See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]  , See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen of the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom of See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, Empress of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India (1819-1901), only See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent, See also:

• FOURTH

fourth son of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George III., and of Princess See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary Louisa of See also:

• SAXE, JOHN GODFREY (1816-1887)
• SAXE, MAURICE, COMTE DE (1696-1750)

Saxe-See also:

• COBURG

Coburg-See also:

• GOTHA

Gotha (widow of See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince Emich Karl of See also:

• LEININGEN

Leiningen, by whom she already had two See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children), was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• KENSINGTON

Kensington See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

Palace on the 24th of May 1819 . The duke and duchess of Kent had been living at Amorbach, in See also:

• FRANCONIA (Ger. Franken)

Franconia, owing to their straitened circumstances, but they returned to See also:

• LONDON

London on purpose that their child should be born in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . In 1817 the See also:

• DEATH

death of Princess See also:

• CHARLOTTE

Charlotte (only child of the prince See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent, afterwards George IV., and wife of Prince See also:

• LEOPOLD (M.H. Ger. Liupolt; O.H. Ger. Liupald, from hut, Mod. Ger. Leute, " people," and paid, " bold," i.e. " bold for the people ")

Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, afterwards king of the Belgians), had See also:

• LEFT

left the ultimate See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to the See also:

• THRONE

throne of England, in the youngergeneration, so uncertain that the three unmarried sons of George III., the See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes of See also:

• CLARENCE, DUKES OF

Clarence (afterwards See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William IV.), Kent and See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, all married in the following See also:

• YEAR

year, the two See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder on the same See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . All three had children, but the duke of Clarence's two baby daughters died in See also:

• INFANCY

infancy, in 1819 and 1821; and the duke of Cambridge's son George, born on the 26th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1819, was only two months old when the See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of the duke of Kent's daughter put her before him in the succession . The question as to what name the child should See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear was not settled without bickerings . The duke of Kent wished her to be christened See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth, and the prince regent wanted Georgiana, while the See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

tsar See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander I., who had promised to stand See also:

• SPONSOR (from Lat. spondere, to promise)

sponsor, stipulated for Alexandrina . The See also:

• BAPTISM

baptism was performed in a See also:

• DRAWING

drawing-See also:

• ROOM

room of Kensington Palace on the 24th of See also:

• JUNE

June by Dr See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

Manners See also:

• SUTTON
• SUTTON, SIR RICHARD (d. c. 1524)
• SUTTON, THOMAS (c. 1532—1611)

Sutton, See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury . The prince regent, who was See also:

• PRESENT

present, named the child Alexandrina; then, being requested by the duke of Kent to give a second name, he said, rather abruptly, " Let her be called Victoria, after her See also:

• MOTHER

mother, but this name must come after the other."' Six See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks after her christening the princess was vaccinated, this being the first occasion on which a member of the royal See also:

• FAMILY

family underwent the operation . In See also:

• JANUARY

January 182o the duke of Kent died, five days before his See also:

• BROTHER

brother succeeded to the throne as George IV . The widowed duchess of Kent was now a woman of See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-four, handsome, homely, a See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German at See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart, and with little liking for See also:

• ENGLISH

English ways . But she was a woman of experience, and shrewd; and fortunately she had a safe and affectionate adviser in her brother, Prince Leopold of Coburg, afterwards (1831) king of the Belgians, who as the See also:

• HUSBAND

husband of the See also:

• LATE

late Princess Charlotte had once been a prospective prince See also:

• CONSORT (Lat. consors, a companion)

consort of England . His former See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor and private secretary, See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron See also:

• STOCKMAR, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH, BARON VON (1787–1863)

Stockmar (q.v.), a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of encyclopaedic See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information and remarkable See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment, who had given See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the problems of a See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign's position in England, was afterwards to See also:

• PLAY

play an important role in Queen Victoria's See also:

• LIFE

life; and Leopold himself took a fatherly See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young princess's See also:

• EDUCATION

education, and contributed some thousands of pounds annually to the duchess of Kent's income .

Prince Leopold still lived at this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time at See also:

• CLAREMONT

Claremont, where Princess Charlotte had died, and this became the duchess of Kent's occasional English See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home; but she was much addicted to travelling, and spent several months every year in visits to watering-places . It was said at See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court that she liked the See also:

• DEMONSTRATIVE

demonstrative See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage of crowds; but she had See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to fear lest her child should be taken away from her to be educated according to the views of George IV . Between the king and his See also:

• SISTER

sister-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law there was little love, and when the death of the duke of Clarence's second See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant daughter Elizabeth in 1821 made it See also:

• PRETTY

pretty certain that Princess Victoria would eventually become queen, the duchess See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt that the king might possibly obtain the support of his ministers if he insisted that the future sovereign should be brought up under masters and mistresses designated by himself . The little princess could not have received a better education than that which was given her under Prince Leopold's direction . Her See also:

• UNCLE

uncle considered that she ought to be kept as See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long as possible from the knowledge of her position, which might raise a large growth of See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride or vanity in her and make her unmanageable; so Victoria was twelve years old before she knew that she was to See also:

• WEAR

wear a See also:

• CROWN

crown . Until she became queen she never slept a See also:

• NIGHT

night away from her mother's room, and she was not allowed to converse with any grown-up See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, friend, See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor or servant without the duchess of Kent or the Baroness Lehzen, her private governess, being present . See also:

• LOUISE [AUGUSTE WILHELMINE AMALIE LUISE] (1776-1810)

Louise Lehzen, a native of Coburg, had come to England as governess to the Princess Feedore of Leiningen, the duchess of Kent's daughter 1 The question of her name, as that of one who was to be queen, remained even up to her See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession to the throne a much-debated one . In See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1831, in a discussion in See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament upon a See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant to the duchess of Kent, See also:

• SIR

Sir M . W . See also:

• RIDLEY, NICHOLAS (c. 1500-1555)

Ridley suggested changing it to Elizabeth as " more accordant to the feelings of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people"; and the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of a See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change seems to have been powerfully, supported . In 1836 William IV. approved of a proposal to change it to Charlotte; but, to the princess's own delight, it was given up . by her first husband, and she became teacher to the Princess Victoria when the latter was five years old .

George IV. in 1827 made her a baroness of See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover, and she continued as See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady-inattendance after the duchess of See also:

• NORTHUMBERLAND
• NORTHUMBERLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN DUDLEY, VISCOUNT LISLE, EARL OF WARWICK
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN NEVILLE, EARL OF (c. 1430-1471)

Northumberland was appointed See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official governess in 183o, but actually performed the functions first of governess and then of private secretary till 1842, when she left the court and returned to See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, where she died in 1870 . The Rev . George Davys, afterwards See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter-See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough, taught the princess Latin; Mr J . B . See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

Sale, See also:

• MUSIC

music; Mr See also:

• WESTALL, RICHARD (1765—1836)

Westall, See also:

• HISTORY

history; and Mr See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas Steward, the See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster School, instructed her in penmanship . In 1830 George IV. died, and the duke of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York (George III.'s second son) having died childless in 1827, the duke of Clarence became king as William IV . Princess Victoria now became the See also:

• DIRECT

direct See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir to the throne . William IV. cherished affectionate feelings towards his niece; unfortunately he took offence at the duchess of Kent for declining to let her child come and live at his court for several months in each year, and through the whole of his reign there was strife between the two; and Prince Leopold was no longer in England to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act as peacemaker . In the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours of the loth of June 1837, William IV. died . His thoughts had dwelt often on his niece, and he repeatedly said that he was sure she would be "a good woman and a good queen . It will See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch every sailor's heart to have a girl queen to fight for . They'll be See also:

• TATTOOING (Tahitian, tatu, from ta, mark)

tattooing her See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face on their arms, and I'll be See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound they'll all think she was christened after See also:

• NELSON
• NELSON, HORATIO NELSON, VISCOUNT (1758-1805)
• NELSON, ROBERT (s656-1715)

Nelson's See also:

• SHIP

ship." Dr Howley, archbishop of Canterbury, and the See also:

• MARQUIS

marquis of Conyngham, bearing the See also:

• NEWS

news of the king's death, started in a See also:

• LANDAU

landau with four horses for Kensington, which they reached at five o'See also:

• CLOCK

clock .

Their servants rang, knocked and thumped; and when at last admittance was gained, the See also:

• PRIMATE (from Low Lat. primas=one who held the first place, primas partes)

primate and the marquis were shown into a See also:

• LOWER

lower room and there left to wait . Presently a maid appeared and said that the Princess Victoria was " in a sweet See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep and could not be disturbed." Dr Howley, who was nothing if not pompous, answered that he had come on See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state business, to which everything, even sleep, must give See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . The princess was accordingly roused, and quickly came downstairs in a dressing-See also:

• GOWN

gown, her See also:

• FAIR

fair See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair flowing loose over her shoulders . Her own See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of this interview, written the same day in her See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

journal (Letters, i. p . 97), shows her to have been quite prepared . The privy See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council assembled at Kensington in the See also:

• MORNING

morning; and the usual oaths were administered to the queen by See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

Chancellor See also:

• COTTENHAM, CHARLES CHRISTOPHER PEPYS

Cottenham, after which all present did homage . There was a touching incident when the queen's uncles, the dukes of See also:

• CUMBERLAND
• CUMBERLAND, DUKES AND EARLS OF
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1632-1718)
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1732-1811)
• CUMBERLAND, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

Cumberland and See also:

• SUSSEX
• SUSSEX, EARLS OF
• SUSSEX, KINGDOM OF (SO Seaxe, i.e. the South Saxons)
• SUSSEX, THOMAS RADCLYFFE [or RATCLYFFE], 3RD EARL OF (c. 1525-1583)

Sussex, two old men, came forward to perform their obeisance . The queen blushed, and descending from her throne, kissed them both, without allowing them to kneel . By the death of William IV., the duke of Cumberland had become King Ernest of Hanover, and immediately after the ceremony he made haste to reach his kingdom . Had Queen Victoria died without issue, this prince, who was arro-' gant, See also:

• ILL

ill-tempered and rash, would have become king of Great Britain; and, as nothing but See also:

• MISCHIEF

mischief could have resulted from this, the young queen's life became very See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious in the sight of her people . She, of course, retained the late king's ministers in their offices, and it was under Lord See also:

• MELBOURNE
• MELBOURNE, WILLIAM LAMB, 2ND VISCOUNT (1779-1848)

Melbourne's direction that the privy council See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up their See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration to the kingdom . This document described the queen as Alexandrina Victoria, and all the peers who subscribed the See also:

• ROLL (O. Fr. rolle, roulle, mod. role, Lat. rotulus, dim. of rota, wheel)
• ROLL, ALFRED PHILIPPE (1846– )

roll in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of Lords on the 20th of June swore See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance to her under those names .

It was not till the following day that the sovereign's See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style was altered to Victoria simply, and this necessitated the issuing of a new declaration and a re-See also:

• SIGNING

signing of the peers' roll . The public See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation of the queen took place on the 21st at St See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James's Palace with great pomp . The queen opened her first parliament in person, and in a well-written speech, which she read with much feeling, adverted to her youth and to the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity which existed for her being guided by enlightened advisers . When both houses had voted loyal addresses, the question of the See also:

• CIVIL

Civil See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

List was considered, and a See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week or two later a See also:

• MESSAGE (a word occurring in slightly different forms in several languages, e.g. Fr. message, Span. mensaje, Ital. messagio; adapted from the Low Lat. missaticum, from mittere)

message was brought to parliamentrequesting an increase of the grant formerly made to the duchess of Kent . See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

Government recommended an addition of £30,000 a year, which was voted, and before the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the year a Civil List See also:

• BILL

Bill was passed, settling £385,000 a year on the queen . The duchess of Kent and her See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers, King Leopold and the duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, had always hoped to arrange that the queen should marry her See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin, See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert (q.v.) of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, and the prince himself had been made acquainted with this See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan from his earliest years . In 183E Prince Albert, who was born in the same year as his future wife, had come on a visit to England with his See also:

• FATHER

father and with his brother, Prince Ernest, and his handsome face, See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle disposition and playful See also:

• HUMOUR (Latin humor)

humour had produced a favourable impression on the princess . The duchess of Kent had communicated her projects to Lord Mel-See also:

• BOURNE (southern form of burn, Teutonic born, bran, burna)
• BOURNE, or BOURN
• BOURNE, VINCENT (1695-1747)

bourne, and they were known to many other statesmen, and to persons in society; but the See also:

• GOSSIP (from the O.E. godsibb, i.e. God, and sib, akin, standing in relation to)

gossip of drawing-rooms during the years 1837—38 continually represented that the young queen had fallen in love with Prince This or Lord That, and the more imaginative babblers hinted at See also:

• POST

post-chaises waiting outside Kensington Gardens in the night, private marriages and so forth . The See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation took place on the 28th of June 1838 . No more touching ceremony of the See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind had ever been performed in Westminster See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

Abbey . See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne was a See also:

• MIDDLE

middle-aged married woman at the time of her coronation; she waddled The See also:

• CORO

coro- ~ nation . and wheezed, and made no majestic See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance upon her throne .

Mary was odious to her See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant subjects, Elizabeth to those of the unreformed See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, and both these queens succeeded to the crown in times of See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general sadness; but the youthful Queen Victoria had no enemies except a few Chartists, and the See also:

• LAND

land was peaceful and prosperous when she began to reign over it . The cost of George IV.'s coronation amounted to £240,000; that of William IV. had amounted to £so,000 only; and in asking £70,000 the government had judged that things could be done with suitable luxury, but without See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste . The traditional banquet in Westminster See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall, with the throwing down of the See also:

• GLOVE (O. Eng. glof, perhaps connected with Gothic lofa, the palm of the hand)

glove by the king's See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion in See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour, had been dispensed with at the coronation of William IV., and it was resolved not to revive it . But it was arranged that the sovereign's procession to the abbey through the streets should be made a finer show than on previous occasions; and it drew to London 400,000 See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country visitors . Three ambassadors for different reasons became See also:

• OBJECTS

objects of great interest on the occasion . See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal See also:

• SOULT, NICOLAS JEAN DE DIEU

Soult, See also:

• WELLINGTON
• WELLINGTON, ARTHUR WELLESLEY, 1ST DUKE OF (1769-1852)

Wellington's old foe, received a hearty popular welcome as a military See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero; Prince Esterhazy, who represented See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, dazzled society by his Magyar See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform, which was encrusted all over, even to the boots, with pearls and diamonds; while the See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador, Sarim See also:

• EFFENDI (a Turkish word, corrupted from the Gr. wive rjr, a lord or master)

Effendi, caused much diversion by his bewilderment . He was so wonder-struck that he could not walk to his place, but stood as if he had lost his senses, and kept muttering, "All this for a woman ! " Within a year the court was brought into sudden disfavour with the country by two events of unequal importance, but both exciting . The first was the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of Lady See also:

• FLORA

Flora See also:

• HASTINGS
• HASTINGS, FRANCIS
• HASTINGS, FRANK ABNEY (1794-1828)
• HASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818)

Hastings . The In See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1839 this young lady, a daughter of the " See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

Bed-marquis of Hastings, and a maid of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour to the eham,her~ duchess of Kent, was accused by certain ladies of Pi° t the bedchamber of immoral conduct . The See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge having been laid before Lord Melbourne, he communicated it to Sir James See also:

• CLARK, FRANCIS EDWARD (1851- )
• CLARK, GEORGE ROGERS (1752—1818)
• CLARK, JOHN BATES (1847— )
• CLARK, JOSIAH LATIMER (1822—1898)
• CLARK, SIR ANDREW
• CLARK, SIR JAMES (1788—1870)
• CLARK, THOMAS (1801—1867)
• CLARK, WILLIAM (1770-1838)
• CLARK, WILLIAM GEORGE (1821—1878)

Clark, the queen's physician, and the result was that Lady Flora was subjected to the indignity of a medical examination, which, while it cleared her See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, seriously affected her See also:

• HEALTH

health . In fact, she died in the following See also:

• JULY

July, and it was then discovered that the See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical appearances which first provoked suspicion against her had been due to enlargement of the See also:

• LIVER (O. Eng. lifer; cf. cognate forms, Dutch lever, Ger. Leber, Swed. lefver, &c.; the O. H. Ger. forms are libara, lipora, &c.; the Teut. word has been connected with Gr. i'prap and Lat. jecur)

liver .

The queen's conduct towards Lady Flora was kind and sisterly from the beginning to the end of this painful business; but the See also:

• SCANDAL

scandal was made public through some indignant letters which the marchioness of Hastings addressed to Lord Melbourne praying for the See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment of her daughter's traducers, and the general See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion was that Lady Flora had been grossly treated at the instigation of some private court enemies . While the agitation about the affair was yet unappeased, the See also:

• POLITICAL

political crisis known as the " Bedchamber See also:

• PLOT
• PLOT, ROBERT (164o-1696)

Plot " occurred . The Whig See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry had introduced a bill suspending the Constitution of See also:

• JAMAICA

Jamaica because the See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly in that See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony had refused to adopt the Prisons Act passed by the Imperial Legislature . Sir See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• PEEL
• PEEL, ARTHUR WELLESLEY PEEL, 1ST VISCOUNT (1829- )
• PEEL, SIR ROBERT, BART

Peel moved an See also:

• AMENDMENT (through the O. Fr. amender, to correct, from Lat. mendum, a fault)

amendment, which, on a See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division (6th May), was defeated by a See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of five only in a house of 583, and ministers thereupon resigned . The duke of Wellington was first sent for, but he advised that the task of forming an See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration should be entrusted to Sir Robert Peel . Sir Robert was ready to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a See also:

• CABINET

cabinet in which the duke of Welling-ton, Lords See also:

• LYNDHURST, JOHN SINGLETON COPLEY, BARON (1772–1863)

Lyndhurst, See also:

• ABERDEEN
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE GORDON, 1ST EARL O (1637-1720)
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE HAMILTON GORDON, 4TH EARL

Aberdeen and See also:

• STANLEY (FAMILY)
• STANLEY, ARTHUR PENRHYN (18x5–1881)
• STANLEY, EDWARD (1779-1849)
• STANLEY, SIR HENRY MORTON (184o-1904)
• STANLEY, SIR WILLIAM (1548-163o)
• STANLEY, THOMAS (1625-1678)

Stanley, and Sir James See also:

• GRAHAM, SIR GERALD (1831–1899)
• GRAHAM, SIR JAMES ROBERT GEORGE
• GRAHAM, SYLVESTER (1794-1851)
• GRAHAM, THOMAS (1805-1869)

Graham would have served; but he stipulated that the See also:

• MISTRESS

mistress of the See also:

• ROBES (Fr. robe, Late Lat. roba, raupa, meaning (1)

robes and the ladies of the bedchamber appointed by the Whig administration should be removed, and to this the queen would not consent . On the loth of May she wrote curtly that the course proposed by Sir Robert Peel was contrary to usage and repugnant to her feelings; the Tory See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader then had to inform the House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons that, having failed to obtain the See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof which he desired of her See also:

• MAJESTY (Fr. majeste; Lat. majestas, grandeur, greatness, from the base mag-, as in magnus, great, major, greater, &c.)

majesty's confidence, it was impossible for him to accept See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office . The ladies of the bedchamber were so unpopular in consequence of their behaviour to Lady Flora Hastings that the public took alarm at the notion that the queen had fallen into the hands of an intriguing coterie; and Lord Melbourne, who was accused of wishing to See also:

• RULE

rule on the strength of court favour, resumed office with diminished See also:

• PRESTIGE

prestige . The Tories thus felt aggrieved; and the Chartists were so prompt to make political See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital out of the affair that large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers were added to their ranks . On the 14th of June Mr See also:

• ATTWOOD, THOMAS (1765-1838)
• ATTWOOD, THOMAS (1783-1856)

Attwood, M.P. for See also:

• BIRMINGHAM

Birmingham, presented to the House of Commons a Chartist See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition alleged to have been signed by 1,280,000 people . It was a See also:

• CYLINDER (Gr. KvAwSpos, from KvXivaety, to roll)

cylinder of See also:

• PARCHMENT

parchment of about the See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter of a See also:

• COACH (through the Fr. coche, originally from the Magyar kocsi, an adjective from the Hungarian place named Kocs, between Raab and Buda, i.e. the sort of vehicle used there in the 15th century)

coach-See also:

• WHEEL (0. Eng. hweol, hweohl, &c., cognate with Icel. hjol, Dan. hiul, the Indo-European root is seen in Sanskrit chakra, Gr. r in Aos, circle, whence " cycle ")
• WHEEL, BREAKING ON THE

wheel, and was literally rolled up on the See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor of the house . On the day after this curious document had furnished both amusement and uneasiness to the Commons, a woman, describing herself as See also:

• SOPHIA (1630-1714)

Sophia Elizabeth See also:

• GUELPH

Guelph See also:

• SIMS, GEORGE ROBERT (1847– )

Sims, made application at the See also:

• MANSION (through O. Fr. mansion, mod. maison, from Lat. mansio, dwelling-place, stage on a journey; manere, to remain)

Mansion House for See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice and assistance to prove herself the lawful child of George IV. and Mrs See also:

• FITZHERBERT, SIR ANTHONY (1470–1538)
• FITZHERBERT, THOMAS (1552–1640)

Fitzherbert; and this incident, trumpery as it was, added See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel to the disloyal See also:

• FLAME (Lat. flamma; the root flag- appears in flagrare, to burn, blaze, and Gr. d, XEryew)

flame then raging .

Going in state to See also:

• ASCOT

Ascot the queen was hissed by some ladies as her See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage drove on to the course, and two peeresses, one of them a Tory duchess, were openly accused of this unseemly act . Meanwhile some See also:

• MONSTER (Lat. monstrum, from root of monere, to warn; i.e. something terrible or portentous)
• MONSTER, GEORG, COUNT ZU (1776-1844)

monster Chartist demonstrations were being organized, and they commenced on the 4th of July with riots at Birmingham . It was an untoward coincidence that Lady Flora Hastings died on the 5th of July, for though she repeated on her deathbed, and wished it to be published, that the queen had taken no See also:

• PART

part whatever in the proceedings which had shortened her life, it was remarked that the ladies who were believed to have persecuted her still retained the sovereign's favour . The riots at Birmingham lasted ten days, and had to be put down by armed force . They were followed by others at See also:

• NEWCASTLE
• NEWCASTLE, DUKES OF

Newcastle, See also:

• MANCHESTER
• MANCHESTER (popularly Manchester-by-the-Sea)
• MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Manchester, See also:

• BOLTON (BOLTON-LE-MOORS)
• BOLTON (or BOULTON), EDMUND (1S75?-1633?)
• BOLTON, DUKES OF

Bolton, See also:

• CHESTER
• CHESTER, EARLS OF

Chester and See also:

• MACCLESFIELD
• MACCLESFIELD, CHARLES GERARD, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1618-1694)

Macclesfield . These troublous events had the effect of hastening the queen's See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage . Lord Melbourne ascertained that the queen's dis-The positions towards her cousin, Prince Albert, were unqueen's changed, and he advised King Leopold, through M. marriage . See also:

• VAN

Van der Weyer, the Belgian See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, that the prince should come to England and See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press his suit . The prince arrived with his brother on a visit to See also:

• WINDSOR
• WINDSOR (properly NEw WINDSOR)

Windsor on the loth of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1839 . On the 12th the queen wrote to King Leopold: " Albert's beauty is most striking, and he is so amiable and unaffected—in See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, very fascinating." On the 15th all wasdescribed, in the queen's declaration to the privy council, as a Protestant prince; and Lord See also:

• PALMERSTON
• PALMERSTON, HENRY JOHN TEMPLE, 3RD VISCOUNT (1784-1865)

Palmerston was obliged to ask Baron Stockmar for assurance that Prince Albert did not belong to any See also:

• SECT

sect of Protestants whose rules might prevent him from taking the See also:

• SACRAMENT

Sacrament according to the See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual of the English See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church . He got an See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer couched in somewhat ironical terms to the effect that Prote