VETERINARY See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

SCIENCE (See also:

• LAT

Lat. veterinarius, an See also:

• ADJECTIVE (from the Lat. adjectives, added)

adjective meaning " connected with beasts of See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden and See also:

• DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught," from veterinus, " pertaining to yearlings," and vitulus, " a See also:

• CALF
• CALF, THE GOLDEN

calf ")  ,l the See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, generally, that deals with the conformation and structure of the domesticated animals, especially the See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse; their See also:

• PHYSIOLOGY (from Gr. 4 i s, nature, and koyos, discourse)

physiology and See also:

• SPECIAL

special racial characteristics; their breeding, feeding and See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general hygienic management; their See also:

• PATHOLOGY (from Gr. raBos, suffering)

pathology, and the preventive and curative, medical and surgical, treatment of the diseases and injuries to which they are exposed; their amelioration and improvement; their relations to the human See also:

• FAMILY

family with regard to communicable maladies; and the See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food and other products derived from them for the use of mankind . In this See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article it is only necessary to See also:

• DEAL

deal mainly with veterinary science in its relation with See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine, as other aspects are treated under the headings for the particular animals, &c . In the See also:

• PRESENT

present edition of the See also:

• ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Encyclopaedia Britannica the various anatomical articles (see See also:

• ANATOMY
• ANATOMY (Gr. avaroyil, from ava-silo c', to cut up)

ANATOMY for a See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of these) are based on the See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative method, and the anatomy of the See also:

• LOWER

lower animals is dealt with there and in the See also:

• SEPARATE

separate articles on the animals . See also:

• HISTORY

History . There is See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence that the Egyptians practised veterinary medicine and See also:

• SURGERY
• SURGERY (Fr. chirurgie, from Gr. Xetpoupyfa, i.e. hand-work)

surgery in very remote times; but it is not until we turn to the Greeks that we obtain any very definite See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information with regard to the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of veterinary as well as human medicine in antiquity . The writings of See also:

• HIPPOCRATES

Hippocrates (460—377 B.C.) afford evidence of excellent investigations in comparative pathology . Diodes of Carystus, who was nearly a contemporary, was one of the first to occupy himself with anatomy, which he studied in animals . See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle, too, wrote on physiology and comparative anatomy, and on the maladies of animals, while many other See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek writers on veterinary medicine are cited or copied from by See also:

• VARRO, MARCUS TERENTIUS (116—27 B.C.)
• VARRO, PUBLIUS TERENTIUS

Varro, See also:

• COLUMELLA, LUCIUS JUNIUS MODERATUS

Columella and See also:

• GALEN (or GALENUS), CLAUDIUS
• GALEN, CHRISTOPH BERNHARD, FREIHERR VON (16o6-1678)

Galen . And we must not overlook See also:

• MAGO

Mago of See also:

• CARTHAGE
• CARTHAGE (Phoenician Kart-hadshat, " New City "; Gr. Kapxn5c; v, Lat. Carthago or Carchedon)
• CARTHAGE, SYNODS OF

Carthage (200 B.c.), whose See also:

• WORK

work in twenty-eight books was translated into Greek and was largely used by Varro and Columella . 1 Regarding the origin of the word " veterinary," the following occurs in D'Arboval's Dictionnaire de medecine et de chirurgie veterinaires, edited by Zundel (1877), iii . 814: " See also:

• LES

Les mots veterinaria et veterinarius etaient employes See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par les Romains pour designer: le premier, la medecine See also:

• DES

des betes de See also:

• SOMME

somme; le second, pour indiquer celui qui la pratiquait; le mot veterinae indiquait les betes de somme, et emit la contraction de veheterinae, du verbe vehere, See also:

• PORTER
• PORTER, BENJAMIN CURTIS (1843– )
• PORTER, DAVID (1780-1843)
• PORTER, DAVID DIXON (1813-1891)
• PORTER, ENDYMION (1587–1649)
• PORTER, HENRY (ft. 1596-1599)
• PORTER, HORACE (1837– )
• PORTER, JANE (1776–1850)
• PORTER, MARY (d. 1765)
• PORTER, NOAH (1811–1892)

porter, tirer, trainer . L'etymologie reelle du mot veterinaire, ou plutot du mot veterinarius des Romains, serait d'apres Lenglet encore plus ancienne; elle viendrait du celtique, d'ou le mot serait passe chez les Romains; cet auteur fait venir le niot de vee, betail (d'ou l'allemand Vieh), teeren, etre malade (d'oe 1'allemand Zehren, consomption), aerts ou arts, artiste, medecin (d'ou 1'allemand Arzt)." Until after the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of See also:

• GREECE

Greece the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans do not appear to have known much of veterinary medicine .

Varro (116–28 B.c.) Amongst may be considered the first See also:

• ROMAN

Roman writer who deals with the See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal medicine in a scientific spirit in his De Re Rustica, Romans. in three books, which is largely derived from Greek writers . See also:

• CELSUS (c. A.D. 178)

Celsus is supposed to have written on animal medicine, and Columella (1st See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century) is credited with having utilized those See also:

• RELATING

relating to veterinary science in the See also:

• SIXTH

sixth and seventh parts of his De Re Rustica, one of the best See also:

• WORKS

works of its class of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient times; it treats not only of medicine and surgery, but also of sanitary See also:

• MEASURES

measures for the suppression of contagious diseases . From the 3rd century onwards veterinary science had a literature of its own and See also:

• REGULAR

regular practitioners, especially in the service of the Roman armies (mulomedici, veterinarii) . Perhaps the most renowned veterinarian of the Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

empire was Apsyrtus of See also:

• BITHYNIA (BtOvpta)

Bithynia, who in 322 accompanied the expedition of See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine against the Sarmatians in his professional capacity, and seems to have enjoyed a high and aell-deserved reputation in his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . He was a keen observer; he distinguished and described a number of diseases which were badly defined by his predecessors, recognized the contagious nature of See also:

• GLANDERS, or FARCY (Equinia)

glanders, farcy and See also:

• ANTHRAX (the Greek for " coal,” or " carbuncle," so called by the ancients because they regarded it as burning like coal; cf. the French equivalent charbon; also known as fievre charbonneuse, Milzbrand, splenic fever, and malignant pustule)

anthrax, and prescribed See also:

• ISOLATION

isolation for their suppression; he also made interesting observations on accidents and diseases of horses' limbs, and waged See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war against certain absurd empirical practices then prevailing in the treatment of disease, indicating rational methods, some of which are still successfully employed in veterinary See also:

• THERAPEUTICS (Gr. BepaaeuTLKIi, Sc. TEXVrt, from Beparebsty, to serve)

therapeutics, such as splints for fractures, sutures for wounds, See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold See also:

• WATER

water for the reduction of prolapsed vagina, hot See also:

• BATHS

baths for See also:

• TETANUS (from Gr. rei:vw, I stretch, on account of the tension of the fibres of the affected muscles), or LOCKJAW

tetanus, &c . Not less eminent was See also:

• HIEROCLES

Hierocles, the successor of Apsyrtus, whose writings he largely copied, but with improvements and valuable additions, especially in the See also:

• HYGIENE (Fr. hygiene, from Gr. ir'taivety, to be healthy)

hygiene and training of horses . Pelagonius, again, was a writer of empirical tendency, and his treatment of disease in general was most irrational . Publius See also:

• VEGETIUS (FLAvjUS VEGETIUS RENATUS)

Vegetius (not to be confounded with Flavius Vegetius Renatus, who wrote on the military See also:

• ART

art) was a popular author of the end of the 5th century, though less distinguished than Apsyrtus, to whom and to Pelagonius he was to a See also:

• GREAT

great extent indebted in the preparation of his Mulomedicina sine Ars Veterinaria . He appears to have been more of a horse-dealer than a veterinary practitioner, and knew next to nothing of anatomy, which seems to have been but little cultivated at that See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . He was very superstitious and a believer in the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of demons and sorcerers; nevertheless, he gives some interesting observations de-rived from his travels . He had also a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of aerial infection, recognized the utility of See also:

• DISINFECTANTS

disinfectants, and describes some operations not referred to by previous writers, such as removal of calculi from the See also:

• BLADDER (from A.S. blaeddre, connected with bl¢wan, to blow, cf. Ger. blase)

bladder through the rectum, couching for See also:

• CATARACT (from the Lat. form cataracta of the Gr. Karapplucrgss, a floodgate, or waterfall, properly something which rushes down)

cataract, the extirpation of certain glands, and several serious operations on the horse's See also:

• FOOT

foot . Though inferior to several works written by his predecessors, the Mulomedicina of Vegetius maintained its popularity through many centuries .

Of most of the ancient veterinary writers we know little beyond what can be gathered from the citations and extracts in the two great collections of See also:

• HIP

Hip piatrica and Geoponica compiled by See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of Constantine Porphyrogenitus in the loth century . It is unnecessary to dwell here on the progress of the veterinary art during the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages . Towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval period the subject was much cultivated in the See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy; and See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain also had an organized See also:

• SYSTEM

system of good practitioners in the 15th century, who have See also:

• LEFT

left many books still extant . See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany was far behind, and literature on the subject did not exist until the end of the 15th century, when in 1492 there was published anonymously at See also:

• AUGSBURG
• AUGSBURG, CONFESSION OF
• AUGSBURG, WAR OF THE LEAGUE OF

Augsburg a Pferdearzneibuchlein . In the following century the influence of the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian writers was becoming See also:

• MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest, and the works of See also:

• FUGGER

Fugger and Fayser See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark the commencement of a new era . Fayser's See also:

• TREATISES

treatises, Von der Gestiiterei and Von der Zucht der Kriegs- and See also:

• BURGER, GOTTFRIED AUGUST (1748-1794)

Burger-Pferde (1529-97), are remarkable for originality and good sense . In Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain animal medicine was perhaps in a more advanced See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition than in Germany, if we accept the evidence of the Ancient See also:

• LAWS

Laws and Institutes of See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1841); yet it was largely made up of the grossest superstitions . Among the Celts the healer of horse diseases and the shoer were held in high esteem, as among the more civilized nations of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, and the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court See also:

• FARRIER

farrier enjoyed special privileges . 2 The earliest known works in See also:

• ENGLISH

English appeared anonymously towards the commencement of the 16th century, viz . Propertees and Medcynes for a Horse and Mascal of Oxen, Horses, Sheepes, Hogges, Dogges . The word " mascal " shows that the latter work was in its origin Italian . There is no doubt that in the 15th century the increasing See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste for horses and See also:

• HORSEMANSHIP

horsemanship brought Italian See also:

• RIDING

riding-masters and farriers into See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England; and it is recorded that See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VIII. brought over two of these men who had been trained by Grisone in the famous Neapolitan school .

The knowledge so introduced became popularized, and assumed a See also:

• CONCRETE
• CONCRETE (Lat. concretes, participle of concrescere, to grow together)

concrete See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form in Blundeville's Foure Chiefest Offices belonging to Horsemanship (1566), which contains many references to horse diseases, and, though mainly a compilation, is yet enriched with See also:

• ORIGINAL

original observations . In the i See Leechdoms . Wortcunning and Starcraft of See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early England (3 vols . 8vo, London, 1864) . 9 See See also:

• FLEMING, PAUL (1609-1640)
• FLEMING, RICHARD (d. 1431)
• FLEMING, SIR SANDFORD (1827- )
• FLEMING, SIR THOMAS (1S44-1613)

Fleming, Horse-shoes and Horse-Shoeing (London, 1869).15th century the anatomy of the domesticated animals, formerly almost entirely neglected, began to receive See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention . A work on comparative anatomy by Volcher Koyter was issued at See also:

• NUREMBERG (Ger. Nurnberg)

Nuremberg in 1573; about the same time a writer in Germany named Copho or Cophon published a See also:

• BOOK

book on the anatomy of the. See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

pig, in which were many original remarks on the lymphatic vessels; and Jehan Hervard in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France produced in 1594 his rather incomplete See also:

• HIPPO

Hippo-Osteologie . But by far the most notable work, and one which maintained its popularity for a century and a See also:

• HALF

half, was that of Carlo Ruini, a senator of See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna, published in 1598 in that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, and entitled Dell' Anatomia e dell' Infirmitd del See also:

• CAVALLO, TIBERIUS (1749-1809)

Cavallo, e suoi Remedii . Passing through many See also:

• EDITIONS

editions, and translated into See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French and See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German, this book was for the most See also:

• PART

part original, and a remarkable one for the time in which it was composed, the anatomical portion being especially praiseworthy . English books of the 17th century exhibit a strong tendency towards the improvement of veterinary medicine and surgery, especially as regards the horse . This is even more notable in the writings of the 18th century, among which may be particularized See also:

• GIBSON, CHARLES DANA (1867- )
• GIBSON, EDMUND (1669-1748)
• GIBSON, JOHN (1790-1866)
• GIBSON, THOMAS MILNER (1806-1884)
• GIBSON, WILLIAM HAMILTON (1850-1896)

Gibson's Farrier's New See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

Guide (1719), Method of Dieting Horses (1721) and (best of all) his New See also:

• TREATISE

Treatise on the Diseases of Horses, besides Braken's, Burdon's, See also:

• BRIDGE

Bridge's and Bartlet's treatises . Veterinary anatomy was greatly advanced by the Anatomy of an Horse (1683) of Snape, farrier to See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles II., illustrated with copperplates, and by the still more See also:

• COMPLETE

complete and original work of See also:

• STUBBS [STUBBES], PHILIP (c. 1555-c. 161o)
• STUBBS [STUnnE], JOHN
• STUBBS, WILLIAM (1825-1901)

Stubbs, the Anatomy of the Horse (1766), which decidedly marked a new era in this See also:

• LINE

line of study . Of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign works it may suffice to mention that of Solleysel, Veritable parfait mareschal (1664), which passed through many editions, was translated into several See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages, and was borrowed from for more than a century by different writers .

See also:

• SIR

Sir W . See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

Hope's Cons pleat Horseman (1696) is a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation from Solleysel by a See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil . See also:

• MODERN

Modern Schools and Colleges.—The most important era in the history of modernveterinaryscience commenced with the institution of veterinary schools . France was the first to take the prance great initiative step in this direction . See also:

• BUFFON, GEORGE LOUIS LECLERC, COMTE DE (1707-1788)

Buffon had recom- and Commended the formation of veterinary schools, but his tlnentai recommendations were not attended to . See also:

• CLAUDE, JEAN (1619-1687)

Claude Bourgelat Europe . (1712–1799), an See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate at See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons and a talented hippolo- gist, through his influence with See also:

• BERTIN

Bertin, See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister under See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XV., was the first to induce the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government to establish a veterinary school and school of equitation at Lyons, in 1761 . This school he himself directed for only a few years, during which the great benefits that had resulted from it justified an See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of its teaching to other parts of Fiance . Bourgelat, therefore, founded (1766) at Alfort, near See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, a second veterinary school, which soon became, and has remained to this See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, one of the finest and most advanced veterinary schools in the See also:

• WORLD

world . At Lyons he was replaced by the See also:

• ABBE (Serbo-Croatian Rai))

Abbe Rozier, a learned agriculturist, who was killed at the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of Lyons after a very successful period of school management, during which he had added largely to agricultural and See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical knowledge by the publication of his See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal de Physique and Cours d'See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture . Twenty years later the Alfort school added to its teaching See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff several distinguished professors whose names still adorn the See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

annals of science, such as Dauberton, who taught rural See also:

• ECONOMY

economy; Vic d'Azyr, who lectured on comparative anatomy; See also:

• FOURCROY, ANTOINE FRANCOIS, COMTE DE (1755-1809)

Fourcroy, who undertook instruction in See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry; and See also:

• GILBERT
• GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
• GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
• GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
• GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
• GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
• GILBERT, J
• GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
• GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
• GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
• GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
• GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
• GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )

Gilbert, one of its most brilliant pupils, who had veterinary medicine and surgery for his See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department . The last-named was also a distinguished agriculturist and published many important treatises on agricultural as well as veterinary subjects .

