VAULT 1 (Fr. voute, Ital. See also:

• VOLTA
• VOLTA, ALESSANDRO (1745-1827)

volta, Ger. Gaavolbe)  , in See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture, the See also:

• TERM

term given to the covering over of a space with See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone or See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick in arched See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, the component parts of which exert a thrust and necessitate a See also:

• COUNTER

counter resistance: In the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of vaults built under the level of the ground, the latter gave all that was required, but, when raised aloft, various expedients had to be employed, such as See also:

• GREAT

great thickness of walls in the case of See also:

• BARREL (a word of uncertain origin common to Romance languages; the Celtic forms, as in the Gaelic baraill, are derived from the English)

barrel or continuous vaults, and See also:

• CROSS

cross walls or buttresses when intersecting vaults were employed . The simplest See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of vault *is that known as the barrel, See also:

• WAGON, or WAGGON

wagon Or See also:

• TUNNEL (Fr. tonne!, later tonneau, a diminutive from Low Lat. tonna, tunna, a tun, cask)

tunnel vault; which is generally semicircular in See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section, and may be"regarded as a continuous See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch, the length of which is in excess of its See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter; like the arch (q.v.), the same See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision is required as regards its temporary support whilst the voussoirs constituting one of its rings are being placed in position, for until the upper See also:

• VOUSSOIR (Ger. Wolbestein)

voussoir, or See also:

• KEYSTONE

keystone, is introduced it is not self-supporting . At the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, when See also:

• TIMBER

timber of all kinds is easily procurable, this temporary support is given by centring, consisting of a framed See also:

• TRUSS (from O. Fr. trusser, trosser, torser, trousser, to pack, bind, gird up, Low Lat. tortiare, formed from tortus, twisted, torquere, to twist; cf. " torch " and " trousers," also trousseau, a bride's outfit, literally a small pack or bundle)

truss with semicircular or segmental See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, which carries the voussoirs until the See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring of the whole arch is completed and is then, with a barrel vault, shifted on to support other rings; in See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early times, and particularly in See also:

• CHALDAEA

Chaldaea and See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, where timber was scarce, other means of support had to be contrived, and it would seem that it was only in See also:

• ROMAN

Roman times that centring was regularly employed . The earliest example known of a vault is that found under the Chaldaean ziggurat at See also:

• NIPPUR

Nippur in Babylonia, ascribed to about 4000 B.C., which was built of burnt bricks cemented with See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay See also:

• MORTAR

mortar . The earliest tunnel vaults in Egypt are those at Requaqnah and Denderah, c . 3500 B.C.; these were built in unburnt brick in three rings over passages descending to' tombs: in these cases, as the span of the vault was only 6 ft., the bricks constituting the voussoirs were laid flatwise, and adhered sufficiently to those behind to enable the ring to be completed without other support; in the See also:

• GRANARIES

granaries built by Ramessu II., still in See also:

• PART

part existing behind the Ramesseum, at See also:

• THEBES (anciently &Oat, Thebae, or in poetry sometimes Oif3a, in modern Greek Phiva, or, according to the corrected pronunciation, Thivae)
• THEBES (e 3a1)
• THEBES, ROMANCE OF

Thebes, the span was 12 ft., and another See also:

• SYSTEM

system was employed; the See also:

• LOWER

lower part of For the form of safe so called see See also:

• SAFES

SAFES . the arch was built in See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal courses, up to about one-third of the height, and the rings above were inclined back at a slight See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle, so that the bricks of each ring, laid flatwise, adhered till the ring was completed, no centring of any kind being required; the vault, thus formed was elliptic in section, arising from the method of its construction . A similar system of construction was employed for the vault over the great See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall at See also:

• CTESIPHON

Ctesiphon, where the material employed was burnt bricks or tiles of great dimensions, cemented with mortar; but the span was See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close upon 83 ft., and the thickness of the vault was nearly 5 ft. at the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top, there being four rings of See also:

• BRICKWORK

brickwork . It is probable that the great vaults of the See also:

• ASSYRIAN

Assyrian palaces were constructed in the same way, but with unburnt bricks dried only in the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun: one of the drains discovered by See also:

• LAYARD, SIR AUSTEN HENRY (1817-1894)

Layard at Nimrud was built in rings sloping backwards . From the fact that each Assyrian monarch on his See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession to the See also:

• THRONE

throne commenced his reign by the erection of a See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace, it is probable that, owing to the ephemeral construction of these great vaults, See also:

• HALF

half a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century was the term of their existence . This may also See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account for the fact that no domed structures exist of the type shown in one of the bas reliefs from Nimrud (fig . I); the tradition of their erection, however, would seem to have been handed down to their successors in See also:

• MESOPOTAMIA (Mevoaora)

Mesopotamia, viz. to the Sassanians, who in their palaces at Serbistan and See also:

• FIRUZABAD

Firuzabad built domes of similar form to those shown in the Nimrud sculptures, the, See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief difference being that, constructed in See also:

• RUBBLE

rubble stone and cemented with mortar, they still exist, though 'probably abandoned on the See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan invasion in the 7th century .

In all the instances above quoted in Chaldaea and Egypt the bricks, whether burnt or sun-dried, were of the description to which the term " See also:

• TILE (0. Eng. tigel, Fr. tuile, connected with Lat. tegula)

tile" would now be given; the dimensions varied from 18or See also:

• COIN
• COIN (older forms of the word are coyne, quoin and coign, all derived through the O. Fr. coing, and cuigne from Lat. cuneus, a wedge)

coin. to to in., being generally square and about 4 to 2 in. thick,, and they were not shaped as voussoirs, the connecting See also:

• MEDIUM

medium being thicker at the top than at the bottom . The earliest See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian examples of See also:

• REGULAR

regular voussoirs in stone belong to the XXVIth See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

Dynasty (c . 65o B.C.) in the additions made then to the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of Medinet-Abou, and here it is probable that centring of some kind was provided, as the vaults are built in rings, so that the same centring could be shifted on after the completion of each ring . The earliest example of regularly shaped voussoirs, and of about the same date, is found in the See also:

• CLOACA

cloaca at Graviscae in See also:

• ETRURIA

Etruria, with a span of about 14 ft., the voussoirs of which are from 5 to 6 ft. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long . The cloaca See also:

• MAXIMA

maxima in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, built by Tarquin (603 Lc.) to drain the marshy ground between the See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

Palatine and the Capitoline Hills, was according to Commendatore See also:

• BONI (Bone)

Boni vaulted over in thelet century s.e., the vault being over Boo ft. long, to ft. in span, with three concentric rings of voussoirs . So far, all the vaults mentioned have been barrel vaults, which, when not built underground, required continuous walls of great thickness to resist their thrust; the earliest example of the next variety, the intersecting barrel vault, is said to be over a small hall at See also:

• PERGAMUM, or PERGAMTS (mod. Bergama)

Pergamum,in See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor, but its first employment over halls of great dimensions is due to the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans . When two semicircular barrel vaults of the same diameter cross one another (fig . 2) their intersection (a true See also:

• ELLIPSE (adapted from Gr. EXkei 'tc, a deficiency, iXXeirely, to fall behind)

ellipse) is known as a See also:

• GROIN

groin, down which the thrust of the vault is carried to the cross walls.; if a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of two or more barrel vaults intersect one another, the See also:

• WEIGHT

weight is carried on to the piers at their intersection and the thrust is trans- - mitted to the See also:

• OUTER

outer FIG . 2 . cross walls; thus in the Roman See also:

• RESERVOIR

reservoir at Baiae, known as the See also:

• PISCINA

piscina mirabilis, a series of five aisles with semicircular barrel vaults are intersected, by twelve cross aisles, the vaults being carried on 48 piers and thick See also:

• EXTERNAL

external walls . The width of these aisles being only about 13 ft. there was no great difficulty in the construction of these vaults, but in the Roman Thermae the See also:

• TEPIDARIUM

tepidarium had a span of 8o ft., more than twice that of an See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral, so that its construction both from the statical and economical point of view was of the greatest importance . The researches of M .

See also:

• CHOISY, FRANCOIS TIMOLEON, APIA DE (1644-1724)

Choisy (L'See also:

• ART

Art de bdtir chez See also:

• LES

les Romains), based on a See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute examination of those portions of the vaults which still remain in situ, have shown that: on a comparatively slight centring, consisting of trusses placed about to ft. apart and covered with planks laid, from truss to truss, were laid—to begin with—two layers of the Roman brick (measuring nearly 2 ft. square and thick); on these and on the trusses transverse rings of brick were built with See also:

• LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal ties at intervals; on the brick layers and embedding the rings and cross ties See also:

• CONCRETE
• CONCRETE (Lat. concretes, participle of concrescere, to grow together)

concrete was thrown in horizontal layers, the haunches being filled in solid, and the See also:

• SURFACE

surface sloped on either See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side and covered over with a tile roof of See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• PITCH
• PITCH, MUSICAL

pitch laid See also:

• DIRECT

direct on the concrete . The rings relieved the centring from the weight imposed; and' the two layers of bricks carried the concrete till it had set . As the walls carrying these vaults were also built in concrete with occasional See also:

• BOND
• BOND, SIR EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1815-1898)

bond courses of brick, the whole structure was homogeneous . One of the important ingredients of the mortar was a volcanic' See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit found near Rome, known as pozzolana, which, when the concrete had 'set, not only made the concrete as solid as the See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock itself, but to a certain extent neutralized the thrust of the vaults, which formed shells See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to that of a See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal lid, the Romans, however, do not seem to have recognized the extra-See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary value of this pozzolana mixture, for they otherwise provided amply for the counteracting of any thrust which might exist by the erection of cross walls and buttresses . In the tepidaria of the Thermae and in the See also:

• BASILICA

basilica of See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to bring the thrust well within the walls, the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main barrel vault of the' hall was brought forward on each side and rested on detached columns, which constituted the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal architectural decoration . In cases where the cross vaults intersecting were not of the same span as those of the main vault,, the See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches were either See also:

• STILTED

stilted so that their soffits. might be of the same height, or they formed smaller intersections in the lower part of the vattit;, in both of these cases, however, the intersections or groins were See also:

• TWISTED

twisted, for which it was very difficult to form a centring, and, moreover, they *ere of disagreeable effect` though every See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt was made to See also:

• MASK (Fr. masque, apparently from med. Lat. mascus, masca, spectre, through Ital. maschera, Span. mascara)

mask this in the decoration of the vault by panels and reliefs modelled in See also:

• STUCCO (Ital. stucco, adapted from O.H.G. stucchi, crust, piece, patch, Ger. Stuck, piece, allied to stock)

stucco . The widest hall vaulted by the Romans was that of the throne See also:

• ROOM

room in the palace of See also:

• DIOCLETIAN (GAIUs AURELIUS VALERIUS DIOCLETIANUS) (A.D. 245–313)
• DIOCLETIAN, EDICT OF (De Pretiis rerum venalium)

Diocletian on the Palatine See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill, and this had the enormous span of too ft., its. thrust being counteracted by other halls on, either side with buttresses outside: •In provincial towns and in -other • parts of ; the, Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire, where the material pozzolana was not procurable, the Romans had to See also:

• TRUST

trust to‘ their mortar. as a cementing medium, but this, though excellent of its kind, was not of sufficient cohesive strength to allow of the erection ofvaults of more than about 40 ft. span, which were generally built in rubble See also:

• MASONRY

masonry . There still . exist in Asia Minor.. and See also:

• SYRIA

Syria some vaulted halls, generally attached to -thermae, which are . carried on walls of great- thickness . There were ftraay varieties of the Roman vault, whether continuous or intersected, such as those employed oyer the corridors on the Colosseum and the See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre of See also:

• MAR, EARLDOM OF
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 1ST OR 6TH EARL OF (d. 1572)
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 2ND OR 7TH EARL
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 6TH OR 11TH EARL OF (1675-1732)

Mar tellus, but in these eases the springing of the vault was above the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of the arches of the main front, so that there was no intersection; on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, over the corridors were either elliptical- or semicircular,- or over the staircases, -rising vaults, all of which were more difficult to construct; there were also numerous sfrlutions of vault over circular halls, of which that of the See also:

• PANTHEON (Lat. pantheum or pantheon; Gr. srav& ov, all-holy, from re, s, all, and Oeor god)

Pantheon was the most important example, having a diameter of 142 ft., and over the hemicycles, which were sometimes of great See also:

• SIZE

size; that known as See also:

• CANOPUS, or CANOBUS

Canopus in See also:

• HADRIAN (PUBLICS AELIUS HADRIANUS)

Hadrian's See also:

• VILLA

villa at See also:

• TIVOLI (anc. Tibur, q.v.)

Tivoli had a diameter of 75 ft.,- and was vaulted over with a series of ribs, between which were alternating rampant See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat. and semicircular webs and cells; in the Same villa- and in Rome were octagonal halls with various other combinations of vault . Another type. of vault not yet referred to is that of the See also:

• TABULARIUM (tabula, board, picture, also archives, records)

Tabularium See also:

• ARCADE

arcade where the See also:

• CLOISTER (Lat. claustrum; Fr. cloitre; Ital. chiostro; Span. claustro; Ger. Kloster)

cloister• vault was employed . Fig . 3 compared - with fig .

2 will show the difference; in the former the angles of intersection are inset, and inthe latter they -~ are groins with. pror :jecting angles at the See also:

• BASE

base, which See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die away at the summit . The -vault of the basilica, , commenced .by.: - Diocletian and completed by . - See also:

• CON

Con- stantine, was the last The See also:

• DIAGRAM

diagram (fig . 4) shows the outlines of the See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution of the problem . If hemispherical See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome is cut by -four See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical planes, the. intersection gives four, semicircular arches; if cut in addition by a horizontal See also:

• PLANE

plane tangent to the top, of these arches, it describes a circle; that portion of the See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere which is below this circle and between-the 'arehessfarming a spherical" See also:

• SPANDRIL, or SPANDREL (formerly splaundrel, a word of unknown origin)

spandril, is the See also:

• PENDENTIVE

Pendentive (fig . 5), and its See also:

• RADIUS

radius is equal to the See also:

• DIAGONAL (Gr. &a, through, ywvia, a corner)

diagonal of the square on whichthe four arches See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest . - Having obtained -a• circle for the base-of the dome, it is not necessary that the upper portion of the dome should - --------- ---FIG . 5.—AA,pendentive . See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring from the same level as the arches, or that its domical surface should be a continuation of that of the pendentive . The first and second dome of Sta See also:

• SOPHIA (1630-1714)

Sophia apparently See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell down, so that Justinian determined to raise it, possibly to give greater lightness to the structure, but mainly in order to obtain increased See also:

• LIGHT

light for the interior of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church . This was effected by piercing it with See also:

• FORTY

forty windows—the effect of which was of an extraordinary nature, as,the light streaming through these windows gave to the dome the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of.being suspended in the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air . The pendentive which carried the dome rested on four great arches, the thrust of those See also:

• CROSSING

crossing the church being counteracted by immense buttresses which traversed the aisles, and 'the other -two partly by smaller arches in the See also:

• APSE
• APSE (Gr. alkir, a fastening, especially the felloe of a wheel; Lat. absis)

apse, the thrust being carried to the outer walls, and to a certain ex-See also:

• TENT

tent by the side walls Which Were built under the arches .

From the description given by See also:

• PROCOPIUS

Procopius we gather that the centring employed for the grs'ntafthes consisted of a See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall erected to support them during their erection . The construction of the pendentive§ is not known, but it is surmised that to the top of the pendentives they were built in horizontal courses of brick, projecting one over the other, the projecting angles being cut off afterwards and covered with stucco in which the mosaics were embedded ; this was the method employed in the erection of the Periaordiandomes, to which we shall return; these, however, were of leas diameter than tho'se' of Sta Sophia, being only about 40 to 6o ft. instead of i.oy ft . The See also:

• APOTHEOSIS (Gr. aaoOeou)

apotheosis of See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine architecture, in fact, was reached in Sta Sophia, for although It formed the See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model on which all subsequent' . Byzantine churches were based, so far at their See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan was concerned, no domes approaching' the former in dimensions were even&'I't`empted . The principal difference in some later examples is that which took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the form of the pendentive on which the dome was carried . Instead of the spherical, spandril of Sta Sophia, large niches were formed in the angles, .as in the See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque of See also:

• DAMASCUS

Damascus, which was built by Byzantine workmen for the Sherif al Walid in A.D . 705; these gave, an .octagonal `base See also:

• ION

ion Which the hemispherical dome rested (fig . 6) ;, or again, as in the ,4anian palaces iof Serbistan and Firuzabad of the 4th a Sth*'ten- tury of our, era, when a a of con- '-centric arch rings, projecting one in front'` ,%~ - of the other, were built, giving also an c octagonal base; each of these pendentives is known as a See also:

• SQUINCH

squinch . There is one other remarkable vault, also built by Justinian, in the church of S . See also:

• SERGIUS, ST

Sergius and lacchus in See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople . The Central See also:

• AREA

area of this church Was octagonal on plan; and the dome is divided into. sinteen compartments; of these eight consist of broad flat bands rising FIG . 6.—BB, See also:

• NICHE (through Fr. niche from Ital. nicchia, nicchio, shell; possibly from Lat. mitulus, a sea-mussel; cf. " napkin " from mappa)

niche or from the centre of each of the walls, squinch pendentive. and the alternate eight are Cohcave cells over the angles of the octagon; which externally and internally give to the roof the appearance of an See also:

• UMBRELLA

umbrella .

Although the dome constitutes the principal characteristic of the Byzantine church, throughout Asia Minor are numerous examples in which the naves are vaulted with the semicircular barrel vault, and this is the type of vault found throughout the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France in the r rth and r2th centuries, the only See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change being the occasional substitution of the 'pointed barrel vault, adopted not only on account of its exerting a less thrust, but because, as pointed out by See also:

• FERGUSSON, JAMES (18o8-r886)
• FERGUSSON, ROBERT (1750-1774)
• FERGUSSON, SIR WILLIAM

Fergusson (vol. ii. p . 46), the roofing tiles were laid directly on the vault and a less amount of filling in at the top was required . The continuous thrust of the barrel vault in these cases was met either by semicircular or pointed barrel vaults on the aisles, which had only half the span-of the See also:

• NAVE

nave; of this there is an interesting example in the See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel of St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John in the See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower of See also:

• LONDON

London—and sometimes by half-barrel vaults., ,The great thickness of the walls, however, required in such constructions would seem to have led to another solutio i See also:

• ROLL (O. Fr. rolle, roulle, mod. role, Lat. rotulus, dim. of rota, wheel)
• ROLL, ALFRED PHILIPPE (1846– )

roll , .s . .s of the problem of roofing over churches with incombustible material, viz. that which is found throughout See also:

• PERIGORD

Perigord and La See also:

• CHARENTE

Charente, where a series of domes carried on pendentives covered over the nave, the chief peculiarities of these domes being the fact that the arches, carrying them form 'part of the pendentives, which are all built in horizontal courses . The intersecting and groined vault of the Romans . was, employed in the early See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian churches in Rome, but only over the aisles, which were comparatively of small span, but in these there was a tendency to raise the centres of. these vaults, which became slightly domical; in all these cases centring was employed . Reference has been made to the twisting of the groins in Roman See also:

• WORK

work, where the intersecting barrel vaults were not of the same diameter; their construction must at all times have been somewhat difficult, but where the barrel vaulting was carried See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round over the See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir See also:

• AISLE (from Lat. ala, a wing)

aisle and was intersected, as in St See also:

• BARTHOLOMEW, JOHN (1831-1893)
• BARTHOLOMEW, SAINT

Bartholomew's, Smithfield,, by semicones, instead of cylinders, it became worse and the groins more complicated; this would seem to have led to a change of system, and to the introduction of a new feature, which completely revolutionized the construction of the vault . Hitherto the intersecting features were geometrical surfaces, of which the diagonal groins were the intersections, elliptical in form, generally weak in construction and often twisting (See also:

• PLATE

Plate I. fig . 13) . The See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval builder reversed the See also:

• PROCESS

process, and set up the diagonal ribs first, which were utilized as permanent centres, and on these he carried his vault or See also:

• WEB (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Du. webbe, Dan. vaev, Ger. Gewebe, all from the Teutonic wabh—to weave)

web, which henceforward took its shape from the ribs . Instead of the elliptical See also:

• CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve which was given by the intersection of two semicircular barrel vaults, or cylinders, he employed the semicircular arch for the diagonal ribs; this, how-ever, raised the centre of the square See also:

• BAY

bay vaulted above the level of the transverse arches and of the wall ribs, and thus gave the appearance of a dome to the vault, such as may be seen in the nave of Sant' Ambrogio, See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan . To meet this, at first the trans-See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse and wall ribs were stilted, or the upper part of their arches was raised, as in the Abbaye-aux-Hommes at See also:

• CAEN

Caen, and the See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of Lessay, in See also:

• NORMANDY

Normandy . The problem was ultimately solved by the introduction of the pointed arch for the trans-verse and wall ribs—the pointed arch had long been known and employed, on account of its much greater strength and of the less thrust it exerted on the walls .

When employed for the ribs of a vault, however narrow the span might be, by adopting a pointed arch, its summit could be made to range in height with the diagonal See also:

• RIB (from 0. Eng. ribb; the word appears' in many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Rippe, Swed. reb)

rib; and, moreover, when utilized for the ribs of the See also:

• ANNULAR, ANNULATE

annular vault, as in the aisle round the apsidal termination of the choir, it was not necessary that the half ribs on the outer side should be in the same plane as those of the inner side; for when the opposite ribs met in the centre of the annular vault, the thrust was equally transmitted from one to the other, and being already a broken arch the change of its direction was not noticeable . The first introduction of the pointed arch rib would seem to have taken place in the choir aisles of the abbey of St See also:

• DENIS (DIoNysms), SAINT
• DENIS, JOHANN NEPOMUK COSMAS MICHAEL (1729-1800)

Denis, near See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, built by the See also:

• ABBE (Serbo-Croatian Rai))

Abbe See also:

• SUGER (c. 1081-1151)

Suger in 1135, and it was in the church at See also:

• VEZELAY

Vezelay (1140) that it was extended to the square bay of .the;See also:

• PORCH (through the Fr. porehe, from Lat. porticus; the Ital. equivalent is portico, corresponding to the Gr. vapOi ; Ger. Vorhalle)

porch . Before entering into the question of the web or stone See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell of the vault carried on the ribs, the earlier development of the great vaults which were thrown over the naves of a cathedral, or church, before the introduction of the pointed arch rib, shall here be noted . As has been pointed out, the. aisles had already in the early Christian churches been covered over with groined vaults, the only advance made in the later developments being the introduction of transverse ribs'. dividing the bays into square-compartments; but when in the See also:

• LATH (0. Eng. laett, Mid. Eng. lappe, a form possibly due to the Welsh llath; the word appears in many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch lat, Ger. Latte, and has passed into Romanic, cf. Ital. latta, Fr. latte)

lath century I Transverse ribs under the vaulting surfaces had been employed from very early times by the Romans, and utilized as permanent stone centrings for their vaults; perhaps the earliest examples are those in the See also:

• CORRIDOR (Fr. corridor, from Ital. corridore, Med. Lat. corridorium, a " running-place," from currere, to run)

corridor of the Tabularium in Rome, which is divided into square bays, each vaulted with a cloister dome . Transverse ribs are also found in the Roman Piscinae and in the See also:

• NYMPHAEUM (Gr. vbµcbatov, vvµja"aov)

Nymphaeum at See also:

• NIMES
• NIMES, COUNCILS OF (Concilia Nemausensia)

Nimes; they were not introduced by the Romanesque masons till the t t th century.the first attempts were made to vault over the naves, another difficulty presented itself, because the latter were twice the width of the aisles, so that it became necessary to include two bays of the aisles to form.: one square bay in the nave: This, was, an immense space to vault over, and, moreover, it ,followed that every alternate See also:

• PIER (older forms per or Pere, from Med. Lat. pera; the word for piers out of water. For river piers, where a firm, watertight is of obscure origin, and the connexion with Fr. Pierre, Lat. stratum is found at a moderate depth below the river-bed, the pctr

pier served no purpose, so f as the support of. the nave vault was concerned, and''this we ld~seem to hav+ suggested an alternative, viz. to provide a supplementary tib across the church and between the transverse ribs . This resulted in what is known as a sexpartite, or six-celled vault, of which one of the `earliest examples is found in the Abbaye-aux-Hoinmes (S . See also:

• ETIENNE, CHARLES GUILLAUME (1778-1845)

Etienne) at Caen . This church, built by See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William theConqueror, was originally constructed to carry a timber roof only, but nearly a century later the upper part of the nave walls were partly rebuilt, in order that it might be covered with a vault . The immense size, however, of the square vault over the nave necessitated some additional support, so that an intermediate rib was thrown across the church, dividing the square compartment into six cells; ' and called the sexpartite vault (fig . 7); this was adopted in the cathedrals of See also:

• SENS

Sens (1170), See also:

• LAON

Laon (1i9s), See also:

• NOYON

Noyon (r190), Paris' (1223—35),. and See also:

• BOURGES

Bourges, (125o) . The, intermediate rib, however, had the disadvantage of partially obscuring one side : of the See also:

• CLERESTORY, or CLEARSTORY (Ital. chiaro piano, Fr. clairevoie, claire etage, Ger. Lichtgaden)

clerestory windows, and it threw unequal weights on the ' alternate piers, so that in the cathedral of S ' (1205) a quadripartite (fig . 8) or four-celled vault was introduced, the width of each bay being half the span of the nave, and corresponding therefore with the aisle piers .

To this there are some exceptions, in Sant' Ambrogio, Milan, and See also:

• SAN

San Michele, See also:

• PAVIA (anc. Ticinum, q.v.)

Pavia (the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original vault) and in the cathedrals of See also:

• SPIRES (Ger. Speyer or Speier)

Spires, See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz and See also:

• WORMS

Worms, where the quadripartite vaults are nearly square, . the intermediate piers of the aisles being of much smaller dimensions . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England sexpartite vaults exist at See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury (1175) (set out by William of Sens), See also:

• ROCHESTER
• ROCHESTER, JOHN WILMOT, 2ND EARL
• ROCHESTER, LAWRENCE HYDE, EARL OF (1641-1711)

Rochester (r aoo), See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln (1215), See also:

• DURHAM
• DURHAM, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON, 1ST EARL OF (1792–1840)

Durham (See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• TRANSEPT (from Lat. trans, across, and septum, enclosure; synonymous terms in other languages are Fr. croisee, nef transversee; Ital. crociata; Ger. Querbau, Quersch&)

transept), and St Faith's chapel, See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster: Abbey . In the earlier See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of rib 'vaulting, the arched ribs consisted of See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent or • See also:

• SEPARATE

separate voussoirs down to the springing; the difficulty, however, of working the ribs separately led to two other important changes: (I) the lower part of the transverse diagonal and wall ribs were all worked out of one stone; and (2) the lower courses were all made horizontal, constituting what is known as the tas-de-See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge (q.v.) or solid See also:

• SPRINGER (Fr. rein)
• SPRINGER, ANTON HEINRICH (1825–1891)

springer . Fig . 9 is a diagram made by See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor See also:

• WILLIS, NATHANIEL PARKER (1806-1867)
• WILLIS, THOMAS (1621-1675)

Willis taken from the south transept of Westminster Abbey . The horizontal courses rise to N. or about half the height of the vault, but the ribs are freed from one another from the point M . The tas-de-charge, or solid springer, had two ad- vantages: (I) it enabled the stone courses to run straight through the wall, so as to bond the See also:

• WHALE

whale together much better; and (2) it lessened the span of the vault, which then required a centring of smaller dimen- sions . As soon as the ribs were completed, the web or stone shell verse and diagonal ribs; P, some English work, as may be seen centre of the same; DE, longi- in fig . 9, each course of stone was tudinal See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge rib; DF, inter- of See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform height from ohe side section of webs; M, top of solid to the other; but, as the diagonal springer; KN. starting level rib was longetlimn either a be of web; LK, Springing of wall transverse or *all rib, the courses rib; EBD, bosses at inter- dipped towards the former, and at section of ribs, the See also:

• APEX

apex of the vault were See also:

• CAT
• CAT, CIVET
• CAT, HOUSE

cat to See also:

• FIT

fit one another . At an early See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, in consequence of the great span of the vault and the very slight rise or curvature of the web, it was thought better to simplify the construction of the web by introducing intermediate ribs between the wall rib and the diagonal rib and between the diagonal and the transverse ribs; and in order to meet the thrust of these intermediate ribs a ridge rib was required, and the prolongation of this rib to the all rib hid the junction of the web at the summit, which was not Airways very sightly, and constituted the ridge rib . In France, on the other hand, the web courses were always laid horizontally, and they are therefore of unequal height, increasing towards the diagonal ribs Each course a so was given a slight rise iwth< centre, so as to increase its strength this enabled the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French masons to dispense with the intermediate rib, which was not introduced by them till the 15th century, and then more as a decorative than a constructive feature, as the domical form given to the French web rendered unnecessary the ridge rib, which, with some few exceptions, exists only in England . In both English and French vaulting centring was rarely required for the See also:

• BUILDING

building of the web, a template (Fr, cerce) being employed to support the stones of each ring until it was See also:

• COMPLETE

complete .

In See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain the French method of building the web was adopted, with horizontal courses and a domical form . Sometimes, in the case of comparatively narrow compartments, and more especially in clerestories, the wall rib was` stilted, and this caused a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar tvbting of the web, as may be seen in fig . 9, where the springing of the-wall rib is at K: to these twisted surfaces the term " ploughshare vaulting " is given . ' One of the earliest examples of the introduction of the inter-Mediate rib is found in the nave of Lincoln Cathedral, and there the ridge rib is not carried to the wall rib . It was soon found, however, that the construction of the web was much facilitated by additional ribs, and consequently there was a tendency to increase their number, s(Ythat in the nave of See also:

• EXETER
• EXETER, EARL, MARQUESS AND DUKE OF

Exeter Cathedral three intermediate ribs were provided between the wall rib and the diagonal rib . In order to Mask the junction of the various ribs, their intersections were ornamented with richly carved bosses, and this practice increased on the introduction of another See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short rib, known as the lierne, a term I France given to the ridge rib . Lierne ribs in English vaults are sort ribs crossing between the main ribs, and were employed chiefly a!,•idecorative features, as, for instance, in the stellar vault (see Plate I. fig . 16), one of the best examples of See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch exists in the vault of the See also:

• ORIEL
• ORIEL, JOHN FOSTER, BARON (1740-1828)

oriel window of See also:

• CROSBY, HOWARD (1826–1891)

Crosby Hall, London . The tendency to increase the number of ribs led to singular results in some cases, as in the choir of See also:

• GLOUCESTER
• GLOUCESTER (abbreviated as pronounced Glo'ster)
• GLOUCESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• GLOUCESTER, GILBERT DE CLARE, EARL OF (1243-1295)
• GLOUCESTER, RICHARD DE CLARE, EARL OF (1222-1262)
• GLOUCESTER, ROBERT, EARL OF (d. 1147)
• GLOUCESTER, THOMAS OF WOODSTOCK, DUKE

Gloucester (see Plate II. fig . 17), where the ordinary diagonal ribs become See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere ornamental See also:

• MOULDINGS

mouldings on the surface of an intersected pointed barrel vault, and again in the cloisters, where the introduction of the See also:

• FAN (Lat. vannus; Fr. eventail)

fan vault, forming a See also:

• CONCAVE

concave-sided See also:

• CONOID (Gr. KWvor, cone, and el os, form)

conoid, returned to the principles of the Roman geometrical vault . This is further shown in the construction of these fan vaults, for although in the earliest examples each of the ribs above the tas-de-charge was an independent feature, eventually it was found easier to carve them and the web out of-the solid stone, so that the rib and web were purely decorative and had no constructional or independent functions . The fan vault would seem to have owed its origin to the employment of centrings of one curve for all the ribs, instead of having separate centrings for the transverse, diagonal wall and intermediate ribs; it was facilitated also by the introduction of the four-centred arch, because the lower portion of the arch formed part of the fan, or conoid, and the upper part could be extended at See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure with a greater radius across the vault .

The simplest version is that foundin the cloisters of Gloucester Cathedral, where the fans meet one another at the summit, so that there are only small compartments between the fans to be filled up . In later examples, as in See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King's See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College chapel, See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge (see Plate II. fig . 18), on account of the great dimensions of the vault, it was found necessary to introduce transverse ribs, which were required to give greater strength . Similar transverse ribs are found in See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VII.'s chapel (see Plate II. fig . 19) and in the divinity See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools at See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, where a new development presented itself . One of the defects of the fan vault at Gloucester is the appearance it gives of being half sunk in, the wall ; to •remedy this, in the two buildings just quoted, the complete conoid is detached and treated as a See also:

• PENDANT (through Fr. from Lat. pendere, to hang)

pendant . One of the most interesting examples of the fan vault is that over the See also:

• STAIRCASE

staircase leading to the hall of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ Church, Oxford, and here the complete conoid is displayed in its centre carried on a central See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column . This vault, not built until 164o, is an exceptional example of the long continuance of traditional workmanship, probably in Oxford transmitted in consequence of the See also:

• LATE

late vaulting of the entrance gateways to the colleges . Fan vaulting is peculiar to England, the only example approaching it in France being the pendant of the See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady chapel at Caudebec, in Normandy, In France, Germany and Spain the multiplication of ribs in the 15th century led to decorative vaults of various kinds, but with some singular modifications . Thus' in Germany, recognizing that the rib was no longer a necessary constructivefeature, they cut it off abruptly, leaving a stump only; in France, on the other hand, they gave still more importance to the rib, by making it of greater See also:

• DEPTH

depth, piercing it with See also:

• TRACERY

tracery and See also:

• HANGING

hanging pendants from it, and the web became a horizontal stone paving laid on the top of these deco-rated vertical webs . This is the characteristic of the great See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance work in France and Spain; but it soon gave way to See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, when the construction of vaults reverted to the geometrical surfaces of the Romans, without, however, always that See also:

• ECONOMY

economy in centring to which they had attached so much importance, and more especially i