See also:

• GOGO, or GOGRA

Gogo, and thence turning back towards the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian Gulf made Julfar (just within the entrance of the gulf), See also:

• MUSCAT, MUSKAT

Muscat and Ormuz . From Ormuz he seems to have journeyed across See also:

• PERSIA

Persia to See also:

• HERAT

Herat, returning thence See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west to See also:

• SHIRAZ

Shiraz, where he entered into See also:

• PARTNERSHIP (earlier forms, partener, parcener, from Late Lat. partionarius for partitionarius, from partitio, sharing, pars, part)

partnership with a Persian See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant, who accompanied him during nearly all his travels in South See also:

• ASIA

Asia .

After an unsuccessful See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to reach See also:

• SAMARKAND

Samarkand, the two returned to Shiraz, came down to Ormuz, and took See also:

• SHIP

ship for See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India . From the mouth of the See also:

• INDUS

Indus See also:

• VARTHEMA (BARTHEMA, VERTOMANNUS, &C.), LUDOVICO DI

Varthema coasted down the whole west See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of India, touching at Cambay and See also:

• CHARD
• CHARD, JOHN ROUSE MERRIOTT (1847-1897)

Chard; at See also:

• GOA

Goa, whence he made an excursion inland to See also:

• BIJAPUR

Bijapur; at See also:

• CANNANORE, or KANANORE

Cannanore, from which he again struck into the interior to visit See also:

• VIJAYANAGAR, or BIJANAGAR (" the city of victory ")

Vijayanagar on the Tungabudra; and at See also:

• CALICUT

Calicut (1505?), where he stops to describe the society, See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners and customs of See also:

• MALABAR

Malabar, as well as the See also:

• TOPOGRAPHY
• TOPOGRAPHY (Gr. Toros, place, -partied', to write)

topography and See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court and See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of its See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign (the Zamorin), its See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation and military organization . No-where do Varthema's accuracy and observing power show themselves more strikingly . Passing on by the " backwater of See also:

• COCHIN
• COCHIN, DENYS MARIE PIERRE AUGUSTIN (1851L'Evolution de la vie (1895); Le Monde exterieur (1845); Contre les barbares (1899)

Cochin," and calling at Kulam (See also:

• QUILON

Quilon), he rounded Cape See also:

• COMORIN, CAPE

Comorin, and passed over to See also:

• CEYLON

Ceylon (1506?) . Though his stay here was brief (at See also:

• COLOMBO

Colombo?), he learnt a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• DEAL

deal about the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island, from which he sailed to See also:

• PULICAT

Pulicat, slightly See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of See also:

• MADRAS

Madras, then subject to Vijayanagar . Thence he crossed over to See also:

• TENASSERIM

Tenasserim in the See also:

• MALAY

Malay See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

Peninsula, to Banghella, perhaps near See also:

• CHITTAGONG

Chittagong, at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the See also:

• BAY

Bay of See also:

• BENGAL
• BENGAL, BAY OF

Bengal, and to See also:

• PEGU

Pegu, in the See also:

• COMPANY

company of his Persian friend and of two See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese Christians (Nestorian?) whom he met at Banghella . After some successful trading with the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Pegu, Varthema and his party sailed on to Malacca, crossed over to Pider (Pedir) in See also:

• SUMATRA

Sumatra, and thence proceeded to Bandan (See also:

• BANDA

Banda) and Monoch (one of the See also:

• MOLUCCAS, or SPICE ISLANDS

Moluccas), the farthest eastward points reached by the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian traveller . From the Moluccas he returned westward, touched at See also:

• BORNEO

Borneo, and there chartered a See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel for See also:

• JAVA

Java, the " largest of islands," as his See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian companions reckoned it . He notes the use of See also:

• COMPASS (Fr. corn pas, ultimately from Lat. cum, with, and passus, step)

compass and See also:

• CHART (from Lat. carta, charta, a map)

chart by the native See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain on the transit from Bornei to Giava, and preserves a curious, more than See also:

• HALF

half-mythical, reference to supposed Far See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern lands . From Java he crossed over to Malacca, where he and his Persian ally parted from the Chinese Christians; from Malacca he returned to the Coromandel coast, and from See also:

• NEGAPATAM

Negapatam (?) in Coromandel he voyaged back, See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round Cape Comorin, to Kulam and Calicut . Varthema was now anxious to resume See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity and return to See also:

• EUROPE

Europe; after some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he succeeded in deserting to the Portuguese See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison at Cannanore (early in 15o6?) . He fought for the Portuguese in various engagements, and was knighted by the See also:

• VICEROY (from O. Fr. viceroy, mod. viceroi, i.e. Lat. vice, in place of, and roy or roi, king)

viceroy Francisco d'See also:

• ALMEIDA
• ALMEIDA, DOM FRANCISCO DE (c. 1450-1510)

Almeida, the navigator See also:

• TRISTAN
• TRISTAN, or TRISTRAM

Tristan da Cunha being his " See also:

• SPONSOR (from Lat. spondere, to promise)

sponsor." For a See also:

• YEAR

year and a half he acted as Portuguese See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor at Cochin, and on the 6th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1507 (?) he finally See also:

• LEFT

left India for Europe by the Cape route .

Sailing from Cannanore, Varthema apparently struck See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa about Malindi, and (probably) See also:

• COASTING

coasting by See also:

• MOMBASA

Mombasa and See also:

• KILWA (Quiloa)

Kilwa arrived at See also:

• MOZAMBIQUE [Sao Sebastiao de Mocambique]

Mozambique, where he notices the Portuguese fortress then See also:

• BUILDING

building, and describes with his usual accuracy the negroes of the mainland . Beyond the Cape of Good See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

Hope he encountered furious storms, but arrived safely in See also:

• LISBON (Lisboa)

Lisbon after sighting St See also:

• HELENA
• HELENA, ST (c. 247-c. 327)

Helena and See also:

• ASCENSION
• ASCENSION, FEAST OF THE

Ascension, and touching at the See also:

• AZORES (Acores), or WESTERN ISLANDS

Azores . In See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal the king received him cordially, kept him some days at court " to learn about India," and confirmed the See also:

• KNIGHTHOOD

knighthood conferred by d'Almeida . His narrative finally brings him to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, where he takes leave of the reader . As See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• BURTON, JOHN HILL (1809–1881)
• BURTON, ROBERT (1577-1640)
• BURTON, SIR FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816–f goo)
• BURTON, SIR RICHARD FRANCIS (1821-1890)
• BURTON, WILLIAM EVANS (1804-1860)

Burton says (See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

Pilgrimage to . . . -Meccah, 1855, vol. ii. p . 352): "For correctness of observation and readiness of wit " Varthema " stands in the foremost See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of the old See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental travellers." In See also:

• ARABIA

Arabia and in the Indian See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

archipelago See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of Java he is (for Europe and Christendom) a real discoverer . Even where passing over ground traversed by earlier European explorers, his keen intelligence frequently adds valuable See also:

• ORIGINAL

original notes on peoples, manners, customs, laws, religions, products, trade, methods of war, &c . Amburaja, " King of Water." See A . A . See also:

• MACDONELL, JAMES (1841-1879)

Macdonell, Vedic Mythology (See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg, 1897) .