See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

CONGRESS OF See also:

• VERONA
• CONGRESS OF VERONA

VERONA  , the last of the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of inter-See also:

• NATIONAL

national conferences or congresses based on the principle enunciated in See also:

• ART

Art . 6 of the treaty of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November loth, 1815 (see See also:

• EUROPE

EUROPE, See also:

• HISTORY

History) . It met at See also:

• VERONA
• VERONA, CONGRESS OF

Verona on the 20th ' The view of some scholars is that the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original walls were earlier than the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• GALLIENUS, PUBLIUS LICINIUS EGNATIUS

Gallienus, who reconstructed them on the old lines, taking in, however, the See also:

• AMPHITHEATRE (Gr. 441, around, and O&arpov, a place for spectators)

amphitheatre . of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1822 . The See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander I. of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia was See also:

• PRESENT

present in See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person . There were also present See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

• NESSELRODE, KARL ROBERT, COUNT (178o-I862)

Nesselrode, the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign affairs; See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince Metternich, representing See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria; Prince See also:

• HARDENBERG, KARL AUGUST VON, PRINCE (1750-1822)

Hardenberg and Count See also:

• BERNSTORFF, ANDREAS PETER, COUNT VON (1735–1797)
• BERNSTORFF, CHRISTIAN GUNTHER, COUNT VON (1769-1835)
• BERNSTORFF, JOHANN HARTWIG ERNST, COUNT

Bernstorff, representing See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia; MM. de See also:

• MONTMORENCY
• MONTMORENCY, ANNE
• MONTMORENCY, MATHIEU JEAN FELICITE DE

Montmorency and See also:

• CHATEAUBRIAND, FRANCOIS RENE, VICOMTE DE (1768–1848)

Chateaubriand, representing See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France; and the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• WELLINGTON
• WELLINGTON, ARTHUR WELLESLEY, 1ST DUKE OF (1769-1852)

Wellington, representing See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain in See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• LONDONDERRY
• LONDONDERRY, CHARLES WILLIAM STEWART (VANE), 3RD MARQUESS
• LONDONDERRY, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• LONDONDERRY, or DERRY
• LONDONDERRY, ROBERT STEWART, 2ND MARQUESS OF (1769-1822)

Londonderry (Castlereagh), whose tragic See also:

• DEATH

death occurred on the See also:

• EVE

eve of his setting out to the See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress . In the instructions 'See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up by Londonderry for his own guidance, which had been handed to Wellington by See also:

• CANNING, CHARLES JOHN, EARL (1812-1862)
• CANNING, GEORGE (1770-1827)

Canning without alteration, was clearly defined the attitude of Great Britain towards the three questions which it was supposed would be discussed, viz. the See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish Question (See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek insurrection), the question of intervention in favour of the royal See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, together with that of the revolted See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish colonies, and the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian Question . As regards the latter it was laid down that Great Britain could not See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge herself with any superintendence of a See also:

• SYSTEM

system in which she had merely acquiesced, and the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of the See also:

• BRITISH

British minister would be merely to keep himself informed, and to see that nothing was done " inconsistent with the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European system and the See also:

• TREATIES

treaties." To make this attitude quite clear, Wellington was further instructed not to See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand in his See also:

• CREDENTIALS (lettres de creance)

credentials until this question had been disposed of, his place being meanwhile taken by Lord Londonderry (See also:

• STEWART, ALEXANDER TURNEY (1803-1876)
• STEWART, BALFOUR (1828-1887)
• STEWART, CHARLES (1778–1869)
• STEWART, DUGALD (1753-1828)
• STEWART, J
• STEWART, JOHN (1749—1822)
• STEWART, JULIUS L
• STEWART, SIR DONALD MARTIN (1824–19o0)
• STEWART, SIR HERBERT (1843—1885)
• STEWART, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1540—c. 1605)
• STEWART, STUART
• STEWART, WILLIAM (c. 1480-c. 1550)

Stewart), Castlereagh's See also:

• HALF

half-See also:

• BROTHER

brother and successor in the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title, who had fulfilled the same See also:

• FUNCTION

function at See also:

• TROPPAU (Polish, Oppava; Czech, Opava)
• TROPPAU, CONGRESS OF

Troppau and See also:

• LAIBACH (Slovenian, Ljubljana)

Laibach . In the Spanish Question Wellington was to give See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice to the uncompromising opposition of Great Britain to the whole principle of intervention . In the Turkish Question, the probable raising of which had alone induced the British See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government to send a plenipotentiary to the congress, he was to suggest the eventual See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity for recognizing the belligerent rights of the Greeks, and, in the event of concerted intervention, to be careful not to commit Great Britain beyond the limits of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good offices . The immediate problems arising out of the Turkish Question had, however, been settled between the emperor Alexander and Metternich, to their mutual See also:

• SATISFACTION (Lat. salisfacerc, to satisfy)

satisfaction, at the preliminary conferences held at See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September, and at Verona the only question raised was that of the proposed See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French intervention in Spain . The discussion was opened by three questions formally propounded by Montmorency: (I) Would the See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

Allies withdraw their ministers from See also:

• MADRID

Madrid in the event of France being compelled to do so ?

(2) In See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, under what See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form and by what acts would the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers give France their moral support, so as to give to her See also:

• ACTION

action the force of the See also:

• ALLIANCE

Alliance, and inspire a salutary fear in the revolutionaries of all countries ? (3) What material aid would the powers give, if asked by France to intervene, under restrictions which she would declare and they would recognize ? The reply of Alexander, who expressed his surprise at the See also:

• DESIRE

desire of France to keep the question " wholly French, " was to offer to See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march 150,000 Russians through See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany to See also:

• PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

Piedmont, where they could be held ready to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act against the See also:

• JACOBINS, THE

Jacobins whether in Spain or France . This See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution appealed to Metternich and Montmorency as little as to Wellington; but though See also:

• UNITED

united in opposing it, four days of " confidential communications " revealed a fundamental difference of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion between the representative of Great Britain and those of the See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental powers on the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main point at issue . Wellington, firmly based on the principle of non-intervention, refused to have anything to do with the See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion, made by Metternich, that the powers should address a See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note to the Spanish government in support of the action of France . Finally, Metternich proposed that the Allies should " hold a common See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, but in See also:

• SEPARATE

separate notes, though See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform in their principles and See also:

• OBJECTS

objects." This solution was adopted by the continental powers; and Wellington, in accordance with his instructions not to countenance any intervention in Spanish affairs, took no See also:

• PART

part in the conferences that followed . On the 3oth of October the powers handed in their formal replies to the French memorandum . Russia, Austria and Prussia would act as France should in respect of their ministers in Spain, and would give to France every countenance and assistance she might require, the details " being reserved to be specified in a treaty." Wellington, on the other hand, replied on behalf of Great Britain that " having no knowledge of the cause of dispute, and not being able to form a See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment upon a hypothetical case, he could give no See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer to any of the questions." Thus was proclaimed the open See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach of Great Britain with the principles and policy of the Great Alliance, which is what gives to the congress its main See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• INTEREST

interest . See See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge See also:

• MODERN

Modern Hist., See also:

• CHAP

chap. i . " The Congresses," by W . See also:

• ALISON, ARCHIBALD (1757-1839)

Alison See also:

• PHILLIPS
• PHILLIPS, ADELAIDE (1833-1882)
• PHILLIPS, EDWARD (163o-1696)
• PHILLIPS, JOHN (1800—1874)
• PHILLIPS, SAMUEL (1814—1854)
• PHILLIPS, STEPHEN (1868– )
• PHILLIPS, THOMAS (1770-1845)
• PHILLIPS, WENDELL (1811-1884)

Phillips, and for authorities, ibid. p . 787 .

(W . A . P.) VERONAL, in See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine, diethylmalonyl See also:

• UREA, or CARBAMIDE, CO(NH2)2

urea or diethylbarbituric See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid (C2II6)2C[CO NH]2CO, extensively used as a hypnotic . It is prepared by condensing diethylmalonic ester with urea in the presence of See also:

• SODIUM [symbol Na, from Lat. natrium; atomic weight 23.00 (0=16)]

sodium ethylate, or by acting with See also:

• ETHYL

ethyl iodide on the See also:

• SILVER

silver See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt of malonyl urea; it forms a See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white crystalline See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder, which is odourless, and has a slightly See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste . Its introduction followed the investigations of Emil See also:

• FISCHER
• FISCHER, EMIL (1852– )
• FISCHER, ERNST KUNO BERTHOLD (1824–1907)

Fischer and J. v . Merling on the pharmacological properties of certain open and closed ureides . Led thereto by the impression that hypnotic action appears to be largely dependent on the presence of ethyl See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups, they prepared diethylacetyl urea, diethylmalonyl urea, and dipropylmalonyl urea . All three were found to be hypnotics: the first was about equal in power to See also:

• SULPHONAL

sulphonal, whilst the third was four times as powerful, but its use was attended by prolonged after-effects . Veronal was found to be midway . It is best given in cachets (10 to 15 grains) . As it does not affect the circulatory or See also:

• RESPIRATORY

respiratory systems, or temperature, it can be employed in many diseased conditions of the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart and lungs as well as in See also:

• MENTAL

mental disturbances, acute alcoholism, morphinomania and See also:

• KIDNEY

kidney disease . If taken during a prolonged See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period it seems to lose its effect .

A soluble salt of veronal has been introduced under the name of medinal . Although the toxicity of veronal is See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low, 135 grains having been taken in a single dose without serious results, the unreasonable See also:

• CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

consumption by persons suffering from See also:

• INSOMNIA

insomnia has led to many deaths, and it has been suggested that the See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale should be restricted by the See also:

• PHARMACY

Pharmacy Acts .