VERS DE SOCIETE  , a

term for social or familiar poetry, which was originally borrowed from the French, and has now come to rank as an English expression (see Fennell, The Stamford Dictionary of Anglicised Words) . The use of the phrase as an English one is first met with at the opening of the 19th century . It is to be observed that it has come to bear a meaning which is not wholly equivalent to that of the French original . It was said of the blind philosopher, M . C . J . Pougens (1755-1833), that his petits vers de societe procured great success for him in the salons of Paris, and several of the rhymesters of the early 18th century were prominent for their adroitness in composing petits vers sur des sujets legers . The prince of such graceful triflers was the Abbe de Chaulieu (1639-1720), of whom it was said that he made verses solely for the amusement of his friends, and without the smallest intention of seeing them in print . The best of his effusions have preserved a certain freshness because of the neatness with which they are turned, but it can scarcely be said that they have any pre-tension to be called poetry . They were inspired by incidents in the private life of the day, and were largely addressed to a few friends of exalted rank, who were hardly less witty than the author himself, such as the duc de Nevers, the marquis de Lassay, the duchesse de Bouillon and the marquis de la Fare . In the collections of Chaulieu's works, which were very often reprinted, side by side with his own pieces will be found petits vers de societe indited by these great friends of his, and often quite as well turned as his own . To write such verses, indeed, was almost an accomplishment of good breeding .

An enormous collection of them was brought together by Titon du Tillet (1676–1762), in his Parnasse

Francois, where those who are curious on the subject may observe to satiety how ingenious and artificial and trifling the vers de societe of the French 18th century could be . The fashion for them followed upon the decline of an interest in rondeaux, ballades and villanelles, and Chaulieu himself had not a little to do with throwing those ingenuities out of fashion, his attack on Benserade, who went so far as to turn the whole of Ovid's Metamorphoses into rondeaux, being, according to his editor of 1732, " the first work which displayed the delicacy of the Abbe de Chaulieu's taste, and his talent for poetry." Of the writers of vers de societe in France, J . B . Rousseau had the most poetical faculty; he was, in fact, a poet, and he wrote a " Billet a Chaulieu " which is a gem of delicate and playful charm . But, as a rule, the efforts of the French versifiers dens les petits genres were not of considerable poetic value . If in England the expression vers de societe carries with it more literary dignity, this is mainly due to the genius of one man . Prior's Poems on Several Occasions, collected in 1709, presents us with some of the earliest entirely characteristic specimens of vers de societe, and with some of the best . Here the poet consciously, and openly, resigns the pretension of high effort and an appeal to Parnassus . He is paying a visit at Burghley House, where the conversation turns on the merits and adventures of Mr Fleetwood Shepherd; Prior then and there throws off, in extremely graceful verse, a piece appropriate to the occasion . He addresses it, and he dates it (May 14, 1689) ; and this is a typical example of vers de societe . It will be seen that Prior, who learned much from his residence in the heart of the French world of fashion between 1711 and 1715, treats very much the same subjects as Chaulieu and La Fare were treating, but he does so with more force of style and dignity of imagination . As the 18th century progressed, the example of Prior was often followed by English poets, without, however, any general recapture of his forcible grace .

The vers de societe tended to be merged in the

epistle and in the epigram . Swift, however, when he was neither coarse nor frigid, sometimes achieved a genuine success, as in the admirable verses on his own death . The odes of Ambrose Philips (1671–1749) addressed by name to various private persons, and, most happily, to children, were not understood in his own age, but possess some of the most fortunate characteristics of pure vers de societe . In his " Welcome from Greece," a study in otlava rima, Gay produced a masterpiece in this delicate class, but most of his easy writings belong to a different category . Nothing of peculiar importance detains us until we reach Cowper, whose poems for particular occasions, such as those on " Mrs Throckmorton's Bullfinch " and " The Distressed Travellers," are models of the poetic use of actual circumstances treated with an agreeable levity, or an artful naivete . In a later age, Byron, who excelled in so many departments of poetry, was an occasional writer of brilliant vers de societe, such as the epistle " Huzza, Hodgson," but to find a direct successor to Prior it is necessary to pass Henry Luttrell (1765–1851) and W . R . Spencer (1769–1834), and to come down to W . M . Praed (q.v.) . A certain character was given to English vers de societe by Hood and Barham, but the former was too muchaddicted to a play upon words, the latter was too boisterous, to be considered as direct continuers of the tradition of Prior . That tradition, however, was revived by Frederick Locker, afterwards Locker-Lampson (1821–1895), whose London Lyrics, first printed in 1857 and constantly modified until 1893, is in some respects the typical modern example of pure vers de societe .

Locker was a

simple, clear and easy writer; he successfully avoided the least appearance of that effort which is fatal to this kind of verse . His " Rotten Row," with its reminiscences of the early sixties, " But where is now the courtly troop That once rode laughing by ? I miss the curls of Cantelupe, The laugh of Lady Di," touches of real portraiture—is a perfect example of vers de societe . Since the days of Locker, those who have attempted to strike the lighter lyre in English have been very numerous . Almost immeasurably superior to the rest has been Mr Austin Dobson, who is, however, something more than a writer of vers de societe . Collections of vers de societe of much excellence have been published by J . K . Stephen (1859-92), Andrew Lang (b . 1844), A . D . Godley (b . 1856), Owen Seaman (b .

1861) and A . R .

Ropes (" Adrian Ross ") (b . 1859) . (E .