See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

VICTOR III  . (Dauferius Epifani), See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope from the 24th of May io86 to the 16th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1087, was the successor of See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory VII . He was a son of Landolfo V., See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• BENEVENTO

Benevento, and was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in 1027 . After studying in various monasteries he became See also:

• PROVOST (through O. Fr. prevost, mod. prevot, Lat. praepositus, set over, from praeponere, to place in front)

provost of St See also:

• BENEDICT (BENEDICTUS)
• BENEDICT, SIR JULIUS (1804-1885)

Benedict at See also:

• CAPUA (anc. Casilinum;, a town and archiepiscopal see of Campania, Italy, in the province of Caserta, 7 M. W. by rail from the town oI Caserta. Pop. (1901) 14
• CAPUA (mod. S. Maria di Capua Vetere)

Capua, and in 1055 obtained permission from See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor II. to enter the See also:

• CLOISTER (Lat. claustrum; Fr. cloitre; Ital. chiostro; Span. claustro; Ger. Kloster)

cloister at See also:

• MONTE

Monte Cassino, changing his name to See also:

• DESIDERIUS

Desiderius . He succeeded See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen IX. as See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot in 1057, and his See also:

• RULE

rule marks the See also:

• GOLDEN

golden See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of that celebrated monastery; he promoted See also:

• LITERARY

literary activity, and established an important school of See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

mosaic . Desiderius was created See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest of Sta See also:

• CECILIA, SAINT

Cecilia by See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas II. in 1059, and as papal See also:

• VICAR (Lat. vicarius, substitute)

vicar in See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy conducted frequent negotiations between the See also:

• NORMANS

Normans and the pope . Among the four men suggested by Gregory VII. on his See also:

• DEATH

death-See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed as most worthy to succeed him was Desiderius, who was favoured by the cardinals because of his See also:

• GREAT

great learning, his connexion with the Normans and his See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic ability . The abbot, however, declined the papal See also:

• CROWN

crown, and the See also:

• YEAR

year 1o85 passed without an See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election . The cardinals at length proclaimed him pope against his will on the 24th of May Io86, but he was driven from See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome by imperialists before his See also:

• CONSECRATION (Lat. consecrallo, from con and sacrare, " to make sacred ")

consecration was See also:

• COMPLETE

complete, and, laying aside the papal insignia at See also:

• TERRACINA (Lat. Tarracina, Volsc. Anxur)

Terracina, he retired to his beloved monastery . As vicar of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See he convened a See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod at Capua on the 7th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March Io87, resumed the papal insigniaon the 21st of March, and received tardy consecration at Rome on the 9th of May . Owing to the presence of the antipope, See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement III . (See also:

• GUIBERT (1053–1124)
• GUIBERT, JACQUES ANTOINE HIPPOLYTE, COMTE DE (1743–1790)
• GUIBERT, or WIBERT (c. 1o30–1100)

Guibert of See also:

• RAVENNA
• RAVENNA, EXARCHATE OF

Ravenna), who had powerful partisans, his stay at Rome was brief .

He sent an See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army to See also:

• TUNIS

Tunis, which defeated the See also:

• SARACENS

Saracens and compelled the See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan to pay See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute to the papal see . In See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August ro87 he held a synod at Benevento, which renewed the See also:

• EXCOMMUNICATION (Lat. ex, out of, away from; communis, common)

excommunication of Guibert; banned See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

Archbishop See also:

• HUGO, GUSTAV VON (1764–1844)
• HUGO, VICTOR MARIE (1802-1885)

Hugo of See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons and Abbot See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard of See also:

• MARSEILLES

Marseilles as schismatics; and confirmed the See also:

• PROHIBITION (Lat. prohibere, to prevent)

prohibition of See also:

• LAY

lay See also:

• INVESTITURE (Late Lat. investitura)

investiture . Falling See also:

• ILL

ill at the synod, Vicar returned to Monte Cassino, where he died on the 16th of September ro87 . He was buried at the monastery and is accounted a See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint by the See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order . His successor was See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

Urban II . Victor III., while abbot of Monte Cassino contributed personally to the literary activity of the monastery . He wrote Dialogi de miraculis S . Benedicli, which, along with his Epistolae, are in J . P . See also:

• MIGNE, JACQUES PAUL (1800-1875)

Migne, See also:

• PATROL, (Fr. patrouiller, connected with pane, foot)

Patrol . See also:

• LAT

Lat. vol . 149, and an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the miracles of See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo IX .

(in Acta Sanctorum, 19th of See also:

• APRIL

April) . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• SOURCES

sources for his See also:

• LIFE

life are the " Chronica monasterii Casinensis," in the Mon . Germ. hist . Script. vii., and the Vitae in J . P . Migne, Patrol . Lat. vol . 149, and in J . M . Watterich, Pontif . See also:

• ROMAN

Roman . Vitae .

See J . See also:

• LANGEN, JOSEPH (1837-1901)

Langen, Geschichte deriromischen Kirche von Gregor VII. bis Innocenz III . (See also:

• BONN

Bonn, 1893) ; F . See also:

• GREGOROVIUS, FERDINAND (1821-1891)

Gregorovius, Rome in the See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle Ages, vol . 4, trans. by Mrs G . W . See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1900—2) ; K . J. von See also:

• HEFELE, KARL JOSEF VON (1809-1893)

Hefele, Conciliengeschichte (2nd ed., 1873—90), vol . See also:

• HIRSCH, MAURICE DE, BARON HIRSCH AUF GEREUTH
• HIRSCH, SAMSON RAPHAEL (r8o8-1888)

Hirsch, " Desiderius von Monte Cassino als Papst Victor III.," in Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte, vol . 7 (See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen, 1867) ; H . H . See also:

• MILMAN, HENRY HART (1791–1868)

Milman, See also:

• HISTORY

History of Latin See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity, vol .

3 (repub . London, 1899) .