See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

VIENNA (Ger. Wien; See also:

• LAT

Lat. Vindobona)  , the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, the largest See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city in the Austro-Hungarian See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy, and the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth city in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe as regards See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population . It is situated on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube, at the See also:

• BASE

base of the Wiener Wald, and at the beginning of the greatplain which separates the See also:

• ALPS

Alps from the Carpathians . This See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain is continued on the opposite bank of the Danube by the valley of the See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March, which constitutes the easiest See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north . Thus See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna forms a junction of natural ways from See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south to north, and from See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west to See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east . It also lies on the frontier which separates from one another three races, the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German, the See also:

• SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic and the Hungarian . Curiously enough, Vienna has for a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time turned its back, so to speak, on the magnificent waterway of the Danube, the city being built about 12 m. away from the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main stream . Only an See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm of the See also:

• RIVER

river, the Danube See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

Canal, so called because it was regulated and widened in 1598, passes through the city, dividing it into two unequal parts . It is true that the river forms at this point several arms, and the adjoining districts were subjected to periodical inundations, while See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation was by no means easy here . But in 1870 See also:

• WORKS

works for the regulation of the river were started with the See also:

• OBJECT

object of making it quite safe for navigation, and of avoiding the dangers of inundation . By these magnificent works of regulation the new See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed was brought nearer to the See also:

• TOWN

town, and the new river channel has an See also:

• AVERAGE

average width of 915 ft. and a See also:

• DEPTH

depth of to ft . On its See also:

• LEFT

left bank stretches the so-called inundation region, 1525 ft. wide, while on the right bank quays have been constructed with numerous wharfs and warehouses . By these works of regulation over 2400 acres of ground were gained for See also:

• BUILDING

building purposes .

This new bed of the Danube was completed in 1876 . In See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with this See also:

• WORK

work the entire Danube Canal has been transformed into a See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour by the construction of a See also:

• LOCK (from the O. Eng. loc.; the word appears, in different forms, in many Teutonic languages, but with such various meanings as " hole," Ger. Loch, " lid," Swed. lock, &c.; probably the original was a root meaning " to enclose ")
• LOCK, MATTHIAS

lock at its entrance, while increased See also:

• ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation for See also:

• SHIPPING

shipping has also been provided at the other end of the canal known as the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter harbour . Into the Danube Canal flows the small stream, called Wien, now arched over almost in its entirety . Vienna extends along the right bank of the Danube from the historic and legendary Kahlenberg to the point where the Danube Canal rejoins the main stream, being surrounded on the other See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side by a considerable stretch of See also:

• LAND

land which is rather rural than suburban in See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . Vienna is officially divided into twenty-one districts or Bezirke . Until 1892 it contained only ten of the See also:

• PRESENT

present districts; in that See also:

• YEAR

year nine outlying districts were incorporated with the town; in 1900 Brigittenau was created out of See also:

• PART

part of the old See also:

• DISTRICT

district of Leopoldstadt, and in 1905 the Floridsdorf district was made up by the See also:

• INCORPORATION (from Lat. incorporare, to form into a body)

incorporation of the following former suburbs: Aspern-an-der-Donau, Donaufeld, Floridsdorf, See also:

• GROSS

Gross Jedlersdorf, Hirschstetten, Jedlesee, Kagran, Leopoldau, See also:

• LOBAU

Lobau-Insel and Stadlau . By the incorporation of the suburbs in 1892, the See also:

• AREA

area of Vienna was more than trebled, namely, from 213 sq. m. to 69 sq. m.; while a new increase of about one-fifth of its See also:

• TOTAL

total area was added by the incorporation of 1902 . A feature of the new city is the unusually large proportion of See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods and arable land within its See also:

• BOUNDS, BEATING THE

bounds . These See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form nearly 6o% of its total area, private gardens, parks and open spaces occupying a further 13% . While from the standpoint of population it takes the fourth See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place among See also:

• EUROPEAN

European capitals, Vienna covers about three times as much ground as See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, which occupies the third place . But the bulk of its inhabitants being packed into a comparatively small portion of this area, the working classes suffer greatly from overcrowding, and all sections of the community from high rents . The inner city, or Vienna proper, was formerly separated from the other districts by a circle of fortifications, consisting of a rampart, See also:

• FOSSE (or Foss) WAY

fosse and See also:

• GLACIS

glacis .

These, however, were removed in 1858–6o, and the place of the glacis has been taken by a magnificent See also:

• BOULEVARD (a Fr. word, earlier boulevart, from Dutch or Ger. Bollwerk, cf. Eng. " bulwark ")

boulevard, the See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

Ring-Strasse, 2 m. in length, and about 150 ft. in average width . Another See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of works, consisting of a rampart and fosse, were constructed in 1704 to surround the whole city at that time, i.e. the first ten districts of See also:

• MODERN

modern Vienna . This second See also:

• GIRDLE (O. Eng. gyrdel, from gyrdan, to gird; cf. Ger. Gurtel, Dutch gordel, from giirten and gorden; "gird" and its doublet " girth " together with the other Teutonic cognates have been referred by some to the root ghar—to seize, enclose, seen in Gr. )(s

girdle of fortifications was known as the Lines (See also:

• LINEN

Linen), and a second wide boulevard (Giirtel-Strasse) follows their course See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the city . This second or See also:

• OUTER

outer girdle of fortifications formed the boundary between the city and the outlying suburbs, but was removed in 1892, when the incorporation of the suburbs took place . The inner town, which lies almost exactly in the centre of the others, is still, unlike the older parts of most European towns, the most aristocratic See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter, containing the palaces of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor and of many of the See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility, the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government offices, many of the embassies and legations, the See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

opera See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house and the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal hotels . Leopoldstadt which together with Brigittenau are the only districts on the left bank of the Danube Canal, is the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief commercial quarter, and is inhabited to a See also:

• GREAT

great extent by See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews . Mariahilf, Neubau and Margarethen are the chief seats of manufacturing See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry . Landstrasse may be described as the district of officialism; here too are the See also:

• BRITISH

British and German embassies . Alsergrund, with the enormous See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital, the military hospital and the municipal See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

asylum for the insane, is the medical quarter . Near the centre of the inner city, most of the streets in which are narrow and irregular, is the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of St See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen, the most important See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval building in Vienna, dating in its present form mainly from the 14th and 15th centuries, but incorporating a few fragments of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original 12th-See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century edifice . Among its most striking features are the See also:

• FINE

fine and lofty See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower (450 ft.), rebuilt in 186o-64; the extensive catacombs, in which the emperors were formerly interred; the See also:

• SARCOPHAGUS (Gr. vapsorg yos, literally " flesh-eating," from vapt, flesh, ¢ayeiv, to eat)

sarcophagus (1513) of See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick III.; the tombs of See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• EUGENE

Eugene of See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy; See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-eight See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble altars; and the fine groined See also:

• CEILING (from a verb " to ceil," i.e. to line or cover; of disputed etymology, but apparently connected with Fr. ciel, Lat. caelum, sky)

ceiling . A little to the south-west of the cathedral is the Hofburg, or imperial See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace, a huge complex of buildings of various epochs and in various styles, enclosing several courtyards .

The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest part of the present edifice See also:

• DATES

dates from the 13th century, and extensive additions have been made since 1887 . In addition to private rooms and See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state apartments, the Hofburg contains a library of about 800,000 volumes, 7000 See also:

• INCUNABULA

incunabula and 24,000 See also:

• MSS

MSS., including the celebrated " See also:

• PAPYRUS

Papyrus Rainer "; the imperial See also:

• TREASURY

treasury, containing the See also:

• FAMILY

family treasures of the house of See also:

• HABSBURG, or HAPSBURG

Habsburg-See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine, and other important collections . In the old town are the two largest of the H6fe, extensive blocks of buildings belonging to the great abbeys of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, which are See also:

• COMMON

common throughout Vienna . These are the Schottenhof (once belonging to the " Scoti," or Irish See also:

• BENEDICTINES, or BLACK MONKS

Benedictines) and the Molkerhof, adjoining the open space called the Freiung, each forming a little town of itself . As in most See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental towns, the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of living in flats is prevalent in Vienna, where few except the richer nobles occupy an entire house . Of See also:

• LATE

late the so-called " Zinspalaste " . (" See also:

• TENEMENT (Med. Lat. tenetnentum, from tenere, to hold)

tenement palaces ") have been built on a magnificent See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale, often profusely adorned without and within with See also:

• PAINTING

painting and See also:

• SCULPTURE
• SCULPTURE (Lat. sculptura, from sculpere, to carve, cognate with Gr. yXb4ew)

sculpture . Other notable buildings within the See also:

• LINE

line of the old fortifications are the See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, built in the 14th century, and containing a fine See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument of See also:

• CANOVA, ANTONIO (1757-1822)

Canova; the Capuchin church, with the See also:

• BURIAL

burial vault of the Habsburgs; the church of Maria-Stiegen, an interesting Gothic building of the 14th century, restored in 1820; the handsome See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek church, by T . See also:

• HANSEN, PETER ANDREAS (1795-1874)

Hansen (1813-1891), finished in 1858; the Minorite church, a Gothic edifice of the 14th century, containing an admirable See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

mosaic of Leonardo da See also:

• VINCI, LEONARDO (1690-173o)

Vinci's " Last Supper " by Raffaeli, executed in 1806-14 by See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon and placed here in 1846 . Other churches See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth mentioning are the Schottenkirche, built in the 13th century, reconstructed in the 17th and restored by H. von Ferstel (1828-1883), containing the tombs of the See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of Starhemberg, the defender of Vienna against the See also:

• TURKS

Turks in 1683, and of See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

Duke Heinrich Jasomirgott (d . 1177); the church of St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter, reconstructed by See also:

• FISCHER
• FISCHER, EMIL (1852– )
• FISCHER, ERNST KUNO BERTHOLD (1824–1907)

Fischer von Erlach in 1702-13, and the University church, erected by the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits in 1625-31, both in the See also:

• BAROQUE

baroque See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style with See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich frescoes; lastly, the small church of St Ruprecht, the oldest church in Vienna, first built in 740, and several times reconstructed; and the old Rathaus . At the corner of the Graben, one of the busiest thoroughfares, containing the most fashionable shops in Vienna, is the Stock See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im Eisen, the stump of a See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree, said to be the last survivor of a See also:

• HOLY

holy See also:

• GROVE (O.E. graf, cf. O.E. gr(efa, brushwood, later" greave "; the word does not appear in any other Teutonic language, and the New English Dictionary finds no Indo-European root to which it can be referred; Skeat considers it connected with " grave," to
• GROVE, SIR GEORGE (182o-1900)
• GROVE, SIR WILLIAM ROBERT (1811-1896)

grove round which the original See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of Vindomina sprang up .

It is full of nails driven into it by travelling journeymen . The Ring-Strasse ranks as one of the most imposing achievements of modern See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture . Opposite the Hofburg, the main See also:

• BODY

body of which is separated from the Ring-Strasse by the Hofgarten and Volksgarten, rise the handsome monument of the empress Maria See also:

• THERESA, ST (1515-1582)

Theresa (erected 1888) and the imperial museums of See also:

• ART

art and natural See also:

• HISTORY

history, two extensive See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance edifices with domes (erected 187o-89), matching each other in every particular and grouping finely with the new part of the palace . Hans See also:

• MAKART, HANS (1840-1884)

Makart's painted See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome in the natural history museum is the largest pictorial See also:

• CANVAS

canvas in the See also:

• WORLD

world . Adjoining the museums to the west is the palace of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice (1881), and this is closely followed by the houses of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament (1883), in which the Grecian style has been successfully adapted to modern requirements . Beyond the houses of parliament stands the new Rathaus, an immense and lavishly decorated Gothic building, erected in 1873-83 . It was designed by See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich See also:

• SCHMIDT, H
• SCHMIDT, HEINRICH JULIAN (1818-1886)
• SCHMIDT, KARL VON (1817-1875)
• SCHMIDT, WILHELM ADOLF (1812-1887)

Schmidt (1825-1891), who may be described as the chief exponent of the modern Gothic tendency as T . Hansen and G . See also:

• SEMPER, GOTTFRIED (1803–1879)

Semper, the creators respectively of the parliament house and the museums, are the leaders of the Classical and Renaissance styles which are so strongly represented in Viennese architecture . Opposite the Rathaus, on the inner side of the Ring, is the new See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, another specimen of Semper's Renaissance work, finished in 1889 . To the north stands the new building of the university, a Renaissance structure by H. von Ferstel, erected in 1873-84 and rivalling the Rathaus in extent . Near the university, and separated from the Ring by a See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden, stands the votive church in Alsergrund, completed in 1879, and erected to commemorate the emperor's See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape from assassination in 1853, one of the most elaborate and successful of modern Gothic churches (Ferstel) .

The other important buildings of the Ring-Strasse include the magnificent opera house, built 1861-69, by E . See also:

• VAN

Van der Null (1812-1868) and A. von Siccardsburg (1813-1868), the sumptuous interior of which vies with that of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris; the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy of art, built in 1872-76; the See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange, built in 1872-77, both by Hansen; and the Austrian museum of art and industry, an See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian Renaissance building erected by Ferstel in 1868-71 . On the north side the Ring-Strasse gives place to the spacious See also:

• FRANZ, ROBERT (1815-1892)

Franz Josef's See also:

• QUAY
• QUAY, MATTHEW STANLEY (1833-1904)

quay, flanking the Danube Canal . The municipal districts out-side the Ring also contain numerous handsome modern buildings . Vienna possesses both in the inner city and the outlying districts numerous squares adorned with See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic monuments . One of the finest squares in the world for the beauty of the buildings which encircle it is the Rathausplatz, adjoining the Ring-Strasse . Vienna is the intellectual as well as the material capital of Austria—emphatically so in regard to the German part of the empire . Its university, established in 1365, is now attended by nearly 6000 students, and the medical See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty en-joys a world-wide reputation . Its scientific institutions are headed by the academy of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science . The academy of art was founded in 1707 . Museums.—In the imperial art-history museum are stored the extensive art-collections of the Austrian imperial family, which were formerly in the Hofburg, in the See also:

• BELVEDERE, or BELVIDERE (Ital. for " fair-view ")

Belvedere, and in other places . It contains a rich collection of See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian, Greek, See also:

• ROMAN

Roman and See also:

• ETRUSCAN

Etruscan antiquities; of coins and medals, and of See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial art .

The last contains valuable specimens of the industrial art of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages and of the Renaissance See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period in See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold, See also:

• SILVER

silver, See also:

• BRONZE

bronze, See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass, See also:

• ENAMEL (formerly " amel," derived through the Fr. amail, emmll, esmail, from a Latin word smaltum, first found in a 9th-century life of Leo IV.)

enamel, See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory, See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood . The famous See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt-cellar (salient) of Benvenuto See also:

• CELLINI, BENVENUTO (1500-1571)

Cellini, executed in 1539–43 for See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis I. of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, is here . Then comes the collection of weapons and See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour, including the famous Ambras collection, so called after the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of Ambras near See also:

• INNSBRUCK

Innsbruck, where it was for a long time stored . The picture See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery, which contains the collection formerly preserved in the Belvedere palace, contains masterpieces of almost every school in the world, but it is unsurpassed for its specimens of See also:

• RUBENS, PETER PAUL (1577-164o)

Rubens, Dfirer and the Venetian masters . Next come the imperial treasury at the See also:

• HOF

Hof-See also:

• BURG

burg, already mentioned; the famous collection of drawings and engravings known as the Albertina in the palace of the See also:

• ARCHDUKE (Lat. archidux, Ger. Erzherzog)

archduke Frederick, which contains over 200,000 engravings and 16,000 drawings; the picture gallery of the academy of art; the collection of the Austrian museum of art and industry; the See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical museum of the city of Vienna; and the military museum at the See also:

• ARSENAL

arsenal . Besides, there are in Vienna a number of private picture galleries of great importance . The largest is that belonging to Prince See also:

• LIECHTENSTEIN

Liechtenstein, containing about 800 paintings, and specially rich in important works by Rubens and Van Dyck; the picture gallery of Count Harrach, with over 400 paintings, possessing numerous examples of the later Italian and See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools; that of Count Czernin, with over 340 paintings; and that of Count Schonborn, with 110 pictures . The imperial natural history museum contains a mineralogical, See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological and zoological See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section, as well as a pre-historic and ethnographical collection . Its botanic collection contains the famous Vienna See also:

• HERBARIUM, or HORTUS

herbarium, while to the university is attached a fine botanical garden . Besides the Hofburg library, there are important See also:

• LIBRARIES

libraries belonging to the university and other See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies, the See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation and the various monastic orders . Parks, &c.—The Prater, a vast expanse (2000 acres) of wood and See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park on the east side of the city, between the Danube and the Danube Canal, is greatly frequented by all classes . The See also:

• EXHIBITION

exhibition of 1873 was held in this park, and several of its buildings, including the large rotunda, have been left See also:

• STANDING

standing .

Other parks are the Hofgarten, the Volksgarten and the Town Park, all adjoining the Ring-Strasse; the Augarten in the Leopoldstadt, the Belvedere Park in the Landstrasse, the Esterhazy Park in Mariahilf, and the Turkenschanz Park in Dobling . Among the most popular resorts are the parks and gardens belonging to the imperial chateaux of Schbnbrunn and Laxenburg . Government and See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

Administration.—Vienna is the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the emperor of Austria, the seat of the Austrian ministers, of the Reichsrat and of the See also:

• DIET

Diet of See also:

• LOWER

Lower Austria . It is also the seat of the common ministries for the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, of the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign ambassadors and general consuls and the See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting-place, alternately with See also:

• BUDAPEST

Budapest, of the Austro-Hungarian delegations . It contains also the highest judicial, See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial, military and administrative See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official authorities of Austria, and is the see of a Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop . Vienna enjoys See also:

• AUTONOMY (Gr. abr6s, self, and v6pos, law)

autonomy for communal affairs, but is under the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor and the Diet of Lower Austria, while the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of the chief burgomaster requires the See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction of the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign, advised by the See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister . The municipal See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council is composed of 158 members elected for a period of six years . The long struggle between the See also:

• MUNICIPALITY

municipality and the Austrian See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry arising out of the refusal to sanction the election (1895) of Dr Lueger, the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-Semitic See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader and See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion, recalls in some respects the Wilkes incident in See also:

• LONDON

London . In this instance the ultimate success of the corporation greatly strengthened the Obscurantist and reactionary See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element throughout Austria . The cost of the transformation of Vienna, which has been in progress since 1858, cannot be said to have fallen heavily on the population . Great part of the See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden has been See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne throughout by the " City See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

Extension Fund," realized from the utilization of the ground formerly occupied by the fortifications and glacis . The subsequent regulation of the former suburbs has to a large extent covered its own expenses through the acquisition by the town of the improved area .

The municipal See also:

• FINANCE

finance has on the whole been See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound, and notwithstanding the extra burdens assumed on the incorporation of the suburbs, the See also:

• EQUILIBRIUM (from the Lat. aequus, equal, and libra, a balance)

equilibrium of the communal See also:

• BUDGET (originally from a Gallic word meaning sack, latinized as bulga, leather wallet or bag, thence in O. Fr. bougette, from which the Eng. form is derived)

budget was maintained up to the fall of the Liberal administration . In spite of shortsighted See also:

• PARSIMONY, LAW OF (Lat. parsimonia, from parcere, to save)

parsimony in the See also:

• MATTER

matter of schools, &c., and increased resources through the allocation to the municipality of a certain percentage of new state and provincial See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation, their anti-Semitic successors have been unable to avoid a deficit, and have been obliged to increase the rates . But the See also:

• DIRECT

direct damage done in this and other ways would seem _to be less than that produced by the mistrust they inspired for a time among the propertied classes, and the consequent paralysing of enterprise . Their violent anti-Magyar attitude has driven away a certain amount of Hungarian custom, and helped to increase the See also:

• POLITICAL

political difficulties of the cis-Leithan government . Vienna is situated at an See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of 550 ft. above the level of the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, and possesses a healthy See also:

• CLIMATE

climate . The mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature is 48.6° F., and the range between See also:

• JANUARY

January and See also:

• JULY

July is about 40° F . The climate is rather changeable, and rapid falls of temperature are not uncommon . Violent storms occur in See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring and autumn, and the rainfall, including See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow, amounts to 25 in. a year . Vienna has one of the best supplies of drinking See also:

• WATER

water of anv European capital . The water is brought by an See also:

• AQUEDUCT (Lat. aqua, water, and ducere, to lead; Gr. apaymryeiov, apayeeywov, vlrovopos)

aqueduct direct from the Alps, viz. from the Schnee-See also:

• BERG (Ducatus Montensis)

berg, a distance of nearly 6o m. to the south-west . These magnificent waterworks were opened in 1873, and their sanitaryinfluence was soon See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt, in the almost See also:

• COMPLETE

complete disappearance of typhoid See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever, which had numerous victims before . Great enlargements, by tapping new See also:

• SOURCES

sources of See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply, were made in 1891-93, while since 1902 works have been in progress for bringing a new supply of pure water from the region of the See also:

• SALZA, HERMANN VON (c. 1170-1239)

Salza, a distance of nearly 150 M .

Another sanitary work of great importance was the improvement carried out in the drainage See also:

• SYSTEM

system, and the regulation of the river Wien . This river, which, at See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary times, was little more than an See also:

• ILL

ill-smelling See also:

• BROOK

brook at one side of an immense bed, was occasionally converted into a formidable and destructive torrent . Now See also:

• HALF

half the bed of the river has been walled over for the See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan railway, while the other half has been deepened, and the portion of it within the town has been arched over . A beginning was thus made for a new and magnificent See also:

• AVENUE (the past participle feminine of Fr. avenir, to come to)

avenue in the neighbourhood of the Ring-Strasse . Population.—In 1800 the population of the old districts was 231,050; in 1840, 356,870; in 1857, 476,222 (or with suburbs, 587,235); in 1869, 607,514 (with suburbs, 842,951); in 1880, 704,756 (with suburbs, 1,090,119); in 1890, town and suburbs, 1,364,548; and in 19oo, 1,662,269, including the See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison of 26,629 men . Owing to the peculiarities of its situation, the population of Vienna is of a very See also:

• COSMOPOLITAN (Gr. Kbvµos, world, and IroXirgs, citizen)

cosmopolitan and heterogeneous character . Its permanent population (some 45.5% are See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in the city) is recruited from all parts of Austria, and indeed of the entire monarchy . The German element is, of course, the most numerous, but there are also a great number of Hungarians, Czechs and other Slays . Previous to the loss of the Italian provinces, a considerable See also:

• PRO

pro-portion came from See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy (30,000 in 1859), including artists, members of the learned professions and artisans who left their See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark on Viennese art and See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste . The Italian See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony now See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers about 2500 (chiefly navvies and masons), in addition to some 1400 Austrian subjects of that See also:

• NATIONALITY

nationality . At present the largest and most See also:

• REGULAR

regular contributions to the population of Vienna come from the See also:

• CZECH (in Bohemian, Cech)

Czech provinces of Bohemia and See also:

• MORAVIA (Ger., Ma/wen; Czech, Morava)

Moravia, next in importance being those from Lower Austria and See also:

• STYRIA (German, Steiermark or Steyermark)

Styria . This steady and increasing Influx of Czechs is gradually infusing a large proportion of Slav See also:

• BLOOD

blood in what See also:

• BISMARCK
• BISMARCK, OTTO EDUARD LEOPOLD VON, PRINCE

Bismarck (in 1864) described as the German capital of a Slav empire .

Formerly the Czech labourers, artisans and domestic servants who came to Vienna were somewhat ashamed of their See also:

• MOTHER

mother-See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue, and anxious to conceal that See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of their origin as speedily as possible . The revival of the nationality agitation has produced a marked See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in this respect . The Czech immigrants, attracted to Vienna as to other German towns by the growth of industry, are now too numerous for easy absorption, which is further retarded by their See also:

• NATIONAL

national organization, and the See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision of See also:

• SEPARATE

separate institutions, churches, schools (thus far private) and places of resort . The consequence is that they take a See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride in accentuating their national characteristics, a circumstance which threatens to develop into a new source of discord . In 1900 the population included 1,386,115 persons of German nationality, 102,974 Czechs and See also:

• SLOVAKS (Slovak, fern. Slovenka, adj. slovensk, formerly called Slovene, but to be distinguished from the Slovenes of Carinthia, in Magyar Tat)

Slovaks, 4346 Poles, 805 Ruthenians, 1329 See also:

• SLOVENES [Slovenci, Ger. Winden, to be distinguished from the Slovaks (q.v.) and from the Slovinci (see KASHUBES) west of Danzig]

Slovenes, 271 Serbo-Croatians, and 1368 Italians, all Austrian subjects . To these should be added 133,144 Hungarians, 21,733 natives of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany (3782 less than in 1890), 2506 natives of Italy, 1703 See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia.ns, 1176 French, 1643 Swiss, &c . Of this heterogeneous population 1,461,891 were Roman Catholics, the Jews coming next in order with 146,926 . Protestants of the See also:

• AUGSBURG
• AUGSBURG, CONFESSION OF
• AUGSBURG, WAR OF THE LEAGUE OF

Augsburg and Helvetic Confessions numbered 54,364; members of the Church of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, 490; Old Catholics, 975; members of the Greek Orthodox Church, 3674; Greek Catholics, 2521; and Mahommedans, 889 . As a general See also:

• RULE

rule, the Viennese are See also:

• GAY, JOHN (1685-1732)
• GAY, MARIE FRANCOISE SOPHIE (1776-1852)
• GAY, WALTER (1856– )

gay, See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure-loving and genial . The Viennese See also:

• WOMEN

women are justly celebrated for their beauty and elegance; and dressing as a fine art is cultivated here with almost as great success as in Paris . As a rule, the Viennese are passionately fond of dancing; and the city of See also:

• STRAUSS, DAVID FRIEDRICH (1808-1874)
• STRAUSS, JOHANN (1804-1849)
• STRAUSS, RICHARD (1864– )

Strauss, J . F.K.Lanner (1801–1843) and J .

Gungl (1810–1889) gives name to a " school " of waltz and other See also:

• DANCE
• DANCE (Fr. danse; of obscure origin, connected with Old High Ger. danson, to stretch)

dance See also:

• MUSIC

music . Opera, especially in its lighter form, flourishes, and the actors of Vienna maintain with success a traditional reputation of no mean order . Its chief place in the history of art Vienna owes to its musicians, among whom are counted See also:

• HAYDN, FRANZ JOSEPH (1732–1809)

Haydn, See also:

• MOZART, WOLFGANG AMADEUS1 (1756–1791)

Mozart, See also:

• BEETHOVEN, LUDWIG VAN (1770-1827)

Beethoven and See also:

• SCHUBERT, FRANZ PETER (1797-1828)

Schubert . The Viennese school of painting is of modern origin; but some of its members, for instance, Hans Makart (1840-1884), have acquired a European reputation . See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

Trade.—Vienna is the most important commercial and industrial centre of Austria . For a long time the Austrian government, by failing to keep the Danube in a proper state for navigation, let slip the opportunity of making the city the great Danubiac See also:

• METROPOLIS (Gr. piir17Pi mother, srGXis, city)

metropolis which its See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical position entitles it to be . But during the last quarter of the 19th century active steps were taken to See also:

• FOSTER, GEORGE EULAS (1847– )
• FOSTER, JOHN (177o-1843)
• FOSTER, MYLES BIRKET (1825-1899)
• FOSTER, SIR CLEMENT LE NEVE (1841-1904)
• FOSTER, SIR MICHAEL (1836-r9o7)
• FOSTER, STEPHEN COLLINS (1826-1864)

foster the economic interests of the city . The regulation of the Danube, mentioned above, the See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion of the entire Danube Canal into a harbour, the construction of the navigable canal Danube-March-See also:

• ODER (Lat. Viadua; Slavonic, Vjodr)

Oder—all gave a new impetus to the trade of Vienna . The fast-growing activity of the See also:

• PORT

port of See also: