See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

COMTE DE See also:

• JEAN

JEAN See also:

• BAPTISTE

BAPTISTE See also:

• GUILLAUME
• GUILLAUME, JEAN BAPTISTE CLAUDE EUGENE (1822-1905)

GUILLAUME See also:

• MARIE

MARIE See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

ANNE SERAPHIN See also:

• COMTE DE JEAN BAPTISTE GUILLAUME MARIE ANNE SERAPHIN VILLELE (1773–1854)

VILLELE (1773–1854)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French statesman, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• TOULOUSE
• TOULOUSE, LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE BOURBON, COUNT OF (1678-1737)

Toulouse on the 14th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1773 and educated for the See also:

• NAVY

navy . He joined the " Bayonnaise " at See also:

• BREST

Brest in See also:

• JULY

July 1788 and served in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West and See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East Indies . Arrested in the Isle of See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)

Bourbon under the Terror, he was set See also:

• FREE

free by the revolution of See also:

• THERMIDOR (from Gr. BEpµrt, heat, and & pov, gift)

Thermidor (July 1794) . He acquired some See also:

• PROPERTY

property in the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island, and married in 1799 the daughter of a See also:

• GREAT

great proprietor, M . Desbassyns de Richemont, whose estates he had managed . His See also:

• APPRENTICESHIP (from Fr. apprendre, to learn)

apprenticeship to politics was served in the Colonial See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly of Bourbon, where he fought successfully to preserve the See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony from the consequences of perpetual interference from the authorities in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, and on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand to prevent See also:

• LOCAL

local discontent from appealing to the See also:

• ENGLISH

English for See also:

• PROTECTION

protection . The arrival of See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General See also:

• DECAEN, CHARLES MATHIEU ISIDORE, COUNT (1769-1832)

Decaen, sent out by See also:

• BONAPARTE

Bonaparte in 1802, restored See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security to the island, and,five years later See also:

• VILLELE, JEAN BAPTISTE GUILLAUME MARIE ANNE SERAPHIN, COMTE DE (1773–1854)

Villele, who had now realized a large See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune, returned to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . He was See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor of his See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune, and a member of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of the Haute-See also:

• GARONNE (Lat. Garumna)

Garonne under the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire . At the restoration of 1814 he at once declared for royalist principles . He was mayor of Toulouse in 1814–15 and See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy for the Haute-Garonne in the " Chambre Introuvable " of 1815 . Villele, who before the promulgation of the See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter had written some Observations sur le projet de constitution opposing it, as too democratic in See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, naturally took his See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, on the extreme right with the ultra-royalists . In the new Chamber of 1816 Villele found his party in a minority, but his See also:

• PERSONAL

personal authority nevertheless increased .

He was looked on by the ministerialists as the least unreasonable of his party, and by the " ultras " as the safest of their leaders . Under the electoral See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of 1817 the See also:

• ABBE (Serbo-Croatian Rai))

Abbe See also:

• GREGOIRE, HENRI (1750—1831)

Gregoire, who was popularly supposed to have voted for the See also:

• DEATH

death of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XVI. in the See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

Convention, was admitted to the Chamber of Deputies . The Conservative party gained strength from the alarm raised by this incident and still more from the See also:

• SHOCK, or COLLAPSE

shock caused by the assassination of the duc de Berri . The duc de See also:

• RICHELIEU, ARMAND EMMANUEL SOPHIE SEPTEMANIE DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, ARMAND JEAN DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, LOUIS FRANCOIS ARMAND DU PLESSIS

Richelieu was compelled to admit to the See also:

• CABINET

cabinet two of the chiefs of the See also:

• LEFT

Left, Villele and Corbiere . Villele resigned within a See also:

• YEAR

year, but on the fall of Richelieu at the end of 1821 he became the real See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the new cabinet, in which he was See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of See also:

• FINANCE

finance . Although not himself a courtier, he was backed at See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court by Sosthenes de la Rochefoucauld and Madame du Cayla, and in 1822 Louis XVIII. gave him the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count and made him formally See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime minister . He immediately proceeded to muzzle opposition by stringent See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press See also:

• LAWS

laws, and the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor liberal conspiracies afforded an excuse for further repression . Forced against his will into interference in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain by Mathieu de See also:

• MONTMORENCY
• MONTMORENCY, ANNE
• MONTMORENCY, MATHIEU JEAN FELICITE DE

Montmorency and See also:

• CHATEAUBRIAND, FRANCOIS RENE, VICOMTE DE (1768–1848)

Chateaubriand, he contrived to reap some See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit for the See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy from the successful See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of 1823 . Meanwhile he had consolidated the royal See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power by persuading Louis XVIII. to swamp the liberal See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority in the upper See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house by the nomination of twenty-seven new peers; he availed himself of the temporary popularity of the monarchy after the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish campaign to summon a new Chamber of Deputies . This new and obedient legislature, to which only nineteen liberals were returned, made itself into a septennial See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament, thus providing See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, it was thought, to restore some See also:

• PART

part of the ancien regime . Villele's plans were assisted by the death of Louis XVIII. and the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of his bigoted See also:

• BROTHER

brother . Prudent See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration since 1815 had made possible the See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state bonds from 5 to 4% .

It was proposed to utilize the See also:

• MONEY

money set free by this operation to indemnify by a milliard francs the emigres for the loss of their lands at the Revolution; it was also proposed to restore their former privileges to the religious congregations . Both these propositions were, with some restrictions, secured . See also:

• SACRILEGE

Sacrilege was made a See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime punishable by death, and the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry were preparing a law to alter the law of equal See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance, and thus create anew the great estates . These See also:

• MEASURES

measures roused violent opposition in the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, which a new and stringent press law, nicknamed the " law of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice and love," failed to put down . The peers rejected the law of inheritance and the press law; it was found necessary to disband the See also:

• NATIONAL

National Guard; and in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1827 seventy-six new peers were created, and recourse was had to a general See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election . The new Chamber proved hostile to Villele, who resigned to make way for the See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short-lived moderate ministry of See also:

• MARTIGNAC, JEAN BAPTISTE SYLVERE GAY, VICOMTE DE (1778-183z)

Martignac . The new ministry made Villele's removal to the upper house a See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of taking See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, and he took no further part in public affairs . At the time of his death, on the 13th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 18J4, he had advanced as far as 1816 with his See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs, which were completed from his See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence by his See also:

• FAMILY

family as Memoires et correspondance du See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte de Villele (Paris, 5 vols., 1887-90) . See also C. de Mazade, L'Opposition royalists (Paris, 1894) ; J . G . See also:

• HYDE
• HYDE, THOMAS (1636-1703)

Hyde de See also:

• NEUVILLE, ALPHONSE MARIE DE (1836-1885)

Neuville . See also:

• NOTICE

Notice sur le comte de Villele (Paris, 1899); and M .

Chotard, " L'CEuvre financiere de M. de Villele," in Annales See also:

• DES

des sciences politiques (vol. v., 1890) .