See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

COUNCIL OF See also:

• VIENNE
• COUNCIL OF VIENNE

VIENNE  , an ecclesiastical See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council, which in the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church ranks as the fifteenth ecumenical See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod . It met from See also:

• OCTOBER

October 16, 1311, to May 6, 1312, under the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency of See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement V . The transference of the See also:

• CURIA

Curia from See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome to See also:

• AVIGNON

Avignon (1309) had brought the papacy under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• CROWN

crown; and this position See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip the See also:

• FAIR

Fair of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France now endeavoured to utilize by demanding from the pope the See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution of the powerful and wealthy See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Temple, together with the introduction of a trial for See also:

• HERESY

heresy against the See also:

• LATE

late Pope See also:

• BONIFACE (Bonifacius)
• BONIFACE, SAINT (680-754)

Boniface VIII . To evade the second claim, Clement gave way on the first . Legal trials and acts of violence against the See also:

• TEMPLARS

Templars had begun as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as the See also:

• YEAR

year 1307 (see TEM'PLARS); and the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• OBJECT

object of the council was to secure a definite decision on the question of their continuance or abolition . In the See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee appointed for preliminary consultation, one See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section was for the immediate condemnation of the order, and declined to allow it any opportunity of See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence, on the ground that it was now superfluous and simply a source of strife . The See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the members, however, regarded the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case as non-proven, and demanded that the order should be heard on its own behalf; while at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time they held that its dissolution was unjustifiable . Under pressure from the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, who was himself See also:

• PRESENT

present in See also:

• VIENNE
• VIENNE, COUNCIL OF

Vienne, the pope determined that, as the order gave occasion for See also:

• SCANDAL

scandal but could not be condemned as heretical bya judicial See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence (de jure), it should be abolished per modum provisions seu ordinationis aposlolicae; in other words, by an administrative ruling based on considerations of the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general welfare . To this See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure the council agreed, and on the 22nd of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March the order of the Temple was suppressed by the See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull Vox clamantis; while further decisions as to the treatment of the order and its possessions followed later . In addition to this the discussions announced in the opening speech, regarding See also:

• MEASURES

measures for the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

reformation of the Church and the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of her liberties, took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place; and a See also:

• PART

part of the Constitutions found in the Clementinuin, published in 1317 by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John XXII., were probably enacted by the council . Still it is impossible to say with certainty what decrees were actually passed at Vienne . Additional decisions were necessitated by the violent disputes which raged within the Franciscan order as to the observance of the rules of St See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis of See also:

• ASSISI (anc. Asisium)

Assisi, and by the multitude of subordinate questions arising from this .

Resolutions were also adopted on the See also:

• BEGUINES (Fr. beguine, Med. Lat. beguina, begina, beghina)

Beguines and their mode of See also:

• LIFE

life (see BEGUINES), the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the hospitals, the institution of instructors in See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew, Arabic and Chaldaic at the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities, and on numerous details of ecclesiastical discipline and See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law . See Mansi, Collectio Conciliorum, vol. See also:

• XXV

xxv . ; See also:

• HEFELE, KARL JOSEF VON (1809-1893)

Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, vol. vi. pp . 532-54 .