ISWAR CHANDRA See also:

• ISWAR CHANDRA VIDYASAGAR (1820-1891)

VIDYASAGAR (1820-1891)  , writer and social reformer of See also:

• BENGAL
• BENGAL, BAY OF

Bengal, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Birsinha in the Midnapur See also:

• DISTRICT

district in 182o, of a Kulin See also:

• BRAHMAN

Brahman See also:

• FAMILY

family . He was removed to See also:

• CALCUTTA

Calcutta at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of nine, was admitted into the See also:

• SANSKRIT

Sanskrit See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, and carried on his studies in the midst of privations and extreme poverty . In 1839 he obtained the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• VIDYASAGAR, ISWAR CHANDRA (1820-1891)

Vidyasagar (=" Ocean of learning ") after passing a brilliant examination, and in 185o was appointed See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head pandit of Fort See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William College . In 1846 appeared his first See also:

• WORK

work in See also:

• BENGALI

Bengali See also:

• PROSE

prose, The Twenty-Five Tales of a Fetal . This was succeeded by his Sakuntala in 1855, and by his greatest work, The See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

Exile of Sita, in 1862 . These are marked by a See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace and beauty which Bengali prose had never known before . The literature of Bengal, previous to the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, was entirely in See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse . See also:

• RAM
• RAM, PIERRE FRANCOIS XAVIER DE (18o4-1865)

Ram Mohan See also:

• ROY, WILLIAM (1726-1790)

Roy, the religious reformer of Bengal, created the See also:

• LITERARY

literary prose of Bengal See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in the 19th century by his numerous See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations and religious tracts; and Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar and his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-worker, Akhay Kumar Datta, added to its See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power and beauty about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of that century . These three writers are generally re-cognized as the fathers of Bengali prose literature . As a social reformer and educationist, too, Iswar Chandra made his See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark . He associated himself with Drinkwater See also:

• BETHUNE
• BETHUNE (FAMILY)
• BETHUNE, CONON

Bethune in the cause of See also:

• FEMALE

female See also:

• EDUCATION

education; and the management of the girls' school, called after Bethune, was entrusted to him in 1851 . And when Rosomoy Datta resigned the See also:

• POST

post of secretary to the Sanskrit College of Calcutta, a new post of See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal was created, and Iswar Chandra was appointed to it .

Iswar Chandra's See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence in the education See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department was now unbounded . He simplified the method of learning Sanskrit, and thus spread a know-ledge of that See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue among his countrymen . He was consulted in all educational matters by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick See also:

• HALLIDAY, ANDREW [ANDREW HALLIDAY DUFF] (1830-1877)

Halliday, the first See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of Bengal . And when the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of education under Sir See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

Wood's despatch of 1854 was inaugurated in See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, Iswar Chandra established numerous aided See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools under that scheme in the most advanced districts of Bengal . In 1858 he resigned his See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment under See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, and shortly afterwards became manager of the See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

Metropolitan Institution, a private college at Calcutta . But a greater task than literary work or educational reforms claimed his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention . He had discovered that the ancient See also:

• HINDU

Hindu scriptures did not enjoin perpetual widowhood, and in 1855 he startled the Hindu See also:

• WORLD

world by his work on the Remarriage of Hindu Widows . Such a work, from a learned and presumably orthodox Brahman, caused the greatest excitement, but Iswar Chandra remained unmoved amidst a See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm of indignation . Associating himself with the most influential men of the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, like Prosonno Kumar Tagore and Ram Gopal Ghosh, he appealed -to the See also:

• BRITISH

British government to declare that the sons of remarried Hindu widows should be considered legitimate heirs . The British government responded; the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act was passed in 1856, and some years after Iswar Chandra's own son was married to a widow . In the last years of his See also:

• LIFE

life Iswar Chandra wrote See also:

• WORKS

works against Hindu See also:

• POLYGAMY, (Gr. nabs, many, and yayos, marriage)

polygamy . He was as well known for his charity and wide philanthropy as for his educational and social reforms .

His large income, derived from the See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale of school-books, was devoted almost entirely to the succour of the needy; hundreds of See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young men owed their education to him; hundreds of widows depended on him for their daily See also:

• BREAD

bread . The See also:

• INDIAN

Indian government made him a See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

Companion of the Indian See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire in 1880 . He died on the 29th of See also:

• JULY

July 1891 . (R . C .