See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

COMTE DE See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

CHARLES GRAVIER See also:

• COMTE DE CHARLES GRAVIER VERGENNES (1717-1787)

VERGENNES (1717-1787)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French statesman, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• DIJON

Dijon on the loth of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1717 . He was introduced to the profession of See also:

• DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy by his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, M. de Chavigny, under whom he saw his first service at See also:

• LISBON (Lisboa)

Lisbon . His successful conduct of French interests at the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• TRIER (French Troves)

Trier in 1750 and the following years led to his being sent to See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople in 1755 at first as See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister plenipotentiary, then as See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador . In 1768 he was recalled, ostensibly because of a mesalliance with Mme Testa, widow of a Pera surgeon, but really because See also:

• CHOISEUL, CESAR
• CHOISEUL, ETIENNE FRANCOIS

Choiseul thought him not zealous enough in provoking a See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel between See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia and See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey . After Choiseul's See also:

• DEATH

death he was sent to See also:

• STOCKHOLM

Stockholm with instructions to help the aristocratic party of the " Hats " with See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice and See also:

• MONEY

money . The revolution by which Gustavus III . (See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 19, 1772) secured for himself the reality instead of the See also:

• SHADOW (0. Eng. Schadewe, sceadu; a form of " shade "; connected with Gr. 6-Ore's, darkness)

shadow of See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power was a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph for See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . With the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XVI . See also:

• VERGENNES, CHARLES GRAVIER, COMTE DE (1717-1787)

Vergennes became See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign minister . His See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general policy was one of friendly relations with See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, combined with the See also:

• LIMITATION, STATUTES OF

limitation of See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph II.'s ambitious designs; the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of Turkey; and opposition at all points to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . His hatred of England and his See also:

• DESIRE

desire to avenge the disasters of the Seven Years' See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War led to his support of the See also:

• AMERICAN

American States in the War of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

Independence, a step of which the moral and See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial results had not a little to do with the Revolution of 1789 . Vergennes sought by a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of negotiations to secure the armed See also:

• NEUTRALITY

neutrality of the See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

Powers eventually carried out by See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine II.; he ceded to the demands of See also:

• BEAUMARCHAIS, PIERRE AUGUSTIN CARON DE (1732-1799)

Beaumarchais that France should secretly provide the Americans with arms and See also:

• VOLUNTEERS

volunteers .

In 1777 he informed the American commissioners that France acknowledged the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic and was willing to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form an offensive and defensive See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with the new See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . In domestic affairs Vergennes belonged to the old school . He intrigued against See also:

• NECKER, JACQUES (1732—1804)

Necker, whom he regarded as a dangerous innovator, a republican, a foreigner and a See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant . In 1781 he became See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• FINANCE

finance, and in 1783 he supported the nomination of See also:

• CALONNE
• CALONNE, CHARLES ALEXANDRE DE (1734-1802)

Calonne as controller general . Vergennes died on the 13th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1787, before the See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting of the See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly of Notables which he is said to have suggested to Louis XVI . See P . Fauchelle, La Diplomatie francaise et la Ligue See also:

• DES

des neutres d e l 780 (1976-83) (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1893); See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• JAY (Fr. geai)
• JAY, JOHN (1745-1829)
• JAY, WILLIAM (1769-1853)

Jay, The See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

Peace Negotiations of 1782—83 as illustrated by the Confidential Papers of Shelburne and Vergennes (New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, 1888) ; L . See also:

• BONNEVILLE, BENJAMIN L

Bonneville de Marsangy, Le See also:

• CHEVALIER, ALBERT (1861– )
• CHEVALIER, MICHEL (1806-1879)
• CHEVALIER, ULYSSE (1841– )

Chevalier de Vergennes, son ambassade a Constantinople (Paris, 1894), and Le Chevalier de Vergennes, son ambassade en Suede (Paris, 1898) .