The position he had acquired, added to his profound and varied knowledge, made him most useful to France during the period of the Revolution . It is chiefly to him that it is indebted for the celebrated See also:

• RAMBOUILLET
• RAMBOUILLET, CATHERINE DE VIVONNE, MARQUISE DE (1588-1665)

Rambouillet See also:

• FLOCK

flock of See also:

• MERINO

Merino See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep, for the conservation of the Tuileries and See also:

• VERSAILLES

Versailles parks, and for the creation of the See also:

• FINE

fine experimental agricultural See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment organized in the ancient domain of Sceaux . The Alfort school speedily became the nursery of veterinary science, and the source whence all similar institutions obtained their first teachers and their guidance . A third government school was founded in 1825 at See also:

• TOULOUSE
• TOULOUSE, LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE BOURBON, COUNT OF (1678-1737)

Toulouse; and these three schools have produced thousands of thoroughly educated veterinary surgeons and many professors of high scientific repute, among whom may be named Bouley, Chauveau, See also:

• COLIN, ALEXANDRE (1526-1612)

Colin, See also:

• TOUSSAINT

Toussaint, St Cyr, Goubaux, Arloing, Galtier, Nocard, Trasbot, See also:

• NEUMANN, FRANZ ERNST (1798-1895)
• NEUMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1793-1870)

Neumann, Cadiot and Leclainche . The opening of the Alfort school was followed by the establishment of See also:

• NATIONAL

national schools in Italy (See also:

• TURIN

Turin, 1769), See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark (See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen, 1773), See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria (See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, 1775), See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony (See also:

• DRESDEN

Dresden, 1776), See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia (See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover, 1778; See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1790), See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria (See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich, 1790), See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary (See also:

• BUDAPEST

Budapest, 1787) and Spain (See also:

• MADRID

Madrid, 1793) ; and soon government veterinary schools were founded in nearly every See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, except Great Britain and Greece, mostly on a munificent See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale . Probably all, but especially those of France and Germany, were established as much with a view to training veterinary surgeons for the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army as for the requirements of See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• LIFE

life . In 1907 France possessed three national veterinary schools, Germany had six, See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia four (See also:

• KHARKOV

Kharkov, Dorpat, Kazan and See also:

• WARSAW
• WARSAW (Polish Warszawa, Ger. Warschau, Fr. Varsovie)

Warsaw), Italy six, Spain five, Austria-Hungary three (Vienna, Budapest and See also:

• LEMBERG (Pol. Lwdw, Lat. Leopolis)

Lemberg), See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland two (See also:

• ZURICH
• ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)

Zurich and See also:

• BERN (Fr. Berne)

Bern), See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden two (Skara and See also:

• STOCKHOLM

Stockholm), Denmark, See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium and See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal one each . In 1849 a government veterinary school was established at See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople, and in 1861 the government of See also:

• RUMANIA
• RUMANIA, or ROUMANIA [Romdnia]

Rumania founded a school at See also:

• BUCHAREST (Bucuresci)

Bucharest . The veterinary schools of Berlin, Hanover and Vienna have been raised to the position of See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities . In 1790 St See also:

• BEL

Bel (whose real name was Vial, St Bel being a See also:

• VILLAGE

village near Lyons, where was his paternal See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate), after studying at the See also:

• UNITED

United Lyons school and teaching both at Alfort and Lyons, carne See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom. to England and published proposals for See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding a school in which to instruct pupils in veterinary medicine and surgery . The Agricultural Society of Odiham, which had been meditating sending two See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young men to the Alfort school, elected him an honorary member, and delegated a See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee to consult with him respecting his See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme . Some time afterwards this committee detached themselves from the Odiham Society and formed an institution styled the Veterinary See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College of London, of which St Bel was appointed See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor .

The school was to be commenced and maintained by private subscription . In See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1792 arrangements were made for See also:

• BUILDING

building temporary stabling for fifty horses and a forge for shoeing at St Pancras . The college made rapid progress in public estimation, notwithstanding considerable pecuniary embarrassments . As soon as the building was ready for the reception of animal patients, pupils began to be enrolled; and among the earliest were some who afterwards gained celebrity as veterinarians, as Bloxam, See also:

• BLAINE, JAMES GILLESPIE (1830-1893)

Blaine, R . See also:

• LAWRENCE
• LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST
• LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786—1852)
• LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814–1886)
• LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827–1876)
• LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879)
• LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806–1857)
• LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769–1830)
• LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697–1775)

Lawrence, See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

Field and Bracy See also:

• CLARK, FRANCIS EDWARD (1851- )
• CLARK, GEORGE ROGERS (1752—1818)
• CLARK, JOHN BATES (1847— )
• CLARK, JOSIAH LATIMER (1822—1898)
• CLARK, SIR ANDREW
• CLARK, SIR JAMES (1788—1870)
• CLARK, THOMAS (1801—1867)
• CLARK, WILLIAM (1770-1838)
• CLARK, WILLIAM GEORGE (1821—1878)

Clark . On the See also:

• DEATH

death of St Bel in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1793 there appears to have been some difficulty in procuring a suitable successor; but at length, on the recommendation of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• HUNTER, JOHN (1728-1793)
• HUNTER, ROBERT MERCER TALIAFERRO (r8o9-1887)
• HUNTER, SIR WILLIAM WILSON (1840-19oo)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM (1718–1783)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM ALEXANDER (1844-1898)

Hunter and Cline, two medical men were appointed, Coleman and See also:

• MOORCROFT, WILLIAM (c. 1770–1825)

Moorcroft, the latter then practising as a veterinary surgeon in London . The first taught anatomy and physiology, and Moorcroft, after visiting the French schools, directed the See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical portion of the teaching . Unfortunately, neither of these teachers had much experience among animals, nor were they well acquainted with their diseases; but Coleman (1765–1839) had as a student, in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with a See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-student (afterwards Sir See also:

• ASTLEY, JACOB ASTLEY, BARON (1579-1652)
• ASTLEY, SIR JOHN DIIGDALB

Astley See also:

• COOPER
• COOPER (or COUPER), THOMAS (c. 1517-1594)
• COOPER, ABRAHAM (1787—1868)
• COOPER, ALEXANDER (d. i66o)
• COOPER, CHARLES HENRY (18o8-1866)
• COOPER, JAMES FENIMORE (1789-1851)
• COOPER, PETER (1791-1883)
• COOPER, SAMUEL (1609-1672)
• COOPER, SIR ASTLEY PASTON (1768-1841)
• COOPER, THOMAS (1759–1840)
• COOPER, THOMAS (1805–1892)
• COOPER, THOMAS SIDNEY (1803–1902)

Cooper), performed many experiments on animals under the direction of Cline . Moorcroft, who remained only a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time at the college, afterwards went to See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, and during a See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey in 1819 was murdered in See also:

• TIBET, or THIBET

Tibet . Coleman, by his scientific researches and energetic management, in a few years raised the college to a high See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of usefulness; under his care the progress of the veterinary art was such as to qualify its practitioners to hold commissions in the army; and he himself was appointed veterinary surgeon-general to the See also:

• BRITISH

British cavalry . In 1831 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society . Owing to the lack of funds, the teaching at the college must have been very meagre, and had it not been for the liberality of several medical men in throwing open the doors of their theatres to its pupils for instruction without See also:

• FEE

fee or See also:

• REWARD

reward, their professional knowledge would have been sadly deficient .

The See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of examiners was for many years chiefly composed of eminent members of the medical profession . Coleman died in 1839, and with him disappeared much of the See also:

• INTEREST

interest the medical profession of London took in the progress of veterinary medicine . Yet the Royal Veterinary College (first styled " Royal " during the presidentship of the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent) continued to do good work in a purely veterinary direction, and received such public See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial support that it was soon able to dispense with the small See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant given to it by the government . In the early years of the institution the horse was the only animal to which much attention was given . But at the instigation of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, which gave £too per annum for the purpose, an additional professor was appointed to investigate and See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach the treatment of the diseases of See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle, sheep and other animals; outbreaks of disease among these were also to be inquired into by the See also:

• OFFICERS

officers of the college . This help to the institution was withdrawn in 1875, but renewed and augmented in 1886 . For fifteen years the Royal Agricultural Society annually voted a sum of £500 towards the expenses of the department of comparative pathology, but in 1902 this grant was reduced to £200 . As the result of representations made to the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate of the university of London by the See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors of the Royal Veterinary College, the university in 1906 instituted a degree in veterinary science (B.Sc.) . The See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of this degree does not of itself entitle the holder to practise as a veterinary surgeon, but it was hoped that an increasing number of students would, while studying for the diploma of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, also adopt the curriculum which is necessary to qualify for the university See also:

• EXAMINATIONS

examinations and obtain the degree of See also:

• BACHELOR (from Med. Lat. baccalarius, with its late and rare variant baccalaris—cf. Ital. baccalare—through O. Fr. bacheler)

bachelor of science . To provide equipment for the higher studies required for the university degree, the Board of Agriculture and See also:

• FISHERIES

Fisheries in 1906 made a grant to the college of £800 per annum . At this school See also:

• POST

post-See also:

• GRADUATE (Med. Lat. graduale, to admit to an academical degree, gradus)

graduate instruction is given on the principles of bacteriological See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research, See also:

• VACCINATION (from Lat. vacca, a cow)

vaccination and protective inoculation, the preparation of toxins and vaccines and the See also:

• BACTERIOLOGY

bacteriology of the specific diseases of animals . The London Veterinary School has been the See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent of other schools in Great Britain, one of which, the first in See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, was founded by Professor See also:

• DICK, ROBERT
• DICK, THOMAS (1774-1857)

Dick, a student under Coleman, and a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of great per-severance and ability .

Beginning at See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh in 1819–20 with only one student, in three years he gained the patronage of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, which placed a small sum of See also:

• MONEY

money at the disposal of a committee appointed by itselfto take See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of a department of veterinary surgery it had formed . This patronage, and very much in the way of material assistance and encouragement, were continued to the time of Dick's death in i866 . During the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long period in which he presided over the school considerable progress was made in diffusing a See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound knowledge of veterinary medicine in Scotland and beyond it For many years his examining board, which gave certificates of proficiency under the auspices of the Highland and Agricultural Society, was composed of the most distinguished medical men in Scotland, such as Goodsi See also:

• SYME, JAMES (1799–1870)

Syme, Lizars, Ballingall, See also:

• SIMPSON, MATTHEW (1811-1884)
• SIMPSON, SIR JAMES YOUNG (1811-1870)
• SIMPSON, THOMAS (1710-1761)

Simpson and See also:

• KNOX, HENRY (1750-1806)
• KNOX, JOHN (c. 1505–1572)
• KNOX, PHILANDER CHASE (1853– )

Knox . By his will Dick vested the college in the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord See also:

• PROVOST (through O. Fr. prevost, mod. prevot, Lat. praepositus, set over, from praeponere, to place in front)

provost and See also:

• TOWN

town See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of Edinburgh as trustees, and left a large portion of the See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune he had made to maintain it for the purposes for which it was founded . In 1859 another veterinary school was established in Edinburgh by John Garngee, and the Veterinary College, See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow, was founded In 1863 by See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James McCall . Gamgee's school was discontinued in 1865; and See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• WILLIAMS
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1582-1650)
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1796-1839)
• WILLIAMS, ROGER (c. 1604–1684)
• WILLIAMS, ROWLAND (1817-1870)
• WILLIAMS, SIR WILLIAM FENWICK

Williams established in 1873 the " New Veterinary College," Edinburgh . This school was transferred in 1904 to the university, See also:

• LIVERPOOL
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS OF

Liverpool . In 1900 a veterinary school was founded in See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin . In 1844 the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (to be carefully distinguished from the Royal Veterinary College) obtained its See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter of See also: