VIGLIUS  , the name taken by WIGLE See also:

• VAN

VAN AYTTA VAN ZTICHEM (1507-1577), Dutch statesman and jurist, a Frisian by See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth, who was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 19th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1507 . He studied at various See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities—See also:

• LOUVAIN (Flem. Leuven)

Louvain, D61e and See also:

• BOURGES

Bourges among others—devoting himself mainly to the study of See also:

• JURISPRUDENCE (Lat. jurisprudenlia, knowledge of law, from jus, right, and prudentia, from providere, to foresee)
• JURISPRUDENCE, COMPARATIVE

jurisprudence, and after-wards visited many of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal seats of learning in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . His See also:

• GREAT

great abilities attracted the See also:

• NOTICE

notice of See also:

• ERASMUS, DESIDERIUS (1466–1536)

Erasmus and other celebrated men, and his renown was soon wide and See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general . Having lectured on See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law at the universities of Bourges and See also:

• PADUA (Lat. Patavium ; Ital. Padova)

Padua, he accepted a judicial position under the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• MUNSTER
• MUNSTER, SEBASTIAN (1489-1552)

Munster which he resigned in 1535 to become See also:

• ASSESSOR (Lat. assessare, assidere, to sit by)

assessor of the imperial See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice (Reichskarnmergericht) . He would not, however, undertake the See also:

• POST

post of See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor to See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip, son of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V.; nor would he accept any of the many lucrative and See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable positions offered him by various See also:

• EUROPEAN

European princes, preferring instead to remain at the university of See also:

• INGOLSTADT

Ingolstadt, where for five years he occupied a professorial See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair . In 1542 the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official connexion of Viglius with the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands began . At the emperor's invitation he became a member of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of Mechlin, and some years later See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of that See also:

• BODY

body . Other responsible positions were entrusted to him, and he was soon one of the most trusted of the ministers of Charles V., whom he accompanied during the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of the See also:

• LEAGUE

league of See also:

• SCHMALKALDEN

Schmalkalden in 1546 . His rapid rise in the emperor's favour was probably due to his immense See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store of learning, which was useful in asserting the imperial rights where disputes arose between the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire and the estates . He was generally regarded as the author of the See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict against See also:

• TOLERATION (from Lat. tolerare, to endure)

toleration issued in 1550; a See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge which he denied, maintaining, on the contrary, that he had vainly tried to induce Charles to modify its rigour . When the emperor abdicated in 1555 Viglius was anxious to retire also, but at the instance of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King Philip II. he remained at his post and was rewarded by being made coadjutor See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot of St Bavon, and in other ways . In 1559, when See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret, duchess of See also:

• PARMA

Parma, became See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent of the Netherlands, Viglius was an important member of the small circle who assisted her in the See also:

• WORK

work of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government .

He was president of the privy council, member, and subsequently president, of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state council, and a member of the See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of the state council called the consulta . But his See also:

• DESIRE

desire to resign soon returned . In 1565 he was allowed to give up the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency of the state council, but was persuaded to retain his other posts . However, he had lost favour with Margaret, who accused him to Philip of dishonesty and See also:

• SIMONY

simony, while his orthodoxy was suspected . When the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• ALVA
• ALVA, or ALBA, FERNANDO ALVAREZ DE TOLEDO, DUKE OF, (1508-1583)

Alva arrived in the Netherlands Viglius at first assisted him; but he subsequently opposed the duke's See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of See also:

• EXTORTION (Lat. extorsio, from extorquere, to twist out, to take away by force)

extortion, and sought to induce Philip himself to visit the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low Countries . His See also:

• HEALTH

health was now impaired and his work was nearly over . Having suffered a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short imprisonment with the other members of the state council in 1J76, he died at See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels on the 5th of May 1577, and was buried in the See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of St Bavon . Viglius was an See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace and moderation, and as such could not expect support or sympathy from men engaged in a See also:

• LIFE

life-and-See also:

• DEATH

death struggle for See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty, or from their relentless enemies . He was undoubtedly avaricious, and accumulated great See also:

• WEALTH

wealth, See also:

• PART

part of which he See also:

• LEFT

left to found a See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital at his native See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, Zwichem, and a See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college at the university of Louvain . He married a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich, See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady, Jacqueline Damant, but had no See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children . He wrote a Tagebuch See also:

• DES

des Schmalkaldischen Donaukriegs, edited by A. von Druflel (See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich, 1877), and some of his lectures were published under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title See also:

• COMMENTARII (Lat. = Gr. broµvijµara)

Commentarii in decem Institutionum tilulos (See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons, 1564) . His Vita et See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

opera historica are given in the A nalecta Belgica of C .

P . Hoynck van Papendrecht (the See also:

• HAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 's Gravenhage, or, abbreviated, den Haag; in Fr. La Haye; and in Late Lat. Haga Comitis)

Hague, 1743) . See L . P . See also:

• GACHARD, LOUIS PROSPER (1800-1885)

Gachard, See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

Correspondence de Philippe II. sur See also:

• LES

les affaires des Pays-Bas (Brussels, 1848–79) ; and Correspondence de See also:

• MARGUERITE

Marguerite d'Autriche, duchesse de Parme, avec Philippe II . (Brussels, 1867–81); and E . Poullet, Correspondance de See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal de Granvelle (Brussels, 1877-81) .