See also:

• VETO (Lat. for " I forbid ")

VETO (See also:

• LAT

Lat. for " I forbid ")  , generally the right of preventing any See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act, or its actual See also:

• PROHIBITION (Lat. prohibere, to prevent)

prohibition; in public See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, the constitutional right of the competent authority, or in republics of the whole See also:

• PEOPLE

people in their See also:

• PRIMARY

primary See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly, to protest against a legislative or administrative act, and to prevent wholly, or for the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time being, the validation or See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of the same . It is generally stated that this right was called into existence in the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic by the tribunicia potestas, because by this authority decisions of the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate, and of the consuls and other magistrates, could be declared inoperative . Such a statement must, however, be qualified by reference to the facts that interdico, interdicimus were the expressions used, and, in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, that in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome every holder of a magistracy would check a negotiation set on See also:

• FOOT

foot by a colleague, his equal in See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank, by his opposition and intervention . This was a consequence of the position that each of the colleagues possessed the whole See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the magistracy, and this right of intervention must have come into existence with the introduction of colleagued authorities, i.e. with the commencement of the republic . In the Roman magistracy a twofold power must be distinguished: the See also:

• POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

positive management of the affairs of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state entrusted to each individual, and the power of restraining the acts of magistrates of equal or inferior rank, by his protest . As the tribuni plebis possessed this latter negative competence to a See also:

• GREAT

great extent, it is customary to attribute to them the origin of the See also:

• VETO (Lat. for " I forbid ")

veto . In the former See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland the precedent first set in 1652 was established by law as a See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant right, that in the imperial See also:

• DIET

diet a single See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy by his protest " Nie pozwalam," i.e . " I do not permit it," could invalidate the decision sanctioned by the other members . The See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France received the right of a suspensory veto at the commencement of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Revolution, from the See also:

• NATIONAL

National Assembly sitting at See also:

• VERSAILLES

Versailles in 1789, with regard to the decrees of the latter, which was only to be valid for the time being against the decisions come to and during the following National Assembly, but during the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the third session it was to lose its power if the Assembly persisted in its See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution . By this means it was endeavoured to diminish the odium of the measure; but, as is well known, the See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy was soon afterwards entirely abolished . Similarly the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish Constitution of 1812 prescribed that the king might twice refuse his See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction to bills laid twice before him by two sessions of the See also:

• CORTES
• CORTES, HERNAN

cortes, but if the third session repeated the same he could no longer exercise the power of veto . The same was the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case in the See also:

• NORWEGIAN

Norwegian Constitution of 1814 .

In the French republic the See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president has no veto strictly so called, but he has a power somewhat resembling it . He can, when a See also:

• BILL

bill has passed both See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

Chambers, by a See also:

• MESSAGE (a word occurring in slightly different forms in several languages, e.g. Fr. message, Span. mensaje, Ital. messagio; adapted from the Low Lat. missaticum, from mittere)

message to them, refer it back for further deliberation . The king or See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England has the right to withhold sanction from a bill passed by both houses of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament . This royal See also:

• PREROGATIVE

prerogative has not been exercised since 1692 and may now be considered obsolete . The See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of an See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony with a representative legislature has the power of veto against a bill passed by the legislative See also:

• BODY

body of a colony . In this case the bill is finally lost, just as a bill would be which had been rejected by the colonial See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council, or as a bill passed by the English houses of parliament would be if the See also:

• CROWN

crown were to exert the prerogative of refusing the royal assent . The governor may, however, without refusing his assent, reserve the bill for the See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration of the crown . In that case the bill does not come into force until it has eitheractually or constructively received the royal assent, which is in effect the assent of the English See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry, and therefore indirectly of the imperial parliament . Thus the colonial See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty of legislation is made legally reconcilable with imperial See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty, and conflicts between colonial and imperial See also:

• LAWS

laws are prevented.' The constitution of the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America contains in See also:

• ART

art. i., See also:

• SECT

sect . 7, See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par . 2, the following See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order: " Every bill which shall have passed the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of Representatives and the Senate shall, before it become a law, be presented to the president of the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it, if not, he shall return it with his objections to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

journal and proceed to reconsider it . If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and, if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law .

Every order, resolution or See also:

• VOTE

vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of See also:

• ADJOURNMENT (through the French from the Late Lat. adjurnare, to put off until or summon for another day)

adjournment) shall be presented to the president of the United States, and, before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill." In all states of the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union except one the See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors, in the same manner or to a modified extent, possess the right of vetoing bills passed by the legislature . Here, therefore, we have again a suspensory veto which is frequently exercised . According to the constitution of the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• EMPIRE

empire of 1871, the imperial legislation is executed by the federal council and imperial diet; the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor is not mentioned . In the federal council the See also:

• SIMPLE

simple See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of votes decides . But in the case of bills concerning the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, the See also:

• NAVY

navy and certain specially noted taxes, as well as in the case of decisions concerning the alteration of orders for the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, and arrangements for the execution of the laws of customs and taxes, the proposal of the federal council is only accepted if the Prussian votes are on the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the majority in favour of the same (art. vii., sect . 3) . See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia presides in the federal council . The state of things is therefore, in fact, as follows: it is not the German emperor, but the same monarch as king of Prussia, who has the right of veto against bills and decisions of the federal council, and therefore can prevent the passing of an imperial law . The See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior power of the presidential vote obtains, it is true, its due See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence only in one legislative body, but in reality it has the same effect as the veto of the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the empire . The Swiss federal constitution grants the president of the See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

Confederation no superior position at all; neither he nor the federal council possesses the power of veto against laws or decisions of the federal assembly . But in some cantons, viz, St See also:

• GALL (a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch gal, and Ger. Galle; the Indo-European root appears in Gr. xoXi,, and Lat. fel; possibly connected with " yellow," with reference to the colour of bile)
• GALL, FRANZ JOSEPH (1758-1828)

Gall (1831), See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel (1832) and See also:

• LUCERNE
• LUCERNE (Ger. Luzern; Ital. Lucerne)
• LUCERNE, LAKE OF
• LUCERNE, PURPLE MEDICK

Lucerne (1841), the veto was introduced as a right of the people . The citizens had the power to submit to a See also:

• PLEBISCITE (Lat. plebiscitum, a decree of the plebs)

plebiscite laws which had been debated and accepted by the cantonal council (the legislative authority), and to reject the same .

If this plebiscite was not demanded within a certain See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short specified time, the law came into force . But, if the voting took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, and if the number of persons voting against the law exceeded by one vote See also:

• HALF

half the number of persons entitled to vote in the See also:

• CANTON
• CANTON (borrowed from the Ital. cantone, a corner or angle)
• CANTON (more correctly KWANG-CHOW Fu)
• CANTON, JOHN (1718-1772)

canton, the law was rejected . The absent voters were considered as having voted in favour of the law . An See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to introduce the veto in See also:

• ZURICH
• ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)

Zurich in 1847 failed . See also:

• THURGAU (Fr. Thurgovie)

Thurgau and See also:

• SCHAFFHAUSEN
• SCHAFFHAUSEN (Fr. Schaffhouse)

Schaffhausen accepted it later . Meanwhile another arrangement has quite driven it out of the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field . This is the so-called " See also:

• REFERENDUM

referendum "—properly speaking, See also:

• DIRECT

direct legislation by the people—which has been introduced into most of the Swiss cantons . Formerly in all cantons—with the exception of the small mountainous districts of See also:

• URI

Uri, See also:

• SCHWYZ
• SCHWYZ (modern spelling Schwiz)

Schwyz, See also:

• UNTERWALDEN

Unterwalden, See also:

• ZUG
• ZUG (Fr. Zoug)
• ZUG, LAKE OF

Zug, See also:

• GLARUS (Fr. Glaris)

Glarus and See also:

• APPENZELL

Appenzell—it was not a pure See also:

• DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the people, i.e. the commons, and Kparos, rule)

democracy, but a representative constitution that prevailed: the great councillors or cantonal councillors periodically chosen by the people were the possessors of the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign power, and after deliberating twice passed the bills definitely . Now they have only to discuss the bills, which ' A . V . See also:

• DICEY, EDWARD (1832– )

Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, pp. seq . (6th ed., See also:

• LONDON

London, 19o2); See also:

• SIR

Sir H .

Jenkyns, See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• RULE

Rule and See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

Jurisdiction beyond the Seas, pp . 113 seq . (London, 1902) . as... printed and sent to all voters with an explanatory message; then the people on a certain See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day vote for the See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance or rejection of the law by See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing " yes " or " no " on a printed voting See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, which is placed in an See also:

• URN (Lat. urna, either from root of urere, to burn, being made of burnt clay, or connected with urceus, Gr. I5pxa, jar)

urn under See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control . In some cantons important See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial resolutions involving large state expenses are also submitted to the decision of the people . In the revised federal constitution of 1874, under certain sup-positions which have no further See also:

• INTEREST

interest for us at See also:

• PRESENT

present, a facultative referendum or Initiative (i.e. the possibility of demanding a plebiscite under exceptional circumstances) was introduced for federal laws . Since that period it has often been employed and has operated like a veto . It is evident that by the compulsory referendum in the cantons the See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere veto is rendered superfluous . In examining the question as to what position the veto occupies in See also:

• JURISPRUDENCE (Lat. jurisprudenlia, knowledge of law, from jus, right, and prudentia, from providere, to foresee)
• JURISPRUDENCE, COMPARATIVE

jurisprudence, we must See also:

• SEPARATE

separate quite different conceptions which are comprised under the same name . 1 . The veto may be a mere right of intervention on the See also:

• PART

part of a See also:

• MAGISTRATE (Lat. magistratus, from magister, master, properly a public office, hence the person holding such an office)

magistrate against the order of another official, or against that of an authority of equal or inferior rank . This was the case in ancient Rome .

To this class belong also those cases in which, as in the French republic, the president makes his " no " valid against decisions of the general councillors, and the See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect does the same against decisions of the communal councillors . The use of the expression here is quite justifiable, and this veto is not confined to bills, but refers particularly to administrative See also:

• MEASURES

measures . It affords a See also:

• GUARANTEE (sometimes spelt " guarantie " or " guaranty "; an O. Fr. form of " warrant," from the Teutonic word which appears in German as wahren, to defend or make safe and binding)

guarantee against the abuse of an official position . 2 . The veto may be a safety-See also:

• VALVE (Lat. valva, a leaf of a double or folding door, allied to volvere, to roll, as of a door on its hinges)

valve against precipitate decisions, and so a preventive measure . This task is fulfilled by the suspensory veto of the president of the United States . Similarly, to this class belong the above-mentioned prescriptions of the Spanish and Norwegian constitutions, and also the veto of the governor of an English colony against decisions of the legislature; for this protest is only intended to prevent a certain want of See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony between the general and the colonial legislation, by calling forth a renewed investigation . This veto is neither an interference with the competence of an authority, nor a See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the legislative power among different factors, but simply a guarantee against precipitancy in the case of a purely legislative measure . The See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom of establishing this veto power by the constitution is thus See also:

• MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest . 3 . It is wrong to apply the See also:

• TERM

term veto to what is merely the negative side of the sanctioning of the laws, in other words, an act of sovereignty . It would not be in accordance with the nature of a constitutional monarchy to declare the monarch's consent to,a law unnecessary, or make it a compulsory See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty; the legislative power is divided between him and the chambers .

The sovereign must therefore be perfectly at liberty to say " yes " or " no " in each single case according to his See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion . If he says the latter, we speak of it as his veto, but this—if he possesses an See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute and not merely a suspensory veto—is not an intervention and not a preventive measure, but the negative side of the exercise of the legislative power, and therefore an act of sovereignty . That this right belongs fully and entirely to the holder of sovereign power—however he may be called—is self-evident . One chamber can also by protest prevent a bill of the other from coming into force . The " placet of the temporal power for See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church affairs—when it occurs—also involves in this manner in itself the veto or non placet." Where in pure democracies the people in their assembly have the right of veto or referendum, the exercise of it is also a result of the sovereign rights of legislature . (For the question of the conflict between the two houses of England, see See also:

• REPRESENTATION

REPRESENTATION.) The See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar power of-veto possessed by the (Prussian) president of the federal council of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany lies on the boundary between (2) and (3) . (A. v .