VENEZUELA  ,1 a See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICA

America, facing the Caribbean See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, and bounded E. by See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• GUIANA (Guyana, Guayana')

Guiana and See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil S. by Brazil and W. by See also:

• COLOMBIA

Colombia . Its boundary with Colombia is unfixed, a decision by the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, as arbitrator, in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1891, having been rejected by Venezuela . The boundary dispute with British Guiana was settled in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1898 by an See also:

• ARBITRATION (Lat. arbitrari, to examine or judge)
• ARBITRATION, INTERNATIONAL

arbitration See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . The See also:

• LINE

line is subject to any question between the two countries and Brazil . The boundary with Brazil was fixed by a See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission in ,880 . The republic lies between See also:

• LAT

lat . 1° 4o' S. and 12° 26' N., See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long . 59° 40' and 739 31' W., and has an See also:

• AREA

area of 599,538 sq. m. according to the Venezuelan See also:

• YEAR

Year See also:

• BOOK

Book of 1go6 . This area, however, was subject to the See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of the Colombia boundary line, and the measurement is only approximate . ' See also:

• TOPOGRAPHY
• TOPOGRAPHY (Gr. Toros, place, -partied', to write)

Topography.—The See also:

• SURFACE

surface of Venezuela is broken into three very irregular divisions by its See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain systems: (i) the mountainous area of the N.W. and N.; (2) the See also:

• ORINOCO

Orinoco See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin with the llanos on its See also:

• NORTHERN

northern border and See also:

• GREAT

great forested areas in the S. and S.W.; and (3) the Guiana See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands . A See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the eastern See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain, of the See also:

• ANDES

Andes enters Venezuela in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west about 7° N. lat., and under the name of the Sierra See also:

• NEVADA
• NEVADA (a Spanish word meaning " snow-clad " or " snowy land," originally applied to a snow-capped mountain range on the Pacific slope)

Nevada de See also:

• MERIDA
• MERIDA (anc. Augusta Emerita, capital of Lusitania)

Merida proceeds See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-eastwards towards See also:

• TRIESTE (Ger. Triest; Slay. Trst; the Roman Tergeste, q.v.)

Trieste Gulf . This branch consists of parallel chains enclosing elevated valleys, in one of which lies the See also:

• TOWN

town of Merida at the height of 5410 ft., overlooked by the highest See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of the chain (Picacho de la Sierra, 15,420 ft.) .

The sierra contains the See also:

• WATER

water-parting between the basin of the Orinoco and those of the small See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers on the north-west . Hence it may be considered to terminate where the Rio Cojedes, which drains the elevated valley in which See also:

• BARQUISIMETO

Barquisimeto stands, after rising on its western slopes flows eastwards into the basin of the Orinoco . Beyond the Cojedes begin two parallel ranges known as the Maritime Andes of Venezuela, which stretch See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east and west along the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . The valley, between these two ranges is the most densely peopled See also:

• PART

part of Venezuela . Above See also:

• CARACAS

Caracas the highest See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak of the See also:

• SYSTEM

system, Silla de Caracas, rises to 8531 ft . Behind the wide See also:

• BAY

bay between Cape Codera and See also:

• CUMANA

Cumana there is an interruption in the Maritime Andes; but both ranges reappear between Cumana and the Gulf of Paria . West of the Maritime Andes See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low ranges (3500-5000 ft.) trend northwards from the end of the Sierra de Merida towards the coast on the east See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake of See also:

• MARACAIBO (sometimes MARACAYBO)

Maracaibo, while the region on the west of that lake consists of See also:

• LAGOON (Fr. lagune, Lat. lacuna, a pool)

lagoon-studded lowlands . East and south of the Sierra de Merida and the Maritime Andes the region is thinly populated and little known . It consists of two portions—a vast, hilly or mountainous area, densely wooded, in the south-east and south, and level plains in the north-west between the Orinoco and the See also:

• APURE

Apure and the mountains . The latter is known as the llanos of the Orinoco, a region described by See also:

• HUMBOLDT, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH ALEXANDER, BARON
• HUMBOLDT, KARL WILHELM VON (1767-1835)

Humboldt as a vast " sea of grass," with islands of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood scattered here and there . Since the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of Humboldt, however, the aspect of these plains would seem to have changed . On the occasion of Karl F .

Appun's visit in 185o trees seem still to have been comparatively rare; but a different aspect was presented when Dr P . See also:

• JONAS, JUSTUS (1493–1555)

Jonas visited the llanos in 1878 . From the Galera, the southernmost range of hills north of the Orinoco basin, the traveller saw a vast See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain thickly grown with low trees . As far as See also:

• CALABOZO, or CALABOSO

Calabozo (about one-third of the distance between the hills and the Apure) it was now chaparros (Curatella americana), now mimosas, which were the prevailing feature of the landscape . But towards the south the open grass-covered spaces increased in number and area . To the south of Calabozo wood's of consider-able extent were seen . This See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change is due to the decline of See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse-and See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle-rearing in the llanos, partly in consequence of See also:

• POLITICAL

political disturbances and partly of a See also:

• MURRAIN (derived through O. Fr. morine, from Lat. mori, to die)

murrain which See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out in 1843 among horses, mules and asses . The decline in stock-raising would also suspend the practice of burning off the dead grass to improve the new pasturage . Along the Brazilian frontier and about the See also:

• SOURCES

sources of the Orinoco tributaries on the eastern slopes of the Andes there are extensive forests, sometimes broken with grassy cameos . The surface of the llanos is almost a dead level, the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation i The name means " little See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice," and is a modification of the name of Venecia (Venice), originally bestowed by Alonzo de Ojeda in 1499 on an See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• VILLAGE

village, composed of See also:

• PILE

pile dwellings on the shores of the Gulf of Maracaibo, which was called by him the Gulf of Venecia.varying from about 375 to 400 it., rising almost imperceptibly to 600-800 ft. around its immediate margins, So See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform: is the level over a great, part of these plains that in the See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season hundreds of 'square See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles are submerged, and' the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country • is covered with a network of connecting channels . When the Orinoco is reached its See also:

• LOWER

lower basin is contracted between the Guiana highlands and the northern sierras, and its tributaries begin to come in more nearly at right angles, showing that the margins of the actual valley are nearer and higher . About 62° 3o' the great See also:

• RIVER

river reaches what may be considered sea-level, and from this point numerous channels find their way. across the silted-up See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

delta plain to the sea .

This region, together with that of the Guiana frontier, is heavily forested . In the extreme S . (territory of See also:

• AMAZONAS

Amazonas) and S.E. the surface again rises into mountain ranges, which include the Parima and Pacaraima sierras on apd adjacent, to the Brazilian frontier, with a number of See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short spurs reaching northward toward the Orinoco, such as the Mapichi, Maraguaca, Maigualida, Mates, Rincote and Usupamo . All this region belongs to the drainage basin of the Orinoco, and rivers of large See also:

• VOLUME

volume flow down between these spurs . Some of the culminating points in, these ranges are the Cerros Yaparana (7175 ft.) and Duida (812o ft.) in the Parima sierras near the upper . Orinoco, the Sierra de Maraguaca (8228 ft.), and the celebrated. See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat-topped Mt Roraima (8530 ft.) in the Pacaraima sierras on the boundary line with . Brazil and British Guiana . Near the Orinoco the general. elevation drops to about 15oo ft . All this region is densely forested, and is inhabited only by scattered tribes of See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians . Probably not less, than, four-fifths of the territory of Venezuela belong to the drainage basin of the Orinoco (q.v.) . The Orinoco is supposed to have 436 tributaries. of which, among the largest, the Caroni-Paragua, Are, Caura, Cuchivero, Suapure, Sipapo and Ventuari have their sources in the Guiana highlands; the Suata, Manepere and Guaritico in the• northern sierras; and the Apure, Uricana, Arauca, Capanaparo, See also:

• META

Meta, Vichada and Guaviare (the last three being Colombian rivers) in the llanos and Andes . The Apure receives two large tributaries from the northern sierras—the See also:

• GUARICO

Guarico and Portuguesa .

Apart from these, the rivers of Venezuela are small and, except those of the Maracaibo basin, are rarely navigable . The larger are the Guanipa and Guarapiche, which flow eastwards to the Gulf of Paria; the See also:

• ARAGUA

Aragua, Unare and Thy, which flow to the Caribbean coast E. of Caracas; the Yaracui, Area and Tocuyo to the same coast W. of Caracas; andhthe Motatan, Chama, E.scalante, Catatumbo, Apan`and Palmas, which See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge into Lake Maracaibo . The See also:

• HYDROGRAPHY (.Gr. 6&,p, water, and cypfidiecv, to write)

hydrography of the region last mentioned, where the lowlands are flat and the rainfall heavy, is extremely complicated owing to the great number of small' rivers and of lakes on or near the lower river courses . The deep lower courses of: these streams and the small neighbouring lakes were once part of the great lake itself, which is being slowly filled by silt . The lakes of Venezuela are said to number 204 . The largest are the Maracaibo (q.v.); El . Zulia, with an area of 290 sq. m., a short distance S. of Maracaibo among a large number of lakes, lagoons and swamps; See also:

• VALENCIA
• VALENCIA, or VALENTIA

Valencia, near the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of that name, in the Maritime Andes, about 1350 ft, above sea-level, with an area of 216 sq. m.; Laguneta, in the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of Zulia; and Taciragua, a coastal lagoon in the state of . See also:

• MIRANDA, FRANCESCO (c. 1754-1816)

Miranda . There are numerous lagoons in the ?See also:

• LANE, EDWARD WILLIAM (1801–1876)
• LANE, JAMES HENRY (1814–1866)

lane districts caused by the periodical floods of the rivers, and extensive esteros and cienagas, in part due to the same causes, but these either dry up in the dry season or are greatly reduced in area . . The coast outline of Venezuela is indented with a large number of gulfs and bays, comparatively few of which, however, are open to See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce . The larger indentations are the Gulf of Maracaibo, or Venezuela, which extends inland through the Lake of Maracaibo, with which it is connected, by, a comparatively narrow channel, and is formed by the peninsulas of Goajiraand Paraguana; the Gulf of Paria, between the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula of that name and the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of See also:

• TRINIDAD

Trinidad; the Gulf of See also:

• CORO

Coro, opening into the Gulf of Maracaibo; the Gulf of See also:

• CARIACO, or SAN FELIPE DE AUSTRIA

Cariaco, between the peninsula of Araya and the state of See also:

• BERMUDEZ

Bermudez; the Golfo Triste, on the E. coast of the state of See also:

• LARA

Lara; and the small Gulf of See also:

• SANTA

Santa Fe, on the northern coast of Bermudez . Besides these there are a number of small indentations, sheltered anchorages formed by islands and reefs like, that of Puerto Cabello, and estuaries and also open roadsteads, like those of La Guaira and See also:

• CARUPANO

Carupano, which serve important ports .

The islands on the coast forming part of the See also:

• NATIONAL

national territory number 71, with an aggregate area of 14,633 sq. m., according to See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official calculations . The largest of these is the island of See also:

• MARGARITA

Margarita, N. of the 'peninsula of Araya, in the vicinity of which is the island of Tortuga and several See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of islets, generally uninhabited . (A . J . L.) See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—Geologically Venezuela consists of three distinct regions: (1) South of the Orinoco a great See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite, See also:

• GNEISS

gneiss, See also:

• PYROXENITE

pyroxenite and other crystalline rocks, continuous with that of Guiana and probably of 'Archean See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . This mass also forms the See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of the Orinoco from its junction with the Apure nearly to its mouth, and it probably extends northwards for some distance beneath the more See also:

• RECENT

recent deposits of the plain . (2) The llanos. covered by deposits of See also:

• QUATERNARY

Quaternary or See also:

• LATE

late See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary age . (3) The mountain ranges of the north-west and north . These ranges appear to belong to two systems . The See also:

• CORDILLERA

Cordillera of Merida is one of the opposed to that of See also:

• FROISSART, JEAN (1338-1410?)

Froissart . His democratic sympathies led him to support See also:

• ETIENNE, CHARLES GUILLAUME (1778-1845)

Etienne See also:

• MARCEL, ETIENNE (d: 1358)

Marcel, and though he returned to his See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance to the See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France he remained a severe critic . See also:

• JEAN

Jean de See also:

• VENETTE, JEAN DE (c. 1307-c. 1370)

Venette also wrote a long See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French poem, La See also:

• VIE

Vie See also:

• DES

des trois Maries, about 1347 .

See Lacurne de Sainte-Palaye in Memoires de l'Academie, vols. viii. and xiii.; Geraud and Deprez in Melanges de l'ecole de See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome (1899), vol. xix . ; and A . See also:

• MOLINIER, AUGUSTE (1851-1904)

Molinier, See also:

• LES

Les Sources de 1'histoire de France (1904), branches of the Andes, and the strike of the folds which compose it is usually from south-west to north-east . The Caribbean chain along the north coast is part of the Antillean system, and here the strike of the folds is nearly west to east or west-south-west to east-north-east . The two systems of folds meet about Barquisimeto, where the structure becomes very complex and is not thoroughly understood . The rocks of See also:

• FALCON
• FALCON (Lat. Falco;' Fr. Faucon; Teutonic, Falk or Valken)

Falcon are believed by Sievers to belong to the Andean system; while the outlying peninsula of Paraguana probably belongs, geologically, to the same See also:

• MASSIF

massif as Goajira and the Sierra Nevada de Santa Maria in Colombia . The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest rocks in the country are the granites, gneisses, &c., of the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern massif and the crystalline See also:

• SCHISTS (Gr. vxq'ecv, to split)

schists which See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis of the Cordillera and the Caribbean chain . In the latter range a few Ordovician fossils have been found, but in general the oldest strata which have yielded organic remains belong to the Cretaceous system . The Cretaceous beds form a See also:

• BAND

band along each side of the Cordillera and along the southern flank of the Caribbean chain, and they spread over the greater part of the provinces of Falcon and Lara . The Lower Cretaceous consists chiefly of sandstones and shales and the See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle Cretaceous of very fossiliferous See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone . There is considerable difference of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion as to the See also:

• CHRONOLOGY (Gr. xpovo?oyfa, computation of time, xp6vos)

chronology of the succeeding beds, and the boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary systems is See also:

• DRAWN

drawn at various horizons by different observers . The Cerro de Oro See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series is the most important See also:

• GROUP

group of these beds and takes a considerable See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the formation of the mountain ranges .

It belongs either to the Upper Cretaceous or to the Lower Tertiary, or possibly in part to the one and in part to the other.' (P . LA.) See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—The climate of Venezuela is everywhere tropical except where modified by See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude . In the Maritime Andes at and above the altitude of Caracas it may be described as semi-tropical, and in the still higher regions of western Venezuela it approaches the mild temperate . On the coast and the northern slopes of the Mari-time Andes the tropical See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat is greatly modified by the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade-winds . At La Guaira the mean temperature for the year is 85° F., at Caracas (3025 ft.) it is 71.2° (or 66.2° according to an official return), at Cumana it is 83°, at Valencia 76°, Coro 82°, Barquisimeto 78°, Yaritagua 80.6°, Merida 61°, See also:

• TRUJILLO
• TRUJILLO, or TRUJILLO
• TRUJILLO, or TRUXILLO

Trujillo 72°, and Maracaibo 81 ° . South of the sierras, however, the climate is much drier and hotter . The low temperatures of the See also:

• NIGHT

night in these regions lower the mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperatures . At Calabozo, for instance, the mean is about 88°, though the maximum in summer is not far from See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo° . At See also:

• CIUDAD

Ciudad See also:

• BOLIVAR
• BOLIVAR, SIMON (1783-1830)

Bolivar, which, is less sheltered from the trade-winds, the mean is 83° and the maximum 91.4° . The lowest temperatures re-corded in official reports are those of Mucuchies, in the state of Merida, where the maximum is 68°, the minimum 43° and the mean 56° . The year is divided into two seasons, the dry and wet, the latter occurring from See also:

• APRIL

April to October, when the temperature is also the highest . On the llanos the dry season destroys the pasturage completely; dries up the small streams and lagoons, and compels many animals of semi-aquatic habits to aestivate .

At Caracas the annual rainfall ranged from 602 to 863 millimetres between 1894 and 1902 . In general the zlimate of Venezuela is healthy wherever the ocean winds have See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access . Sheltered places in the lowlands, especially near streams and lagoons, are malarial and enervating, and at some points on the coast are subject to dangerous fevers . The sanitary See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition is generally See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad, and many forms of disease prevail that are not due to the climate . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—The fauna and See also:

• FLORA

flora of Venezuela are similar in nearly all respects to thoseof the neighbouring regions of Guiana, Brazil and Colombia, the-open llanos of the Orinoco being something of See G . P . See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

Wall, " On the Geology of a part of Venezuela and of Trinidad," Quart . 7ourn . Geol . See also:

• SOC

Soc . See also:

• LONDON

London, vol. xvi . (186o), pp .

46o-7o, pl. xxi . ; H . See also:

• KARSTEN, KARL JOHANN BERNHARD (1782-1853)

Karsten, Geologie de la Colombie Bolivarienne (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1886) ; W . Sievers, " Karten zur physikalischen Geographie von Venezuela," Peterm . Mittheil. vol. xlii . (1896), pp . 125-29, p1 x.a neutral See also:

• DISTRICT

district between the. great forested regions on the E., S. and W . Among the animals indigenous to the country are seven See also:

• SPECIES

species of the See also:

• CAT
• CAT, CIVET
• CAT, HOUSE

cat See also:

• FAMILY

family, including the See also:

• PUMA

puma, the See also:

• JAGUAR
• JAGUAR (Fells onca)

jaguar and the See also:

• OCELOT
• OCELOT (Mexican Flalocelotl, literally field-jaguar, from Flalli, field, and ocelotl, tiger, jaguar)

ocelot; the See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• DOG

dog (Canis Aaaras); several representatives of the See also:

• MARTEN
• MARTEN, AMERICAN
• MARTEN, HENRY (1602-1680)
• MARTEN, JAPANESE
• MARTEN, STONE

marten family, including two species of Galictis, two of the See also:

• OTTER
• OTTER (0. Eng. ate, otor, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch and Ger. Otter, Dan. odder, Swed. utter; it is to be referred to the root seen in Gr. 6&ep, water)
• OTTER, SEA

otter (Lutra brasiliensis and L. pieronura) and one of the See also:

• SKUNK
• SKUNK (probably derived from " Seecawk," the Cree name for the skunk; another form given is " seganku ")

skunk; two species of See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear (Ursus ornatus and U. nasutus) ; and the See also:

• KINKAJOU (Cercoleptes caudivolvulus or Palos flavus)

kinkajou." There are six species of See also:

• MONKEY

monkey corresponding to those of Guiana and the See also:

• AMAZON

Amazon valley, the See also:

• SLOTH

sloth and. See also:

• ANT
• ANT (O. Eng. aemete, from Teutonic a, privative, and maitan, cut or bite off, i.e. " the biter off "; aemete in Middle English became differentiated in dialect use to (mete, then amte, and so ant, and also to emete, whence the synonym " emmet," now only u

ant-eater, 12 known genera of rodents, including many species of Mures, the See also:

• CAVY

cavy, the See also:

• CAPYBARA

capybara, the See also:

• PACA

paca, the See also:

• NUTRIA

nutria, the See also:

• AGOUTI

agouti, the See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree See also:

• PORCUPINE (Fr., pore-epic, " spiny pig ")

porcupine, Loncheres cristata, Echimys cayen and the Brazilian See also:

• HARE
• HARE, SIR JOHN (1844– )

hare . Among the pachyderms the See also:

• TAPIR

tapir is found in the forests of the Orinoco . There are two species of the See also:

• PECCARY

peccary, Dicotyles torquatus and D. labiatus . There are also 2 species of See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer, Cervus See also:

• RUFUS, GAIUS VALGIUS
• RUFUS, LUCIUS VARIUS (c 74—14 B.c.)

rufus and C. simplicornis . There are 3 species of See also:

• OPOSSUM
• OPOSSUM, AUSTRALIAN
• OPOSSUM, RINGTAILED
• OPOSSUM, TASMANIAN (grey and black)

opossum .

On the coast and in the Orinoco there may be found the manatee and the See also:

• DOLPHIN

dolphin . The Reptilia include II species of the See also:

• CROCODILE

crocodile, See also:

• ALLIGATOR (Spanish el lagarto, " the lizard ")

alligator and See also:

• LIZARD (Lat. lacertal)

lizard, including the See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage jacar6 of the Amazon, several species of -turtle, 4 species of batrachians, and 29 species of serpents, including the striped See also:

• RATTLESNAKE

rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus), Lachesis mutus, and a rather rare species of Cophias . Among the non-venomous species, the commonest are the See also:

• BOA

boa-constrictor, the See also:

• ANACONDA

anaconda (Eunectes murinus) and the Smarr waixkNsa Coluber variabilis . See also:

• BIRD

Bird See also:

• LIFE

life is represented chiefly by migratory species, particularly of genera that inhabit the shores of streams and lagoons . The shallow lagoons of the llanos, like those of the See also:

• ARGENTINE

Argentine See also:

• PAMPAS (Span. La Pampa, from a Quichua word signifying a level open space or terrace)

pampas, are favourite fishing grounds for these birds . In the garzeres of Venezuela See also:

• ATE

ate to. be found nearly every See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• HERON (Fr. heron; Ital. aghirone, airone; Lat. ardea; Gr. ipw&bs: A.-S. hragra; Icelandic, hegre; Swed. hager; Dan. heire; Ger. Heiger, Reiher, Heergans; Dutch, reiger)

heron, See also:

• CRANE (in Dutch, Kraan; O. Ger. Kraen; cognate, as also the Lat. grus, and consequently the Fr. grue and Span. grulla, with the Gr. dpavos)
• CRANE, STEPHEN (1870-1900)
• CRANE, WALTER (1845– )
• CRANE, WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )

crane, See also:

• STORK (A. S. store, Ger. Storch)

stork and See also:

• IBIS

ibis, together with an incredible number of Grallatores . Ducks are also numerous in species and individuals, including a small bird called the guiriri, in See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of its cry . Birds of See also:

• PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey are numerous . One species, the See also:

• GUACHARO (said to be an obsolete Spanish word signifying one that cries, moans or laments loudly)

guacharo (Steatornis caripensis), or oil-bird, is commonly said to ' occur only in Venezuela, •though it is found in Colombia and See also:

• ECUADOR (officially La Republica del Ecuador)

Ecuador also, They live in caves, especially in See also:

• CARIPE

Caripe, and are caught in large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers for the oil extracted from them, which is commonly known as " Caripe See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter." The See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

bell-bird (Chasmorhynchus carunculatus) is See also:

• COMMON

common in the forests of the Orinoco . See also:

• INSECT

Insect life is perhaps poorer and less varied than in Brazil, but in the 14 orders of See also:

• INSECTS

insects there are no less than 98 families, each including many genera and species . There are 8 families of See also:

• COLEOPTERA

Coleoptera, 6 of See also:

• ORTHOPTERA (Gr. Op®os, straight, and rTepov, a wing)

Orthoptera, 23 of See also:

• HYMENOPTERA
• HYMENOPTERA (Gr. bµ$v, a membrane, and irrepov, a wing)

Hymenoptera, 14 of See also:

• LEPIDOPTERA (Gr. ?emir, a scale or husk, and 7rrepov, a wing)

Lepidoptera and 7 of See also:

• DIPTERA (Sir, double, arepa, wings)

Diptera . Locusts are very numerous in the interior, and commit great ravages .

Molluscs are common on the coasts, including the See also:

• PEARL
• PEARL, THE

pearl-See also:

• OYSTER

oyster, and in the fresh-water streams and lakes . The See also:

• CORAL

coral See also:

• POLYP

polyp is also found in Venezuelan See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters . The domestic animals A 990 of Venezuela—the horse, See also:

• ASS (O.E. assa; Lat. asinus)
• ASS, FEAST OF THE

ass, ox, See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep, See also:

• GOAT (a common Teut. word; O. Eng. gat, Goth. gaits, Mod. Ger. Geiss, cognate with Lat. haedus, a kid)

goat, hog, dog, cat, &c.—are not indigenous . Flora:—The flora of Venezuela covers a wide range because of the See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical See also:

• CLIMATIC

climatic zones . The coastal See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone and lower slopes of all the mountains, including the lower Orinoco region and the Maracaibo basin, are clothed with a typical tropical vegetation . There is no seasonal interruption in vegetation . The tropical vegetation extends to an altitude of about 1300 ft., above which it may be classed as semi-tropical up to about 3500 ft., and temperate up to 7200 ft., above which the vegetation is Alpine . Palms grow everywhere; among them the coco-See also:

• NUT
• NUT (0. Eng. knutu, cf. Dutch noot, Ger. Nuss; allied with Gael. cno; it is not of the same form as Lat. nux)

nut See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm (Cocos nucifera) is the most prominent . There are some exotics in this zone, like the See also:

• MANGO

mango, which thrive so well that they are thought to be indigenous . The cacau is at .its best in the humid forests of this region and is cultivated in the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich alluvial valleys, and the See also:

• BANANA

banana thrives everywhere, as well as the See also:

• EXOTIC (Gr. EWTIK6s, foreign, from few, outside)

exotic See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange and See also:

• LEMON
• LEMON, MARK (1809-1870)

lemon . On the mountain slopes See also:

• ORCHIDS

orchids are found in great profusion . See also:

• SUGAR

Sugar-See also:

• CANE

cane is cultivated in the alluvial valleys and See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee on their slopes up to a height of about 2000 ft .

Among the many tropical fruits found here are bananas, guavas, mangoes, cashews, See also:

• BREAD

bread-See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit, aguacates, papayas, zapotes, granadillas, oranges, lemons and limes . In the next zone are grown many of the cereals (including See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice), beans, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, sugar-cane, peaches, apricots, quinces and strawberries . The Ilexes have some distinguishing characteristics . They are extensive grassy plains, the lowest being the bed of an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient inland lake about which is a broad See also:

• TERRACE (Fr. terrace, terrasse, from It. terraccia, terrazzo, Lat. terra, earth)

terrace (See also:

• MESA (Span. mesa, from Lat. mensa, a table)

mesa), the See also:

• TALUS (Lat. for the " ankle-bone ")

talus perhaps of the ancient encircling highlands . The lower level has extensive lagoons and swampy areas and suffers less from the long periodical drought . Its wild See also:

• GRASSES

grasses are luxuriant and a shrubby growth is found along many of its streams . The decline to stock-breeding resulted in a considerable growth of trees and chaparral over the greater part of the plain A large part of the chaparral 'consists of the chaparao, a low See also:

• EVERGREEN

evergreen See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak of See also:

• HARDY, ALEXANDRE (1569?-1631)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS DUFFUS (1804-1878)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS MASTERMAN
• HARDY, THOMAS (1840- )

hardy characteristics, mixed with See also:

• MIMOSA (so named from the movements of the leaves in many species which " mimic " animal sensibility)

mimosa, desmauthus, zonia and others . Much of this r See also:

• ION

ion is covered with amelote, a tall, worthless, grass ith See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp stiff See also:

• BLADES, WILLIAM (1824-1890)

blades . One of the most remarkable palms of the Orinoco region is the " moriche " (Mauritia' flexuosa) . The fruit is edible and its juice is made into See also:

• BEER

beer; the See also:

• SAP

sap of the tree is made into See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, and its See also:

• PITH (O.E. pitca, cognate with Du. pit, kernel of a nut)

pith into bread; the leaves furnish an excellent See also:

• THATCH (O.E. thaec; the word is common to many Teutonic languages in the sense of " roof," " cover "; cf. Du. dak, Ger. Dach; from Du. dekken comes " deck "; the Indo-European root is stag, whence Gr. or.yos, roof, Lat. tegere, to cover; the French equiva

thatch, and the fibre extracted from their midribs is used for See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish lines, cordage, hammocks, nets, &c.; and the wood is hard and makes See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• BUILDING

building material . The fruit of the Guilielma is also widely used for See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food among the natives . -Among other See also:

• FOREST

forest trees of economic importance are the See also:

• SILK

silk-See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton tree (Bombexceiba), the Palo de taco, or cow-tree (Brosimum galactodeaelson), whose sap resembles See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk and is used for that purpose, the Ingo saman, the Hevea guayanensis, celebrated in the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of See also:

• RUBBER, INDIARUBBER

rubber, and the Attglea speciosa, distinguished for the length of its leaves .

The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal economic See also:

• PLANTS

plants of the country are cacau, coffee, See also:

• CASSAVA

cassava (manioc) called " mandioca " in Brazil, Indian See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn, beans, sweet potatoes, taro, sugar-cane, cotton and tobacco . Of these coffee and sugar-cane were introduced by Europeans . See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population.—The population of Venezuela is largely a See also:

• MATTER

matter of conjecture, no See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census having been taken since the third general census of 1891, which gave a See also:

• TOTAL

total population of 2,323,527, of which 1,137,139 were See also:

• MALES

males and 1,186,388 See also:

• FEMALES

females, and there were 02,898 foreign residents . The official Handbook of Venezuela for 9o4 estimated the population for the preceding year as 2,663,671 . The population consists of a small, percentage of whites of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European - descent, chiefly Spaniards, various tribes and settlements of Indians, largely of the See also:

• ARAWAK (" meal-eaters," in reference to cassava, their staple food)

Arawak and Carib families, and a large percentage of mestizos, or mixed bloods . There is a large admixture'of'Atrican See also:

• BLOOD

blood . See also:

• HUBNER, EMIL (1834-1901)
• HUBNER, JOSEPH ALEXANDER, COUNT (1811-1892)

Hubner estimates the mixed of all races at 93%, the highest among all the South See also:

• AMERICAN

American nationalities, and the creoles at 1% only; but this is clearly incorrect . Perhaps a closer approximation would be to See also:

• RATE

rate the See also:

• CREOLE (the Fr. form of criollo, a West Indian, probably a negro corruption of the Span. criadillo, the dim. of criado, one bred or reared, from criar, to breed, a derivative of the Lat. creare, to create)

creole See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element (whites of European descent) at to%, as in Colombia, and the mixed races at 7o%, the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder consisting of Africans, Indians and See also:

• RESIDENT

resident foreigners . Territorial Divisions.—The territorial divisions of Venezuela have been subjected to many changes . Under the constitution of the 27th of April 1904, the republic was divided into 13 states, 1 federal district and 5 territories, the names of which are as follows; those of the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital cities being given in brackets: Federal District (Caracas and La See also:

• ASUNCION (NUESTRA SENORA DE LA ASUNCION)

Asuncion); Aragua (La See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria); Berm1dez (Cumana); Bolivar (Ciudad Bolivar); See also:

• CARABOBO

Carabobo (Valencia); Falcon (Coro); Guarico (Calabozo); Lara (Barquisimeto); Merida (Merida); Miranda (Ocumare); Tachira (See also:

• SAN

San Cristobal); Trujillo (Trujillo); See also:

• ZAMORA

Zamora (San See also:

• CARLOS, DON (1545-1568)
• CARLOS, DON (1788-1855)
• CARLOS, DON (CHARLES MARIA DE LOS DOLORES JUAN ISIDOR.E JOSEPH FRANCIS QUIRIN ANTONY MICHAEL GABRIEL RAPHAEL) (1848—1909)

Carlos); Zulia (Maracaibo), with the following territories: Amazonas (San Fernando de Atabapo) ; Cohan (Gran Roque) ; Cristobal See also:

• COLON
• COLON (formerly known as ASPINWALL)

Colon (Cristobal ColOn);Delta-Amacuro(San Jose de Amacuro) ; Yaruari (Guacipaji) . On the 5th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1909, however, a new See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division was promulgated, giving 20 states, I federal district and 2 territories . Under this division some of the recognized administrative See also:

• UNITS, DIMENSIONS OF
• UNITS, PHYSICAL

units were greatly altered in area or even abolished, and the capital status of several cities was apparently affected .

The division was as follows: Federal District (Caracas) ; Anzoategui • (See also:

• BARCELONA

Barcelona ; Apure (San Fernando de Apure) ; Aragua (La Victoria) ; Bolivar (Ciudad Bolivar); Carabobo (Valencia) ; Cojedes (San Carlos); Falcon (Coro) ; Guarico (Calabozo) ; Lara (Barquisimete) ; Merida (Merida); Miranda (Ocumare); Monagas (See also:

• MATURIN, CHARLES ROBERT (1782-1824)

Maturin) ; Nueva Esparta (La Asuncion); Portuguesa (Guanare); See also:

• SUCRE, or CHUQUISACA

Sucre (Cumana); Tachira (San Cristobal); Trujillo (Trujillo) ; Yaracuy (San Felipe) ; Zamora (Barinas) ; Zulia (Maracaibo), with the following territories: Amazonas (San Fernando, de Atabapo); Delta-Amacuro (Tucupita) . Communications and Commerce.—T here has been no great development of railway construction in Venezuela, partly on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of political insecurity and partly because of the backward See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial state of the country . In 1908 there were only 13 railway lines with a mileage of about 540 in., including the short lines from Caracas to El See also:

• VALLE, PIETRO DELLA (1586–1652)

Valle and La Guaira to Maiquetia and Macuto, and the La Vela and Coro . The longest of these is the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German line from Caracas to Valencia (See also:

• ILI